微波与无机非金属介质的相互作用

本文从麦克斯韦电磁理论出发,理论上分析了微波与物质相互作用机理,指出介质吸收微波源于介质对微波的电导损耗和极化损耗,高温下,电导损耗将占主要地位．利用微波加热物质,物质的损耗有一定的限制,对干2．45GHz的微波,物质电导率应在1Ω^-1cm^－1以下,根据现有的无机非金属材料的电导率数据,对某些无机非金属材料的微波加热特性进行了简单的评估;在一些简单的假设下,对微波加热样品时,样品内部温度分布情况作了简要描述,对微波场中非均匀固体的行为进行了简单的分析和预测．     

Study of microwave components for an electron cyclotron resonance source: Simulations and performance

A high power (2 kW, CW) magnetron-based microwave system operating at 2.45 GHz has been designed, tested, characterized, and used to produce plasma. The system consists of a microwave source, an isolator, a directional coupler, a three-stub tuner, a high voltage break, a microwave vacuum window, and a microwave launcher. These microwave components were simulated using microwave studio software. The low power and full term characterization of the microwave system has been done using vector network analyzer. The system was tested for 2 kW continuous wave of microwave power using glass-water load. The microwave system has been developed to study the microwave interaction with plasma at different operation regimes (Gases: Nitrogen, argon and hydrogen; Gas pressure : 10^?5–10^?3 mbar; Microwave power : 300–1000 W; Magnetic field: 875–1000 G) and to extract the proton beam current with hydrogen produced plasma. A plasma density ～5 × 10¹¹ cm^?3 and average electron temperature of ～13 eV was obtained. This article describes various aspects of the microwave system including design, fabrication, characterization and performance studies of the microwave components.     

聚氨酯材料表面微波辅助接枝聚乙二醇的研究

采用微波辐照辅助技术在聚氨酯膜的表面接枝聚乙二醇,并与传统加热反应接枝聚乙二醇的方法进行对比。结果表明,微波辅助反应能明显加快聚氨酯表面接枝PEG的速度,其接枝效果受微波功率、反应时间以及投料比的影响。在实验条件下,微波功率为100W,反应物的质量分数为5%,反应时间为10min时,微波辅助表面接枝反应效果以及效益最好。SEM和AFM表面分析表明,与传统加热反应方法相比,微波辅助反应对膜表面的破坏程度更小,膜表面更加光滑平整。水接触角的结果也表明,微波辅助反应接枝PEG所得膜表面具有良好的亲水性能。     

介电型石墨烯吸波复合材料研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

石墨烯因其独特的介电特性、高比表面积、低密度等性质,被认为是新一代吸波材料的有力候选。然而,单一组分的石墨烯吸波性能不佳,因此近年来石墨烯基吸波复合材料成为研究热点。本文介绍石墨烯及其复合材料的吸波机理与特性,指出介电型石墨烯作为极具发展潜力的吸波复合材料具有轻质、高强、宽频、薄层的特点。从石墨烯基体与掺杂体两方面综述了介电型石墨烯吸波复合材料的研究进展。最后指出,开发损耗能力强的新型介电掺杂体、构筑多组分吸波复合材料体系、建立通用的设计方法以及探索大批量的制备方法是未来的研究方向。     

Effects of microwave irradiation on the crystalline phase of zeolite synthesized from fly ash by hydrothermal treatment

Coal fly ash was dissolved into NaOH aqueous solution and the mixture of rice husk ash as a silica source with the solution separated from the insoluble fly ash was treated hydrothermally at 373 K with microwave heating and conventional heating. Through this experiment, we investigated effects of microwave irradiation on the crystalline phase of zeolites synthesized from fly ash and clarified what process is intensively affected by the microwave irradiation. As a result, it was found that the product powder synthesized with microwave heating has a relatively higher hydroxysodalite phase than that with conventional heating, even if the synthesis conditions were the same. It was also clarified that promotion of hydroxysodalite generation by microwave irradiation is not induced by the enhancement of the crystalline phase transition from phillipsite to hydroxysodalite, but by the acceleration of hydroxysodalite formation from the precursor, aluminosilicate gel, directly. Moreover, it was found that promotion of hydroxysodalite formation is not due to the heat spot on the surface of the carbon caused by microwave irradiation. We revealed that the sensitivity, which is defined as the ratio of the quantity of generated heat to the energy of the microwave generated by the magnetron, of hydroxysodalite is almost 10 times as high as that of phillipsite. From these results, the following enhancement mechanism of hydroxysodalite crystal generation by microwave irradiation was proposed. When zeolite nuclei grow to the zeolite crystal on the interface between zeolite nuclei and aluminosilicate gel, the crystal growth of hydroxysodalite is promoted selectively as the surface temperature of hydroxysodalite is much higher than that of phillipsite in the case of microwave heating.     

微波对褐煤介电特性及干燥的影响

为研究微波干燥褐煤的可行性,选取云南昭通褐煤进行试验研究,采用微波介电特性变温测试系统研究褐煤介电特性及微波穿透深度随表观密度的变化。结果表明,褐煤介电特性与表观密度成正相关,穿透深度与表观密度成负相关,同时拟合得到褐煤表观密度与介电特性、微波穿透深度的关系式。采用微波干燥系统对不同功率和质量下的褐煤升温特性进行研究。结果表明,微波可以在1min内将褐煤升温至100℃,最大干燥速率为0.198(g/g db)·min-1,微波加热过程中,温度变化表现出3个阶段:快速升温阶段、恒温阶段、减速升温阶段。褐煤升温至100℃前,物料的质量和功率对升温速率影响不大,100℃之后,褐煤的升温速率随着功率的增加而增大,随物料质量增加而减小;通过微波干燥与常规干燥对比,发现当褐煤完全干燥时,微波干燥用时17min,常规干燥用时320min,微波干燥明显优于常规干燥。     

Microwave based nanogenerator using the ratchet effect in Si/SiGe heterostructures

Ratchet based microwave current generators and detectors were developed in Si/SiGe heterostructures for wireless communication with the possibility of extending the detection limit to the terahertz range. A microwave induced ratchet current was generated in the two-dimensional electron gas by patterning an array of semicircular antidots in hexagonal geometry. The spatial asymmetry created by the semicircular antidots forces the electrons under the influence of the microwave electric field to move preferentially towards the direction of the semidisc axis. A photovoltage of the order of few millivolts was observed. Such a photovoltage was completely absent in a symmetric system consisting of circular antidots. The induced photovoltage increased monotonically with microwave power and was found to be independent of the microwave polarization. This device opens the possibility of employing silicon based heterostructures for nanogenerators and other wireless communication devices using microwaves.     

The assistance of microwave process in sludge stabilization with sodium sulfide and sodium phosphate

After industrial wastewater sludge passed through an acid-extraction process to reclaim most of the copper ions in it, the residue may still need to be treated by stabilization technologies. The common method for the stabilization of hazardous waste in Taiwan is by cement solidification. However, this method has the disadvantage of an increase in waste volume. In this study, it was tried to combine the advantages of sulfur anions and phosphate anions with the characteristics of microwave energy to offer a new method which can avoid the disadvantage of cement solidification. From the results, it was found that the assistance of heating in sludge stabilization with additives was effective. Huge amounts of additives were saved. Compared with the assistance of the traditional electrical-heating in sludge stabilization with additives, that of the microwave process saved much time and was more powerful. However, when the reaction time was longer, a re-leaching situation would occur. The hybrid microwave process, a procedure of leading an inert gas into the microwave process, could overcome the disadvantage of the microwave process with regard to the long reaction time. Finally, a modified hybrid microwave process which reduced the use of gas was performed and recommended.     

Generation of single chaotic microwave pulses in a self-oscillating ring system with ferromagnetic film under the action of external noise

The generation of single chaotic microwave pulses in a self-oscillating ring system with ferromagnetic film under the action of external narrow-band noise microwave signal occurring outside the band of frequencies of the chaotic microwave signal was observed. Chaotic generation emerged due to the parametric instability of the magnetostatic surface wave in the ferromagnetic film, whereas formation of single chaotic microwave pulses was caused by the absence of complete suppression of chaos under the action of narrowband noise.     

Research on microwave drying technology in the procedure of preparation of V2O5 from ammonium polyvanadate (APV)

High-quality vanadium pentoxide powder is an important product of the vanadium industry and was usually prepared from ammonium polyvanadate (APV) using a roasting process combined with a drying pretreatment. Conventional hot air drying is usually used for the drying of APV, the heat transfer of which is from outside to inside thus limited the efficiency of the drying pretreatment. In the present paper, microwave heating was applied as an alternative heating method for the drying of APV because of its advantages including selective heating, high heating efficiency, low energy consumption, and green environmental protection. An experimental comparison between hot air drying and microwave drying is provided, and the results show that microwave drying is more energy-saving and faster. The drying characteristics of APV under the irradiation of microwave energy were investigated. The influences of factors including microwave power, material quality, and initial moisture content on microwave drying were studied. The results show that the microwave power, initial moisture content, and initial mass are positively proportional to the microwave drying efficiency of APV. Additionally, the Page model was robust in describing the kinetics of microwave drying and hot air drying of APV. This study provides fundamental knowledge on the microwave drying process and provides the trial for the industrial applications of microwave heating on the preparation of V₂O₅.     

The effect of microwave-assisted for photo-catalytic degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous nano TiO2 particles dispersions

The photo-catalytic decomposition of rhodamine B was examined in aqueous nano TiO2 particles dispersions to assess effects of the microwave radiation assisted photo-catalytic process driven by UV radiation. The results of photo-catalytic degradation of rhodamine B showed that the decomposition rate increased with the microwave intensity, UV intensity, TiO2 particle dosages and the circulating fluid velocity. Addition of oxygen gas in the photo-catalytic degradation of rhodamine B increased the reaction rate. The effect of addition of H2O2 was not significant when photo-catalysis was used without additional microwave radiation or when microwave was irradiated without the use of photo-catalysts. When H2O2 was added under simultaneous use of photo-catalysis and microwave irradiation, however, considerably higher degradation reaction rates were observed. This study demonstrates that the microwave irradiation can play a very important role in photo-catalytic degradation.     

Step Sintering of Microwave Heating and Microwave Plasma Heating for Alumina Ceramics

1.IntroductionNumerousstudieshaveshownthatmicrowavesin-teringofceramicshassomeadvantagesoverconven-tionalsinteringprocess,suchassavingsinenergyandprocessingtime,volumetricandrapidheating,lowerdensificationtemperature,uniformmicrostruc-tureofsinteredceramics,improvedmaterialsperfor-mance,productionofnewmaterialsandmicrostruc-tureetc..Basedontheformofmicrowaveenergyused,microwavesinteringcanbebasicallydividedintomicrowaveheatingsintering,microwaveplasmaheatingsinteringandstepsioteringwhichcombin…     

Sintern von TiO2 im Mikrowellenfeld

Sintering of Titania under Microwave-Conditions A microwave sintering device was implemented at the Technical Institute of the Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena equipped with an applicator combining conventional high frequency with microwave heating. Additionally a dilatometer was integrated to measure shrinkage or expansion respectively. The device allows a reliable comparison of the materials behaviour treated under conventional and microwave conditions. Titania was used to prove that coupling and sinter behaviour can be assessed reproducible via measuring temperature and shrinkage. Titania samples with a green density of about 60% of theoretical density accept efficiently microwave energy above 940°C, heating rates of more than 300 K/min were measured. At 1360°C final densities of 98% TD were achieved within 40 minutes. Compared to conventional sintered titania (1400°C, 3 hours) microwave heating resulted in a significant smaller grain size.     

Microwave absorption behavior of ZnO whisker modified by nanosized Fe3O4 particles

Tetra-needle-like ZnO whisker was magnetic modified through in situ synthesis of nanosized Fe3O4 particles on the surface of the whisker, and the microwave absorption behavior of the as-prepared product was investigated in detail. The result of the comparative microwave absorbing experiment showed that the magnetic modified ZnO whisker appeared more superior property of microwave absorption than that of the original ZnO whisker in 2-18 GHz. Further investigation indicated that the microwave absorption behavior of the product was influenced by ferrite content and Fe3O4 particles' distribution in the product. When the ferrite content of the product changed from 2 wt% to 9 wt%, the microwave absorbing ability of the product was increased; then, the microwave absorbing ability of the product decreased with the further increasing of ferrite content from 9 wt% to 16 wt%. The product with uniform distribution of Fe3O4 particles showed better microwave absorption property than that with irregular distribution of Fe3O4 particles, and this result inferred that the biphase interface between ZnO and Fe3O4 contributed to microwave absorption through interface polarization.     

基于TRIZ解决航空航天用吸波贴片成本高的问题

目的 解决隐身飞机在飞行过程中因吸波贴片自身过重产生巨大的飞行成本,吸波贴片在飞行条件下易产生划痕、损伤、材料损耗快,以及因修复工序复杂、耗时长产生大量维护费用等问题。方法 应用TRIZ理论进行分析求解,通过采用功能模型分析、因果分析等找到航空航天用吸波贴片成本高的关键缺陷,利用技术矛盾分析、物理矛盾分析、物场模型及标准解、小人法等工具得到多个解决方案。经过综合评估最终找到经济、易于实现的解决方案。结果 通过运用TRIZ理论,并且通过综合评价找到了减少吸波贴片成本的最优方案：吸波贴片中的吸波体由掺杂杂原子的石墨烯构成了多孔结构,增加了其吸波性能;再将材料与自愈合材料相结合,增加其自愈能力,从而得到吸波性能好、质量小、自愈合能力强的吸波贴片。结论 文中得出的结果对减少隐身战机吸波贴片成本的研究具有一定的理论指导意义,有助于减少高集成设备过多对人类及环境产生的危害。     

碳泡沫吸波性能的研究

制备了具有三维网络结构的泡沫碳材料并研究了其吸波性能。结果表明：碳泡沫的电导率随着其热解温度的提高而增加。碳泡沫的电导率对其吸波性能有重要影响。随着电导率从0．02S／cm提高到1．03S／cm，碳泡沫对入射电磁波从透波为主转变为反射为主，吸波性能先逐渐变好，然后又逐渐变差。对于1.0mm网孔尺寸、30％体积分数和15mm厚度的碳泡沫来说，电导率为0．46S／cm时具有最佳的吸波性能，在4～15GHz整个频段上的反射率均在-6dB以下，体现了宽频带的吸收特征。碳泡沫的网孔尺寸、体积分数和厚度均对其吸波性能有一定影响。     

微波辅助软化尿素浸泡梓木弯曲工艺探讨

目的研究微波辅助加热处理条件下梓木的弯曲工艺。方法当微波处理频率一定时,分析比较梓木浸水材与尿素浸泡材的软化弯曲性能差异,探讨微波处理时间、木材初含水率以及微波处理功率等工艺因素对梓木软化效果的影响。在单因素实验基础上,采用响应面法建立二次回归模型,并对微波辅助软化弯曲工艺进行优化。结果梓木经尿素浸泡处理后弯曲性能得到明显提高,且微波处理时间、木材初含水率以及微波处理功率等工艺因素对梓木软化弯曲性能影响显著。结论当微波处理时间为2 min、初含水率为40%、微波处理功率为500 W时,梓木的最小弯曲半径比h/r能达到1/5。     

Preparation of indium oxide powders by microwave plasma dehydration of indium hydroxide powders

Indium oxide was prepared from the dehydration of indium hydroxide using atmospheric-pressure microwave air plasma. Compared with the conventional thermal plasma processing that was performed with the vapor phase reaction, the solid-state reaction was attempted in this study because microwave plasma has an intermediate temperature that is comparable to the melting temperature of inorganic materials and between those of the electric furnace and the thermal plasma. The results were compared with those with the electric furnace and the thermal plasma. With both the microwave plasma and the electric furnace, the macro-morphologies of the raw material were maintained, which indicates successful dehydration. However, the micro-morphologies differed. The product of the microwave plasma had a smooth surface, whereas the product of the electric furnace had a cracked and rough surface. The cracks were regarded as the results of the poor diffusion of the dissociated water. In the microwave plasma, the high temperature and the fast heating rate enhanced the diffusion and controlled the formation of cracks. With the application of the thermal plasma, the nanoparticles were prepared due to the vaporization of the dehydrated material. Thus, the microwave plasma is considered applicable to the solid-state reaction accompanying degassing, without a change in the microstructure of the raw material.     

A novel method to compensate for the effect of light shift in arubidium atomic clock pumped by a semiconductor laser

Precise measurement of the shift (i.e. microwave frequency shift induced by the electric field of the pumping light) in a rubidium atomic clock pumped by a semiconductor laser is discussed. The spectral lineshape of the microwave resonance, which is used as a frequency discriminator for the atomic clock in the optical microwave double resonance experiment, depends strongly on the spatial distribution of the laser beam intensity, laser frequency detuning, and modulation parameters of the microwave frequency. Based on measurements of the deformation of the resonance lineshape, a self-tuning system was built to compensate for the effect of light shift. As a result of controlling the laser frequency with this system, long-term drift of the microwave frequency as low as 6.3×10^-13/h was obtained     

Microwave pulses compressed in a quasi-optical resonator with corrugated mirror

A microwave pulse compressor, representing a three-mirror resonator supplied with a radiation beam reflected from a corrugated mirror, was constructed and experimentally tested. A fivefold compression of microwave pulses with a 70% efficiency was obtained in a 9-mm wavelength range.