Collaboration and Cognitive Structures in Social Science Research Fields. Towards Socio-Cognitive Analysis in Information Systems

Bibliographic information systems have to address the needs of users by providing “value-added-components.” For instance, users would benefit from knowing the social and cognitive structures of research fields. Research suggests that a relationship exists between actors' position in scientific networks and the innovativeness of themes they examine. The present study confirms and expands these results through a technique that relates the cognitive and social structures of a research field (socio-cognitive analysis). The results from two social science fields suggest that well-integrated actors are engaged in the consolidation of the mainstream, whereas new ideas are most likely to be introduced and pursued by social climbers, i.e., actors who are starting to form a social network of collaboration. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Republic vs. The Collective: Two Histories of Collaboration and Competition in Modern Science

Kollaboration und Konkurrenz gibt es in der Wissenschaft zwischen Individuen oder verschiedenen Gruppen, größeren Organisationen, Schauplätzen und Nationalstaaten. Die Spannung zwischen individuellem Ansehen und Gruppenmeriten oder individuellem Ehrgeiz und Gruppenleistung ist der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit inhärent und trägt zu ihrem Erfolg bei. Die Autorin vergleicht zwei soziale Modelle der Wissenschaft, die entwickelt wurden, als Wissenschaftler im 20. Jahrhundert zunehmend begannen kollaborativ zu forschen: Michael Polanyis individualistische Freie-Markt-Republik der Wissenschaft und Ludwik Flecks Denkkollektiv. Diese beiden Modelle sollten Praktiken beschreiben und Ideale für die Wissenschaft im allgemeinen auf der Grundlage der Erfahrungen spezialisierter Forschungsgruppen vorschreiben. Die Arbeitsgruppen von Linus Pauling und Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin dienen hier der Erläuterung der beiden Modelle. Die Autorin untersucht verschiedene Auswirkungen von Paulings und Hodgkins Praktiken auf das persönliche Ansehen des Direktors und der Mitarbeiter, und schließt mit der Frage, ob eine kollektive Wissenschaft möglich ist.     

Strong Tunneling in Small Quantum Dots: Kondo Effect in Two Model Systems

We study electron transport through single and double quantumdots with large level spacing and charging energy. Motivatedby recent experiments we focus on linear and nonlinearresponse of two model systems: a single dot with two levelsand a capacitively coupled double dot. At low temperature andstrong coupling to the leads, quantum fluctuations and Kondo-like many-body effects become important and show up, e.g., asresonances in the current-voltage characteristics. Inparticular, we propose a way to observe the splitting of theKondo peak as a function of the applied bias voltage.     

Collaboration Behaviour of Berlin Life Science Researchers in the Last Two Decades of the Twentieth Century as Reflected in the Science Citation Index

Coming together to get publishable research results is not always a simple task. There can be geographical, cultural, disciplinary and political barriers, which have to be overcome. The Berlin Wall was such a barrier. After its fall in November 1989 Berlin scientists changed their collaboration behaviour. Research groups in East Berlin went West to look for partners and vice versa. The numbers of papers in life science journals with co-authors working in Berlin and co-authors in other places are discussed against the background of the international trend to more and more collaboration in science. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Age Structures of Scientific Collaboration in Chinese Computer Science

Scientometrics - This paper is a scientometric study of the age structure of scientific collaboration in Chinese computer science. Analysis reveals some special age structures in scientific...     

Small Polarons in Dense Lattice Systems

There is considerable evidence for the persistence of small polaron like entities in colossal magnetoresistance oxides, which are dense electronic systems with electron density n1 per site. This has brought up again the question of whether and how small (narrow band) polaronic states survive in a dense electronic system. We investigate this question in a simple one band Holstein polaron model, in which spinless electrons on a tight binding lattice cause an on-site lattice distortion x ₀ . In the small polaron limit, each electron is localized, and the electron hopping t_ij is neglected. We develop a systematic approach in powers of t_ij, identify classical t ⁰ , quantum mean field t ¹ , and quantum fluctuation t ² terms, and show that the last two terms are relatively small, even for dense systems, so long as the narrowed polaron bandwidth t*=t exp(–u) is much smaller than the Einstein phonon energy ₀ . (Here u=(x ² ₀ /2x ² _zp) with x_zp being the zero point phonon displacement.) The relevance of these results for CMR oxides is briefly discussed.     

National Standardization Science and Technology Collaboration Platform Officially Launched

On the 43rd WSD,witnessed by the leadership from AQSIQ and SAC,CNIS and 14 provincial-level standardization institutions signed the Cooperation Regulations on National Standardization Science and Technology Collaboration Platform. The platform was officially launched to make integrated use of resources like technology projects,funds,talents,equipment and information,etc.,smooth the channel of technological needs,commonly make technology plans,plan the overall technology projects,jointly     

International Collaboration in Science in India and its Impact on Institutional Performance

In this paper, our objective is to delineate some of the problems that could arise in using research output for performance evaluation. Research performance in terms of the Impact Factor (IF) of papers, say of scientific institutions in a country, could depend critically on coauthored papers in a situation where internationally co-authored papers are known to have significantly different (higher) impact factors as compared to purely indigenous papers. Thus, international collaboration not only serves to increase the overall output of research papers of an institution, the contribution of such papers to the average Impact Factor of the institutional output could also be disproportionately high. To quantify this effect, an index of gain in impact through foreign collaboration (GIFCOL) is defined such that it ensures comparability between institutions with differing proportions of collaborative output. A case study of major Indian institutions is undertaken, where Cluster Analysis is used to distinguish between intrinsically high performance institutions and those that gain disproportionately in terms of perceived quality of their output as a result of international collaboration. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于国际合作科研模式培养材料创新人才的实践

简要介绍了金属材料强度国家重点实验室(西安交通大学)近年内根据国家重点实验室主干研究方向和学科发展的需求,相继通过海外高端人才引进与实质性国际合作,在优秀人才培养与团队建设,学科发展和成果效益等方面取得的一些进展。基于上述工作,已初步形成一个国际合作、开放性的开展国际学科前沿性研究的学科创新引智基地,同时产生了一批具有国际学术影响的高水平科研成果,对于西安交大材料学科的可持续发展产生了深远的影响。     

Complex Systems in Natural Science and Humanities

In this paper specifics of the research subject within the natural sciences and humanities are supposed to be well-known. These specifics set limits to communication between scholars and natural scientists. In particular this leads to critical situations in cases if both participants have to collaborate within a common interdisciplinary research work. The modern conception of complex system as subject of investigation for both natural sciences and humanities have in this context an integrating function. The term ‘complex system’ is now recognized as a transdisciplinary matter of research. Despite of the well-known differences between two fields of modern science one can find on this condition a number of mechanisms which are generating also common properties of them. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Small Polaron Formation in Strongly Correlated Electronic Systems

We study the crossover to small polarons in the Holstein model for finitedensities in presence of strong electronic correlations. The small polaronformation condition >1, which holds for a single particle in theadiabatic regime ⁰/t1 is generalized to the many particle case bymeans of simple physical arguments. It is shown that a general criterion canbe formulated for polaron formation, provided that incoherent 1/corrections are taken into account.     

材料科学中专家系统的发展及应用

综述了近10年来专家系统在材料科学中的发展和应用现状,包括发展历史、涉及领域和应用类型,重点讨论了目前应用最广泛的材料设计专家系统以及基于人工神经网络的材料专家系统的应用现状、存在问题及改进办法,最后展望了专家系统在材料科学中的发展趋势.     

External Insulation Correction for Power Systems in High Altitude Areas —— New IEC Proposal

With the rapid development of economy in China,India and some developing countries,the rapid increase of electricity demand will strengthen the power grid construction in special operation environments constantly,among which,the more typical special operation environment is high altitude operating condition.     

产能不确定环境下多供应商横向协同问题研究

为了减轻零部件产能不确定性所造成的制造商过高库存成本的影响,采用信息共享或者加班赶工及资源外包的方式,建立了多个供应商之间的两种横向协同模型,减量模型和增量模型.通过数据仿真的结果显示,相比于非协同模型,这两种协同模型能够明显地降低制造商的缺货成本和购买成本,同时消除了多余未齐套零部件的库存持有成本,最终有效地降低了制...     

Shadows of the Past in International Cooperation: Collaboration Profiles of the Top Five Producers of Science

This article aims at a characterization of the cooperation behavior among five large scientific countries (France, Germany, Japan, United Kingdom and United States of America) from 1986 to 1996. It looks at the cooperation profiles of these countries using classical measures such as the Probabilistic Affinity. The results show the major influence which historical, cultural and linguistic proximities may have on patterns of cooperation, with few changes over the period of time studied.A lack of specific affinities among the three largest European countries is revealed, and this contrasts with the strong linkage demonstrated between United States and Japan. The ensuing discussion raises some questions as to the process of Europeanization in science. The intensity of bilateral cooperation linkages is then studied with regard to field specialization by country, and this analysis yields no general patterns at the scale studied. Specific bilateral behaviors are also analyzed.     

管理科学与工程学科概念及其体系研究

从管理科学与工程学科产生与发展的影响因素入手,考证学科形成与发展的历史轨迹,尝试建立现代管理科学与工程学科的概念定位及其完整的学科体系,并确立学科在现代科学系统中的地位.