磷酸酯类表面活性剂

叙述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的特性及应用领域。介绍了国外磷酸酯类表面活性剂的发展动态。     

磷酸酯型extended表面活性剂的性能研究

本研究配制了不同比例单十二烷基聚氧丙烯醚磷酸钠(MC₁₂P₃P)与双十二烷基聚氧丙烯醚磷酸钠(DC₁₂P₃P)的系列C12P3P样品,考察磷酸酯型extended表面活性剂中单/双酯比例对产品性能的影响,并与市售单十二烷基磷酸钾(MAPK)、月桂基聚氧乙烯醚-3硫酸钠(SLE3S)和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)比较。实验结果表明,系列单/双酯比例C₁₂P₃P的硬水泡沫力远低于SDS和SLE₃S,但较MAPK有较大改善,乳化力优于MAPK、SLE3S和SDS,润湿性远优于MAPK和SLE3S;虽然DC₁₂P₃P含量增加不利于发泡、乳化和润湿,但只要控制在20wt%范围内不会造成明显不良影响。配方M80对碳黑、皮脂和蛋白三种标准污布的去污力均远优于M100,也优于MAPK和SLE₃S,表明DC₁₂P₃P可以大大改善MC_12<...     

磷酸酯表面活性剂的合成

本文概述了磷酸酯的分类，应用和用不同磷化剂进行磷酸化反应的原理，着重对用Ｐ２Ｏ５和聚磷酯合成磷酸酯的方法作了介绍。     

烷基磷酸酯盐类表面活性剂

本文综述磷酸酯类表面活性剂的种类，制法性能及其应，并介绍了人们不熟知的烷基次磷酸盐表面活性剂，国内磷酸盐表面活性剂生产概况及发展预测和建议。     

磷酸酯甜菜碱表面活性剂的研究

以环氧氯丙烷、磷酸二氢钠和十二烷基二甲基步胺为原料,合成了磷酸酯甜菜碱两性表面活性剂。确定了最佳工艺条件。该产品在较宽的ｐＨ范围（１￣１１）内具有优良的表面活性及泡沫性能。     

磷酸酯类表面活性剂的现状及发展

论述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的分类、基本性能、特性及应用,介绍了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的发展状况。     

磷酸酯类表面活性剂的合成和应用

论述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的主要品种、合成方法和应用。     

磷酸酯甜菜碱两性表面活性剂的研究进展

介绍了磷酸酯甜菜碱两性表面活性剂的合成、性能以及应用。     

合成磷酸酯类表面活性剂的新途径

1概述磷酸醋类表面活性剂是重要的表面活性剂之一。由于其分子内部含有磷，使它具有一些独特性能。良好的抗静电性、润滑性等，因此，它作为纺织助剂、抗静电剂及切削液、润滑乳化剂，而广泛地应用于多种行业。合成磷酸酯类表面活性剂的酯化反应，通常是在釜式反应器中进行。但釜式反应器普遍存在着搅拌效果不理想、搅拌耗能过大、传热能力差、反应时间长、生产能力低等问题，从而直接影响产品的质量。我们采用喷射管式反应器合成脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯，在不高于釜式搅拌功率的前提下，考察反应温度，反应液流速，进料条件，反应时间等因…     

一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂的复配研究

对一种全氟辛基两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂协同作用进行了研究,考察了该表面活性剂与无机盐、阴离子碳氢表面活性剂、阴离子氟碳表面活性剂和非离子氟碳表面活性剂的复配性能,并对结果进行了讨论。研究表明:该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂自身表面张力为24.0 mN/m;电解质氯化钠对该两性磷酸酯氟碳表面活性剂影响显著,可使表面张力下降到22.4 mN/m;阴离子碳氢表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)可使表面张力降至21.4 mN/m;阴离子氟碳表面活性剂全氟丁基磺酸钾和四乙基全氟辛基磺酸铵分别使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m和20.2 mN/m;而非离子氟碳表面活性剂N-乙基-N-聚氧乙烯(9)醚-全氟辛基磺酰胺能使表面张力降至20.9 mN/m。     

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐

脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐简称(MES)是以天然动植物油脂为原料制得的脂肪酸系阴离子表面活性剂。它具有良好的去污性、钙皂分散性、抗硬水性、乳化性、增溶性和生物降解性,并能改进肥皂的溶解性。由于MES性能优良,主要用于合成洗衣粉、复合皂粉、复合肥皂、香波以及个人清洁用品中。对MES的生产现状、产品形式、性能以及应用进行了概述。     

十六醇磷酸酯合成工艺研究

研究了十六醇磷酸酯的合成工艺,采用加水反应和水解工艺制取单烷基磷酸酯,考察了十六醇与五氧化二磷(P2O5)的摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度、水解等因素对转化率和单烷基磷酸酯质量分数的影响。得到的优化工艺条件为:酯化反应阶段,十六醇、P2O5及水的摩尔比为1.70∶1.00∶1.13,85℃下反应10 h;水解反应阶段,加水量为磷酸酯质量的4%,85℃,水解2 h。结果表明,所得的十六醇磷酸酯白度较好,产物单酯的质量分数>78%、酯化率>85%、单酯率>90%。     

两性表面活性剂的合成路线概述

重点介绍了国内新型两性表面活性剂的合成研究概况。咪唑啉型表面活性剂的合成主要是利用了咪唑啉中间体羟基的反应活性,通过酯化或磺化合成出了硼酸酯、硫酸酯和磺酸盐型咪唑啉两性表面活性剂;以二乙醇胺为原料合成两性表面活性剂时,先与脂肪酸或卤代烷反应合成出叔胺,叔胺再与各种季铵化剂反应制备各种两性表面活性剂;甜菜碱型两性表面活性剂的原料可以是脂肪酸、脂肪醇或脂肪伯胺。氨基酸型两性表面活性剂以伯胺为原料,合成出分子中引入了其他原子或基团。对这些两性表面活性剂的性能测定表明,它们的性能优良。     

酯基Gemini季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂的研究进展

含酯基季铵盐表面活性剂具有良好的表面活性及生物降解性能而广受国内外学者关注。本文回顾了近几年来国内外对可降解的含酯基双子季铵盐（对称型、非对称型及含杂环型）的研究概况,并简要介绍产物作为消毒杀菌剂、金属腐蚀抑制剂、乳化剂、泡沫剂、基因载体等在工业上的应用。最后,指出通过分子设计开发性价比优异的新型表面活性剂、优化合成工艺、提高与传统表面活性剂的配伍性能等是当前的研究热点。     

Nonionic cleavable ortho ester surfactants

A new class of cleavable surfactants based on the ortho ester link is described. Ortho ester surfactants were synthesized from a short-chain ortho ester, a fatty alcohol, and a poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether. The triple functionality of the ortho ester link results in a mixture of surface-active and nonsurface-active species. Structures were confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance. Hydrolysis characteristics at pH values ranging from 2 to 8 were determined. It was shown that, after a steep rise, hydrolysis curves flattened out before complete hydrolysis was reached. Ortho ester surfactants hydrolyze more rapidly than corresponding acetal surfactants. Hydrolysis rates are higher for purified samples and at higher temeprature, while plateau levels are higher for the purified surfactant mixtures and at lower pH. The origin of these results is discussed. Data also indicate that the hydrolysis mechanism changes with pH. A test of the loss of emulsification capacity for an ortho ester surfactant with time at pH values from 2 to 11.5 and at 22 or 50°C was carried out, showing rapid breaking of the emulsion at mild acid conditions and a requirement of pH≥10 for long-term stability. Surface tension and critical micelle concentration were determined for some of the surfactant mixtures. It was demonstrated that ortho ester surfactants possess excellent biodegradation properties. The new surfactants are promising candidates for use in industrial processes where temporary surfactant action is required.     

Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Biodegradation pathways

In previous work, we found that the presence of a sulfonyl or alkyl group adjacent to the ester bond of sugar ester surfactants is associated with a dramatic reduction in the rate of biodegradation relative to that of unsubstituted esters. In this study, we investigated the pathways followed during the biodegradation of sucrose laurate, sucrose α-sulfonyl laurate, and sucrose α-ethyl laurate to determine the reasons for their different biodegradation rates. Through the use of high-performance liquid chromatography and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the nature of the intermediates formed during the biodegradation of these three key sugar esters was determined. It was found that sucrose laurate biodegradation occurs via initial ester hydrolysis. In contrast, sucrose α-sulfonyl laurate degrades by initial alkyl chain oxidation. This indicates that the ester hydrolysis pathway is blocked by the sulfonyl group adjacent to the ester bond so that biodegradation is forced to proceed via the slower alkyl chain oxidation pathway. Sucrose α-ethyl laurate was degraded at least in part by alkyl chain oxidation, indicating that ester hydrolysis was also inhibited by the presence of an ethyl group. It is therefore concluded that previously observed relationships between structure and biodegradability arise because of the influence that different structural elements have on the pathways followed during biodegradation.     

Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Base-catalyzed hydrolysis

Rate constants for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of sucrose laurate, sucrose α-sulfonyl laurate, and sucrose α-ethyl laurate were measured at several temperatures in pH 11 buffer. Activation energies and Arrhenius factors for the hydrolysis reactions were determined. At 27°C, sucrose laurate hydrolyzed fastest and sucrose α-ethyl laurate slowest. Activation energies and Arrhenius factors showed that both steric and electronic factors affect the rates of ester hydrolysis. Other work has shown that bacterial hydrolysis of sugar fatty acid esters is inhibited in the presence of either α-sulfonyl or α-alkyl groups. A kinetic study of base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis has revealed reasons for the inhibition of bacterial hydrolysis and provided information regarding ester stability at elevated pH.     

位阻月桂酸阳离子酯表面活性剂的合成及应用

以环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)与十二烷基二甲基胺在丙酮溶剂中反应,加入月桂酸,合成位阻月桂酸阳离子酯季铵盐表面活性剂2-羟基-3-十二酰氧基-十二烷基二甲基氯化铵(HDAC)。用正交实验法对实验条件进行了优化,反应产率达85%。临界胶束浓度为0.035 mmol/L,表面张力为44.95 mN/m,表现出优良的再润湿性及优良的生物降解性能。     

Sugar fatty acid ester surfactants: Structure and ultimate aerobic biodegradability

Ultimate aerobic biodegradabilities of an array of sugar ester surfactants were determined by International Standards Organisation method 7827, “Water Quality—Evaluation in an Aqueous Medium of the Aerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds, Method by Dissolved Organic Carbon” (1984). The surfactants were nonionic sugar esters with different-sized sugar head groups (formed from glucose, sucrose, or raffinose) and different lengths and numbers of alkyl chains [formed from lauric (C₁₂) or palmitic (C₁₆) acid]. Analogous anionic sugar ester surfactants, formed by attaching an α-sulfonyl group adjacent to the ester bond, and sugar esters with α-alkyl substituents were also studied. It was found that variations in sugar head group size or in alkyl chain length and number do not significantly affect biodegradability. In contrast, the biodegradation rate of sugar esters with α-sulfonyl or α-alkyl groups, although sufficient for them to be classified as readily biodegradable, was dramatically reduced compared to that of the unsubstituted sugar esters. An understanding of the relationship between structure and biodegradability provided by the results of this study will aid the targeted design of readily biodegradable sugar ester surfactants for use in consumer products.