Genetic manipulation system in propionibacteria

Members of the genus Propionibacterium are widely used in the production of vitamin B12, tetrapyrrole compounds, and propionic acid as well as in probiotic and cheese industries. Shuttle vectors were developed in propionibacteria using replicons from endogenous plasmids in Propionibacterium and Escherichia coli and an appropriate selection marker. The efficient transformation was achieved using the shuttle vector prepared from Propionibacterium freudenreichii to overcome the high restriction modification system in propionibacteria. Expression vectors with native promoters for use in propionibacteria were also developed. Using this system, cholesterol oxidase, which is used as a diagnostic enzyme, was produced in P. freudenreichii. Genes involved in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and vitamin B12 biosynthesis in propionibacteria were isolated. ALA in propionibacteria could be synthesized via both the C4 pathway (condensation of glycine and succinyl CoA) and the C5 pathway (from glutamate). The hemA gene encoding ALA synthase from Rhodobacter spheroides, was overexpressed and ALA accumulated in P. freudenreichii. Thus, the genetic manipulation systems in propionibacteria will facilitate genetic studies of probiotics and the vitamin B12 biosynthetic pathway.     

植物乳杆菌降胆固醇Lp10菌株的rhaD基因敲除株的构建

以转录组数据为依据推测植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)中rhaD基因参与胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide,EPS)合成代谢中的鼠李糖代谢过程,从而通过调节胞外多糖合成并利用其吸附作用达到降胆固醇效果。为了进一步验证rhaD基因的功能,本论文研究利用同源重组技术,构建rhaD基因敲除载体,采用电击转化方法将构建的敲除载体导入植物乳杆菌Lp10菌株感受态细胞,并在抗性平板上筛选转化子,以转化子的基因组DNA为模板进行PCR及测序鉴定,再利用邻苯二甲醛法测定突变株与初始菌株的降胆固醇能力。结果表明,敲除载体pNZ5319-rhaD被成功构建,测序结果显示rhaD基因被成功敲除;敲除菌株的降胆固醇能力略有上升。本论文研究结果不仅为植物乳杆菌基因敲除载体的构建提供了实验技术支持,同时为植物乳杆菌降胆固醇相关功能基因的验证分析奠定了理论依据。     

Production of vitamin B12 in genetically engineered Propionibacterium freudenreichii

Since the chemical synthesis of vitamin B12 requires more than 70 steps, the production of vitamin B12 has been achieved by microorganism fermentation with additional brief chemical modifications. In an effort to increase the productivity of vitamin B12, we tried to express 10 genes belonging to the hem, cob and cbi gene families involved in the synthesis of vitamin B12 in Propionibacterium freudenreichii, which is a known producer of vitamin B12. In a recombinant P. freudenreichii clone that harbored the expression vector containing a cobA, cbiLF, or cbiEGH, we obtained an increase in vitamin B12 production of 1.7-, 1.9-, and 1.5-fold higher, respectively, than that in the microorganism without any cloned genes in the expression vector pPK705. The cobU and cobS genes caused a slight increase in the production of vitamin B12. Furthermore, we achieved multigene expression in P. freudenreichii. In a recombinant P. freudenreichii clone that harbored an exogenous gene, hemA, from Rhodobacter sphaeroides and endogenous hemB and cobA genes, we successfully achieved the production of about 1.7 mg/l vitamin B12, 2.2-fold higher than that produced by P. freudenreichii harboring pPK705.     

植物乳杆菌与费氏丙酸菌转化生成甘露醇的比较

对1株植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum HSC 235)和1株费氏丙酸菌(Propionibacterium freudenreichiiHZP-35)生物转化果糖生成甘露醇能力进行了比较研究。在生长细胞、静息细胞以及无完整细胞粗酶提取物3种不同转化反应体系中,植物乳杆菌HSC 235和费氏丙酸菌HZP-35都表现出甘露醇脱氢酶活性,而生长细胞甘露醇产量和得率较高,分别为38 g/L和27%,静息细胞和粗酶提取物反应体系甘露醇的产量及得率则相关无几,表明甘露醇的转化过程与细胞生长紧密关联。在不同初始果糖浓度的试验中,较低果糖有利甘露醇得率的提高,50～150 g/L果糖浓度甘露醇得率稳定在27%左右,果糖浓度提高到200 g/L时则表现出对转化的抑制作用。植物乳杆菌可与费氏丙酸菌混合生长,但混菌发酵的实验结果表明,混合培养体系甘露醇得率比单菌种纯培养时甘露醇得率要低得多。植物乳杆菌甘露醇醇产量和得率要明显高于费氏丙酸菌。     

植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391 PurR和PurL蛋白的原核表达、纯化及其与细菌素合成启动子的相互作用

通过体外实验探究purR、purL基因对植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）KLDS1.0391细菌素合成是否具有直接调控作用。基于植物乳杆菌KLDS1.0391全基因组序列,通过聚合酶链式反应扩增得到PurR和PurL蛋白的编码基因,构建原核表达载体,将重组质粒导入大肠杆菌M15中进行诱导表达,采用镍柱亲和层析法纯化得到目的蛋白,透析后超滤浓缩,通过凝胶阻滞实验以及生物膜干涉技术研究两种蛋白与菌株细菌素合成调控区域是否具有结合作用。结果表明,PurR蛋白以可溶性蛋白形式存在,PurL蛋白以包涵体蛋白形式存在,纯化后经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示条带单一,达到电泳纯,经过浓缩后PurR蛋白质量浓度为0.74 mg/mL,PurL蛋白质量浓度为3.8 mg/mL。凝胶阻滞实验以及生物膜干涉技术结果表明,2 个重组蛋白与菌株细菌素合成基因的启动子在菌体外无直接的结合作用,对于两种蛋白对细菌素合成的调控是否属于间接调控作用以及在菌体内的调控情况,需进一步研究。     

重组普鲁兰酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达

普鲁兰酶可特异性地水解支链淀粉得到直链淀粉,因而在淀粉加工过程中具有重要的应用。本研究从Bacillus naganoensis ATCC53909基因组中克隆了普鲁兰酶基因pul,并克隆到大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌穿梭载体p BE中,构建表达载体p BE-pul。在此基础上,将来源于枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌中的17个高表达基因的启动子分别克隆到表达载体p BE-pul中,并转化至Bacillus subtilis ATCC6051?10,成功构建了十七株含有不同启动子介导普鲁兰酶分泌表达的重组菌株。对重组菌株的分泌表达比较发现,启动子P43和Pspov G介导的普鲁兰酶活性明显优于其他启动子,其中Pspov G介导的普鲁兰酶活性更高。同时,还使用了启动子Pspov G介导N端的108个氨基酸缺失的pul324突变体进行分泌表达。通过对17种启动子的比较和两个普鲁兰酶基因的比较,本研究构建的一株重组菌株的普鲁兰酶的表达更为高效,其活性高达389.85 U/mL,后者显著高于现有的相关报道。     

tuf基因同源超表达对植物乳杆菌LR-1生理行为的影响

采用同源超表达及电转化技术,构建植物乳杆菌LR-1的tuf基因超表达重组菌株,对重组菌株的生长情况、抗胁迫能力、黏附能力及生物被膜形成能力进行分析,并检测tuf基因超表达对其他基因的转录水平的影响。结果表明：tuf基因超表达对菌株LR-1的生长情况无非常显著的影响,但可以增强其耐热性能、黏附性能及生物被膜形成能力,且对糖酵解途径参与基因、II型群感关键基因及核糖激酶编码基因fba、pgm、gap、luxS和rib的转录水平具有上调作用。以上结果对乳杆菌的基因功能研究具有参考意义,同时为基因工程菌株在发酵菌剂或益生菌剂的开发应用领域提供了理论支持。     

乳酸菌胞外蛋白水解酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

目的：构建连接乳酸菌胞外蛋白水解酶基因的非抗性重组质粒。方法：以瑞士乳杆菌基因组DNA 为模板,克隆胞外蛋白水解酶基因,连接到以thyA 为选择压力的非抗性穿梭表达载体pW425et 上,构建重组质粒pW425et-R,转化入thyA 基因缺陷型E.coli X13 感受态细胞,SDS-PAGE 电泳检测显示该水解酶得到了表达。结果：成功构建了重组质粒pW425et-R,胞外蛋白水解酶基因在E.coli X13 中得到正确表达。结论：成功地表达了乳酸菌胞外蛋白水解酶基因,可为进一步制备具降血压功能基因工程乳酸菌提供参考。     

Characterization and heterologous expression of a class IIa bacteriocin,plantaricin 423 from Lactobacillus plantarum 423, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Lactobacillus plantarum 423 produces a small heat-stable antimicrobial protein designated plantaricin 423. This protein is bactericidal for many Gram-positive foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria, including Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pediococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp., etc. The DNA sequence of the plantaricin 423-encoding region on plasmid pPLA4 revealed a four open reading frame (ORF) operon structure similar to pediocin PA-1/AcH from Pediococcus acidilactici and coagulin from Bacillus coagulans I(4). The first ORF, plaA, encodes a 56-amino acid prepeptide consisting of a 37-amino acid mature molecule, with a 19-amino acid N-terminal leader peptide. The second ORF, plaB, encodes a putative immunity protein with protein sequence similarities to several bacteriocin immunity proteins. The plaC and plaD genes are virtually identical to pedC and pedD of the pediocin PA-1 operon, as well as coaC and coaD of the coagulin operon. Plantaricin 423 was cloned on a shuttle vector under the control of a yeast promoter and heterologously produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.     

Expression of the catalase gene katA in starter culture Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR850 tolerates oxidative stress and reduces lipid oxidation in fermented meat product

The catalase gene katA of Lactobacillus sakei SR911 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli UM2 and Lactobacillus plantarum TISTR850 under strong lactococcal promoter P59 in E. coli-lactococcus expression vector pIL1020. The L. plantarum TISTR850 is a catalase-deficient strain isolated from local fermented meat product. The recombinant L. plantarum TISTR850 was shown to decompose hydrogen peroxide, and catalase activity approximately three times higher that of natural catalase-producing strain L. sakei SR911. The recombinant protein was also detected by in situ activity staining of the catalase enzyme. The recombinant L. plantarum TISTR850 did not accumulate hydrogen peroxide under glucose-limited aerobic conditions and remained viable after 60 h of incubation. The recombinant and host strain L. plantarum TISTR850 were used as starter cultures in the fermented meat product, and lipid oxidation was monitored over a 7-day storage at 20 degrees C determined as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value. The lipid oxidation level in the fermented meat product seeded with the catalase genetically modified starter culture L. plantarum TISTR850 was significantly lower than that of the natural catalase-deficient strain.     

The effect of Lactobacillus buchneri and other additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of barley silage

Whole-plant barley (39.4% dry matter) was treated with various chemical and biological additives to assess their effects on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. Treatments were untreated forage, forage treated with several amounts of Lactobacillus buchneri and enzymes (L. buchneri at 1 x 10(5), 5 x 10(5), and 1 x 10(6) cfu/g of fresh forage), forage treated with an inoculant containing (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, and enzymes), or forage treated with a buffered propionic acid-based additive (0.2% of fresh weight). Sixty-nine d after ensiling, silages treated with L. buchneri and enzymes had lower pH, but had higher concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and higher concentrations of ethanol when compared with untreated silage. Silage treated with the multistrain inoculant containing L. plantarum had lower pH and higher concentrations of lactic acid, but lower concentrations of ammonia-N, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber than did untreated silage. The addition of the buffered propionic acid additive resulted in silage with higher concentrations of lactic and acetic acid compared with untreated silage. Numbers of yeasts in all silages were low at silo opening (less than 3.0 log cfu/g) and were numerically the lowest in silages treated with L. buchneri but only treatment with the intermediate and high level of L. buchneri improved the aerobic stability of silage. Because of the altered fermentation pattern, inoculation with L. buchneri, when applied at equal to or more than 5 x 10(5) cfu/g, and enzymes improved the aerobic stability of barley silage.     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的体外筛选及其降胆固醇机理探讨

目的：从开菲尔粒和陈年泡菜水中分离出具有降胆固醇能力的乳酸杆菌,探讨其降解小鼠血清胆固醇的机理。方法：以耐酸性、胆盐耐受性、疏水性、胆盐水解酶活性以及降胆固醇特性筛选出1株性状优良的植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus?plantarum?DMDL?9010）。将50?只8?周龄的Sprague?Dawley大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性组、9010高组、9010低组,分别饲喂28?d和70?d采血,测定总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C）的含量,70 d取肝组织细胞实时荧光逆转录聚合酶链式反应检测胆固醇合成限速酶3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶（3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reducase,HMGCR）的相对表达量。结果：筛选得到1株具有降胆固醇能力的L.?plantarum DMDL 9010,胆固醇去除率为37.58%,胆盐耐受性为35.48%,疏水性高达40%,具有较好的耐酸性。饲喂第28天,成功建出高脂模型大鼠,饲喂第70天,9010高组能显著降低高脂大鼠血清TC（23.03%）和LDL-C（28.00%）,9010低组和阳性组无明显差异。阳性组和9010高组分别下调肝脏中HMG-CoA基因mRNA的表达（79.92%和62.86%）（P＜0.05）。结论：实验获得了1?株在体内外均具有高效降胆固醇能力的L.?plantarum?DMDL?9010,可进一步开发为功能性微生态制剂。     

定向进化植物乳杆菌和痤疮丙酸杆菌高产共轭亚油酸

为获得高产共轭亚油酸（conjugated linoleic acid，CLA）的菌株，对亚油酸异构酶系植物乳杆菌的肌球蛋白交叉反应抗原（myosin-cross-reactive antigen，MCRA）基因mcra和痤疮丙酸杆菌的亚油酸异构酶基因lai-p进行克隆，克隆成功后连接到骨架质粒pCold-SUMO上构建两种含mcra基因和lai-p基因的大肠杆菌重组菌株，利用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷低温诱导阳性重组菌蛋白表达，十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证得到目的蛋白表达条带，说明两种基因表达成功。采用易错聚合酶链式反应定向进化mcra基因和lai-p基因，构建重组菌突变体库，利用流式细胞术分选获得吸光度提高和CLA产量提高的重组菌株，其中pCold-ycmcra-gfp重组菌243 株，吸光度最高的为155号菌1.050 6±0.000 4，提高了5.02 倍；pCold-yclai-p-gfp重组菌156 株，产量最高的为39号菌（11.62±0.003 6）μg/mL，提高了2.99 倍。本研究为后期深入了解突变菌株CLA产量提高的原因，并获得两种亚油酸异构酶的产酶机制奠定了一定基础。     

分离自Kefir的植物乳杆菌体外降胆固醇作用的研究

对分离Kefir中的植物乳杆菌体外降胆固醇作用进行了研究。结果表明，植物乳杆菌在含胆盐的培养基中具有良好的降胆固醇能力，24h后培养基中的胆固醇可降低60％(0．18g／L)；该菌体外降胆固醇作用的机理主要是其产生的胆盐水解酶水解胆盐变为游离态的胆酸，与胆固醇形成复合物，在酸性pH值条件下发生共沉淀。同时，也发现该菌产生的胆盐水解酶对反应底物(各种胆盐)的特异性不同，以脱氧牛磺胆酸最佳。     

植物乳杆菌及其近缘种部分看家基因的系统发育分析

本文研究了16S rRNA基因、pheS和pyr G部分基因序列对Lactobacillus plantarum(L.plantarum)及其近缘种的区分能力,采用分离自酸面团、酸牛奶和泡菜中的10株L.plantarum为研究对象,以其看家基因pheS和pyr G部分基因序列作为分子标记,结合已上传至Gene Bank的近缘种的相应序列构建系统发育树并与以16S rRNA基因构建的系统发育树进行比较。结果表明:基于16S rRNA基因序列不能区分L.plantarum及其近缘种,而看家基因pheS和pyr G部分基因序列能够很好的区分植物乳杆菌种及其近缘种,其中,pheS在植物乳杆菌种内分型时相较于pyr G基因效果更好,以及将pheS和pyr G部分基因序列串联使用后,试验菌株与参考菌株的分类关系更加明晰,因此,联合基因(pheS-pyr G)可作为16S rRNA基因的辅助工具用于L.plantarum及近缘种和植物乳杆菌种内分型的快速分类鉴定。     

Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility within lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from wine

Susceptibility to 12 antibiotics was tested in 75 unrelated lactic acid bacteria strains of wine origin of the following species: 38 Lactobacillus plantarum, 3 Lactobacillus hilgardii, 2 Lactobacillus paracasei, 1 Lactobacillus sp, 21 Oenococcus oeni, 4 Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2 Pediococcus parvulus, 1 Pediococcus acidilactici, and 3 Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations of the different antibiotics that inhibited 50% of the strains of the Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus genera were, respectively, the following ones: penicillin (2, < or =0.5, and < or =0.5 microg/ml), erythromycin (< or =0.5 microg/ml), chloramphenicol (4 microg/ml), ciprofloxacin (64, 8, and 128 microg/ml), vancomycin (> or =128 microg/ml), tetracycline (8, 2, and 8 microg/ml), streptomycin (256, 32, and 512 microg/ml), gentamicin (64, 4, and 128 microg/ml), kanamycin (256, 64, and 512 microg/ml), sulfamethoxazole (> or =1024 microg/ml), and trimethoprim (16 microg/ml). All 21 O. oeni showed susceptibility to erythromycin, tetracycline, rifampicin and chloramphenicol, and exhibited resistance to aminoglycosides, vancomycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, that could represent intrinsic resistance. Differences were observed among the O. oeni strains with respect to penicillin or ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Antibiotic resistance genes were studied by PCR and sequencing, and the following genes were detected: erm(B) (one P. acidilactici), tet(M) (one L. plantarum), tet(L) (one P. parvulus), aac(6')-aph(2") (four L. plantarum, one P. parvulus, one P. pentosaceus and two O. oeni), ant(6) (one L. plantarum, and two P. parvulus), and aph(3')-IIIa (one L. plantarum and one O. oeni). This is the first time, to our knowledge, that ant(6), aph(3')-IIIa and tet(L) genes are found in Lactobacillus and Pediococcus strains and antimicrobial resistance genes are reported in O. oeni strains.