多类型特征量的油水两相流流型识别算法

本文以收敛型微通道中油水两相流的流型识别为对象,将高速摄像法与神经网络算法相结合,提出了高效的、可视化的、智能化的两相流流型识别方法。该方法采用了包含图像纹理参数和流型无量纲参数的多类型特征量,更精准区分6种流型的不同特点,流型识别的收敛速度和准确率更高。BP神经网络的识别率为92. 5%,Elman神经网络的识别率为93. 7%,Elman神经网络在收敛速度与准确率方面优于BP神经网络。     

面向机箱标准件装配质量的KB-BBT结构机器评价系统

机箱装配具有部位多、标准件类型复杂等特点,实现机箱标准件装配质量评价,模式识别是关键。该文提出类间均衡树(KB-BBT)机器评价系统结构,首先,提出可实现不同评价标准的机箱标准件装配质量机器评价方法;其次,结合机箱具有固件三大类标准件的特点,构建3个SVM分类器,实现漏装配与机箱功能件、机箱钣金件、机箱紧固件三标准件大类的模式识别;最后,应用均衡树(BBT)结构,实现各大类标准件类内不同零部件模式的识别。经具有15种、204个的机箱标准件样本集实验,结果表明:KB-BBT结构能使SVM分类器最高识别准确率达到100.0%,比BBT结构提升7%,KB-BBT统结构从顶层区分三大类标准件,具有分类识别准确率高、分类器训练简单的特点。     

基于卷积神经网络优化的水轮机振动信号识别

提出了一种基于蝙蝠算法优化卷积神经网络的水轮机振动信号识别方法。首先对水轮机时域加速度振动信号进行测量、提取和归一化处理,采用蝙蝠算法对卷积神经网络训练过程中的超参数权值和偏置值进行优化,然后对10 种不同测点的水轮机振动信号进行实验,针对每个测点的振动信号对水轮机8 种不同工况进行区分识别,最后将信号识别过程中各参数对传统卷积神经网络识别结果的影响进行针对性分析。结果表明：所建立的基于蝙蝠算法优化卷积神经网络的识别模型具有良好的稳定性和较高的识别精度,能够准确识别振动信号,识别结果准确率均在94 %以上,与传统卷积神经网络对比,信号识别准确率显著提升,最高达到20.78 %。同时可以看出,振动数据输入长度、样本尺寸和训练次数对传统卷积神经网络训练效果影响显著。研究结论可为水轮机振动识别、工况识别和故障识别提供理论依据。     

多联机系统故障类型识别及故障细化诊断模型研究

本文针对多联机系统实际运行中可能出现的多故障并发问题,提出一种结合线性判别分析(LDA)和随机森林(RF)算法的多故障诊断策略,可以在完成故障类型识别后,自适应地根据故障类型选择最佳细化诊断模型,进一步诊断出故障发生水平或故障发生原因。首先,在不同的制冷和制热工况下,引入四通阀故障、电子膨胀阀故障、制冷剂充注量故障,并按照7∶3的比例划分为训练集和测试集,利用训练集建立基于RF算法的故障类型识别模型;然后,利用LDA方法对训练集中3类故障的特征分别进行降维,并利用降维后的训练集建立故障细化诊断模型;最后,测试集中的样本数据在经过故障类型识别后,根据识别结果自适应地输入至最优故障细化诊断模型。结果显示:故障类型识别模型在测试集上的准确率达到99.99%,3类故障细化诊断准确率分别为96.12%、100%、97.44%,说明该策略能够较好的完成针对多联机系统的多类型故障诊断任务。     

基于CNN-SVM的深度卷积神经网络轴承故障识别研究

针对传统智能诊断方法过分依赖于信号处理和专家经验提取故障特征以及模型泛化能力差的问题,基于深度学习理论,提出将卷积神经网络算法结合SVM分类器搭建适于滚动轴承故障诊断的改进型深度卷积神经网络模型。从原始实测轴承振动信号出发,模型逐层学习实现特征提取与故障识别,引入批量归一化、Dropout处理并改进模型分类器来提升轴承故障识别准确率、模型收敛速度和泛化能力。实验结果表明,优化后的深度学习模型可快速准确地提取轴承故障特征,针对不同类型、不同损伤程度的轴承可实现99%的识别准确率,并且模型有较强的泛化能力和强化学习能力。     

基于塑料近红外光谱的判别分类研究

目的 为了回收可用于不同物品包装的塑料,对不同塑料种类进行识别分类。方法 首先采集PP、PET、HDPE、TPE、PLA、PBT、TPU、POM-M90、PPO-GF20NC、TPB、PPS、ABS、PPO(natural)、SAN、POM-F20、PPO(white)16种塑料的近红外光谱数据,其次针对光谱数据采集时存在的噪声问题,使用SG平滑滤波进行了光谱数据预处理,之后利用主成分分析算法进行光谱数据降维,减少待处理数据量,最后分别运用无监督聚类K-means算法和监督聚类极大似然估计、Fisher判别式以及光谱角算法建立4类分类模型。结果 K-means算法可以将PPO-GF20N、PLA和PPO(本色)与其他塑料粒子区分开,准确率分别是100%、100%以及80%;Fisher判别式和极大似然估计法对POM-M90和POM-F20的识别准确率为93%,其他塑料粒子识别准确率均为100%;光谱角算法对PET的识别准确率为80%,POM-F20的识别准确率为47%,其余粒子的识别准确率均大于90%。结论 上述机器学习算法结合近红外光谱成像技术建立分类模型可为常见塑料的鉴别研究提供参考。     

基于深度学习算法的矿用巡检机器人设备识别

为了实现矿用巡检机器人对煤矿井下设备的识别与匹配,通过基于卷积神经网络的深度学习算法建立了煤矿设备类型识别模型,分别在明亮环境下、昏暗环境下以及设备重叠情况下采集大量待识别设备图像样本,再对识别模型进行训练,实现巡检机器人对煤矿设备的精确识别与分类。使用基于粒子群优化的SVM（support vector machine,支持向量机）建立了煤矿设备匹配模型,将巡检机器人相对于煤矿坐标系的三轴位置信息、三自由度角度和视觉相机转角作为匹配模型的输入量,将相机视野中设备序号作为输出量,实现煤矿设备类型识别模型识别出的设备与已知设备序号一一对应。实验结果表明基于深度学习算法的煤矿设备类型识别模型对外界的干扰不敏感,识别准确率高;基于SVM的煤矿设备匹配模型的匹配准确率达到了93.2%,在匹配准确率的训练和测试效率上均优于基于BP（back propagation,反向传播）神经网络的匹配模型。研究结果可为煤矿井下巡检机器人的研制提供参考。     

混合特征驱动的滚动轴承智能故障诊断方法

针对采用传统特征指标进行故障诊断准确率较低的问题,提出了一种基于混合标度律特征和改进支持向量机的滚动轴承智能故障诊断方法。首先,利用超阶分析得到指示故障的标度律指标,并将其与常规特征指标相结合构造混合特征指标矩阵,提升特征指标对故障的区分度。其次,采用支持向量机(support vector machines, SVM)对构造的混合特征矩阵进行分类,利用粒子群优化算法对SVM中重要参数进行优化。最后,利用滚动轴承试验台对提出的滚动轴承智能故障诊断方法进行验证。结果表明,与常规特征相比,利用构造混合特征指标得到的训练准确率提高了13%,测试准确率提高了23%。所提方法不仅能识别不同故障类型,而且能对同一故障不同损伤程度进行识别,有望进一步实现滚动轴承故障定量诊断。     

基于小波包和双谱的发动机异响模式识别

摩托车发动机异响识别通常采用人工听诊法,受环境因素和经验参差不齐的影响准确率较低。本文旨在寻找一种科学、有效的模式识别法来提高异响类型识别的准确度。利用麦克风采集发动机近场声音信号,首先利用小波空域相关滤波法去除背景噪声;然后分别采用小波包变换和双谱估计提取发动机声信号特征向量,作为发动机异响模式识别支持向量机的输入向量;选取RBF核函数及参数建立分类模型并训练;最后用测试样本检验分类模型的准确率。通过分析,采用本文提出的发动机异响特征提取方法进行模式识别,训练准确率为98%,测试准确率达到100%。     

分析乳腺钼靶X线影像的临床应用价值

目的:研究探讨乳腺钼靶X线影像的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析本院2014年3月-2016年9月期间收治的乳腺疾病患者142例,均通过乳腺钼靶X线影像检查,并与病理诊断结果对照观察,探析钼靶X线技术在病灶形态、部位、类型以及BI-RADS分型诊断的准确率。结果:钼靶X线检查准确情况发现,乳腺退化型检查准确率为81.25%(26/32),中间混合型检查准确率为51.32%(39/76),乳腺致密型检查准确率为55.88%(19/34)。142例乳腺病变患者均通过钼靶X线检查BI-RADS分型,Ⅰ型与病理诊断对比准确率为28.57%(2/7);Ⅱ型准确率为33.33%(2/6);Ⅲ型准确率为75.00%(2/8);Ⅳ型准确率为57.14%(32/56);Ⅴ型准确率100%(32/32)。结论:乳腺病变的早期诊断可利用钼靶X线技术,影像清晰,可明确病灶位置,其检查准确率良好,值得推广应用。     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Chitosan-collagen/organomontmorillonite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A novel composite scaffold based on chitosan-collagen/organomontmo-rillonite (CS-COL/OMMT) was prepared to improve swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio, biomineralization and mechanical properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In order to expend the basal spacing, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and was characterized by XRD, TGA and FTIR. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants entered into interlayer of MMT and the basal spacing of MMT was expanded to 3.85 nm. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were also studied. The results demonstrated that the scaffold decreased swelling ratio, degradation ratio and improved mechanical and biomineralization properties because of OMMT.     

Capacitance based mass metering for cryogenic fluids

This paper describes a method for measuring the mass of cryogenic fluids in on-board rocket propellant tanks or ground storage tanks. Linear approximations to the Clausius-Mossotti relationship serve as the foundation for a capacitance based mass sensor, regardless of fluid density stratification or tank shape. Sensor design considerations are presented along with the experimental results for a capacitance based mass gage tested in liquid nitrogen. This test data is shown to be consistent with theory resulting in a demonstrated mass measurement accuracy of ±0.75% and a deviation from linearity of less than ±0.30% of full scale mass. Theoretical accuracies are also shown to be ±0.73% for hydrogen and ±1.39% for oxygen for a select range of pressures and temperatures.     

Equipment using a “static-analytic” method for solubility measurements in potentially hazardous binary mixtures under cryogenic temperatures

A new apparatus designed to study, at cryogenic temperatures, thermodynamic equilibria of potentially explosive binary systems such as hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures is described herein. This equipment has an equilibrium cell which was especially designed to minimize hazards while allowing accurate phase equilibrium measurements. Reliability of results, obtained with this equipment has been verified by working on the nitrogen-propane system, for which data are already available in literature, over a large range of compositions and at various temperatures. Four isothermal curves describing liquid phase compositions at 109.98, 113.77, 119.75 and 125.63 K have been determined. Our experimental data are represented within 2% in compositions and in pressures through the Peng-Robinson equation of state implying Mathias-Copeman alpha function and Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Comparisons to literature allow pointing out: good agreement is observed with Kremer and Knapp data (1983) while the three sets of Poon and Lu data (1974) presenting systematic positive deviation are consequently judged as suspicious.     

Gas gap thermal switches using neon or hydrogen and sorption pump

The very low pressure obtained thanks to adsorption phenomenon at low temperature can be used to build cryogenic heat switches, which offer the possibility to make or break thermal contact between two parts of a cryogenic system. The ON (conducting) and OFF (insulating) states of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure between two copper blocks separated by a gap of 100 μm. This pressure is controlled by acting upon the temperature of a small sorption pump (activated charcoal) connected to the gap space. For a “high” sorption pump temperature, the gas previously adsorbed in the sorption pump is released to the gap between the two blocks, allowing a good thermal conduction through the gas (ON state). On the opposite, cooling the sorption pump allows a very good vacuum between the copper blocks, which efficiently break the thermal contact (OFF state). Experimental thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state, ON-OFF switching temperature) of such a “Gas Gap Heat Switch” are described using hydrogen or neon as exchange gas and are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Integrated Resonant Self-Pumped Loop and pulse tube cryocooler for cryogenic cooling distribution

Cooling distribution is a vital technology concerning cryogenic thermal management systems for many future space applications, such as in-space, zero boil-off, long-term propellant storage, cooling infrared sensors at multiple locations or at a distance from the cryocooler, and focal-plane arrays in telescopes. These applications require a cooling distribution technology that is able to efficiently and reliably deliver cooling power (generated by a cryocooler) to remote locations and uniformly distribute it over a large-surface area. On-going efforts by others under this technology development area have not shown any promising results.This paper introduces the concept of using a Resonant Self-Pumped Loop (RSPL) integrated with the proven, highly efficient pulse tube cryocooler. The RSPL and pulse tube cryocooler combination generates cooling power and provides a distributive cooling loop that can be extended long distances, has no moving parts, and is driven by a single linear compressor. The RSPL is fully coupled with the oscillating flow of the pulse tube working fluid and utilizes gas diodes to convert the oscillating flow to one-directional (DC) steady flow that circulates through the cooling loop. The proposed RSPL is extremely simple, lightweight, reliable, and flexible for packaging. There are several requirements for the RSPL to operate efficiently. These requirements will be presented in this paper. Compared to other distributive cooling technologies currently under development, the RSPL technology is unique.     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.