Joint frame synchronization and frequency offset estimation in OFDM systems

A new joint frame synchronization and carrier frequency offset estimation scheme in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed in this paper, where both frame synchronization and carrier frequency offset estimation can be performed by using only ONE training symbol. Frame synchronization and carrier frequency offset acquisition are performed simultaneously in the proposed scheme. Reliable frame synchronization is obtained in the proposed scheme even in low SNR. The maximum carrier frequency offset acquisition range of the proposed scheme can be up to one half of the total signal bandwidth. The same training symbol can also be utilized to carrier frequency offset Fine Adjustment, which estimates the remaining carrier frequency offset after acquisition with higher accuracy. The performance comparison of the proposed Fine Adjustment algorithm and Schmidl's algorithm by using computer simulation illustrates and verify the superior performance of the proposed algorithm with regard to estimation accuracy.     

MIMO OFDM系统中同步和信道的联合估计

提出了一种MIMO OFDM系统的定时恢复、频率同步和信道估计的联合算法。为了减少算法的复杂度，算法分两步完成：首先利用接收信号的自相关函数进行粗同步和信道估计，得到时延和频偏的粗估计，然后在粗估计基础上采用最大似然准则进行精确的同步和信道估计。仿真结果表明，该算法能够达到很好的效果，系统误码率接近已知信道响应时的情况。     

Accurate and Simple Time Synchronization and Frequency Offset Correction in OFDM System

1　Introduction　OFDMisaneffectivetransmissionschemetocopewithmultipathfading[1] .Byinsertingaguardintervalbetweensymbolsblockscalledcyclicprefix ,theInterSymbolInterference (ISI)canbemitigated .OFDMwasadoptedasthemodulationschemeforaDigitalAu dioBroadcasting (DAB)system[2 ] andisalsoproposedastheterrestrialHDTVtransportinEurope[3] .　SymboltimingoffsetsinOFDMreceiversnotonlyin troduceISIbutalsocauselinearphaserotationsofthesignalconstellationofthereceiverFastFourierTrans form (F…     

Fast Synchronization and Channel Estimation for OFDM Systems

A joint synchronization and channel estimation scheme is proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. In the proposed scheme, the integer frequency offset, fine timing offset and channel estimation are estimated based on the characteristics of the chirp signals. The main contributions of the paper are: the more robust ability to find the actual first path instead of the strongest path on the assumption of repeated chirp waveforms in the timing synchronization approach, and the lower computational complexity with high performance in the channel estimation approach. Moreover, we analyze the performance of the proposed method and check it via Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve good performance for both synchronization and channel estimation in frequency selective channels.     

OFDM系统频偏自适应跟踪算法的研究

为了减小正交频分复用系统受频率偏差的影响,在OFDM系统中设计了一种新的载波频偏估计算法.频偏估计包括跟踪和捕获两个阶段,文中采用变步长自适应算法来进行跟踪,这个跟踪算法的捕捉范围是整个信号带宽的一半.通过此方法,不但可以利用前向纠错的方式来避免反馈,而且可以缩减复数乘法的次数以降低计算复杂度和系统功耗.该方法运算复杂度低,并具有较好的收敛性,能改善ODFM的解调性能.从计算机的仿真效果可以看出无论是在AWGN信道上还是在多径信道上都表现出了卓越的性能.     

高速移动环境下OFDM系统载波同步

在分析OFDM系统载波频偏信号模型的基础上,提出了基于单OFDM前导符号载波同步的高效算法。将基于前导符号相关的方法和基于循环前缀相关的方法融合,应用信道估计和均衡补偿信道中的残留频偏,从链路级研究易于实现的载波同步算法,在高速无线多径Rayleigh信道下,相对频偏ε<±0·5的条件下车速120km/h时获得十分理想的载波同步结果。     

利用CAZAC序列共轭对称性的OFDM时频同步算法

符号定时和载波频率偏差将严重影响OFDM系统的性能。基于具有重复结构的CAZAC序列,提出了一种仅利用一个CAZAC符号实现符号定时、整数倍频偏与小数倍频偏估计的同步算法。首先,所提算法在完成粗定时同步的同时得到整数倍频偏估计。然后根据整数倍频偏估计值对定时估计进行修正,最后完成小数倍频偏估计。分析与仿真结果表明,该算法相比于传统PARK算法,不仅完成了定时估计,而且得到了频偏估计;相对于经典SC算法,不但提高了传输效率,还显著改善了OFDM系统的定时与频偏估计性能;相比于利用CAZAC序列的同步算法,提高了算法的估计精度以及对多径信道的适应性。      

Frequency offset estimation with fast acquisition in OFDM system

A new carrier frequency offset estimation scheme in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed. The carrier frequency offset estimation includes acquisition and tracking, and the acquisition range is as large as one half of overall signal bandwidth. The proposed tracking estimator is a maximum-likelihood estimator, and in AWGN channel, the Cramer-Rao lower bound is met at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); in multipath channel, the tracking algorithm works well at moderate SNR. Timing synchronization can be also performed during the course of acquisition.     

A Technique for Frequency Synchronization in Multi-Band OFDM in Realistic UWB Channel

This paper presents a highly accurate frequency offset estimation algorithm for multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) systems effective for realistic ultra-wideband (UWB) environment. The proposed algorithm derives its estimates based on phase differences in the received subcarrier signals of several successive OFDM symbols in the preamble. We consider different carrier frequency offsets and different channel responses in different bands to keep the analysis and simulation compatible for practical multi-band UWB scenario. Performance of the proposed algorithm is studied by means of bit error rate (BER) performance of MB-OFDM system. In order to compare the variance of the synchronizer to that of the theoretical optimum, we derive the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the estimation error variance and compare it with the simulated error variance both in additive white Gaussian noise and UWB channel model (CM) environments, CM1–CM4. Next, we modify the estimation algorithm by proposing a multi-band averaging frequency offset synchronization (MBAFS) scheme. We establish superior BER performance with MBAFS compared to our first scheme. We calculate modified CRLB for MBAFS and compare it with simulation results for CM1–CM4. Both analysis and simulation show that MBAFS algorithm can estimate the carrier frequency offset effectively and precisely in UWB fading channels for MB-OFDM applications. We also analyze the computational complexity of both the proposed algorithms in order to verify their feasibility of implementation in practical UWB receiver design.     

Fast Frequency Offset Acquisition and Accurate Tracking in OFDM Systems

1　IntroductionOrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(OFDM )isaneffectivetransmissionschemetocombatmultipathfading[1～ 2 ,1 7] .Byinsertingaguardintervalbetweensymbolblockscalledcyclicprefix,theInter SymbolInterference (ISI)canbemitigated .OFDMisadoptedasthemodulationschemeforaDigitalAudioBroadcasting (DAB)sys tem[3] andAsymmetryDigitalSubscriberLoop(ADSL) [4] andisalso proposedastheterrestrialHDTVtransportinEurope[5] .OFDMsystemisverysensitivetocarrierfre quencyoffset.Manymet…     

RLS-Based Joint Estimation and Tracking of Channel Response, Sampling, and Carrier Frequency Offsets for OFDM

This paper proposes a pilot-aided joint channel estimation and synchronization scheme for burst-mode orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Based on the received signal samples containing pilot tones in the frequency domain, a cost function that includes the carrier frequency offset (CFO), sampling clock frequency offset (SFO) and channel impulse response (CIR) coefficients is formulated and used to develop an accompanying recursive least-squares (RLS) estimation and tracking algorithm. By estimating the channel CIR coefficients instead of the channel frequency response in the frequency domain, the proposed scheme eliminates the need for an IFFT block while reducing the number of parameters to be estimated, leading to lower complexity without sacrificing performance and convergence speed. Furthermore, a simple maximum-likelihood (ML) scheme based on the use of two long training symbols (in the preamble) is developed for the coarse estimation of the initial CFO and SFO to suppress dominant ICI effects introduced by CFO and SFO and to enhance the performance and convergence of the fine RLS estimation and tracking. Simulation results demonstrate that, over large ranges of CFO and SFO values, the proposed pilot-aided joint channel estimation and synchronization scheme provides a receiver performance that is remarkably close to the ideal case of perfect channel estimation and synchronization in both AWGN and Rayleigh multipath fading channels.      

Decision-directed fine synchronization in OFDM systems

A new decision-directed (DD) synchronization scheme is proposed for joint estimation of carrier frequency offset (CFO) and sampling clock frequency offset (SFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. By exploiting the hard decisions, we report accurate estimators of residual CFO and small SFO. The performance analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed novel DD scheme achieves much better performance than the conventional pilot-based schemes in both additive white Gaussian noise and frequency-selective channels.     

Low complexity joint estimation of synchronization impairments in sparse channel for MIMO–OFDM system

Low complexity joint estimation of synchronization impairments and channel in a single-user MIMO–OFDM system is presented in this paper. Based on a system model that takes into account the effects of synchronization impairments such as carrier frequency offset, sampling frequency offset, and symbol timing error, and channel, a Maximum Likelihood (ML) algorithm for the joint estimation is proposed. To reduce the complexity of ML grid search, the number of received signal samples used for estimation need to be reduced. The conventional channel estimation techniques using Least-Squares (LS) or Maximum a posteriori (MAP) methods fail for the reduced sample under-determined system, which results in poor performance of the joint estimator. The proposed ML algorithm uses Compressed Sensing (CS) based channel estimation method in a sparse fading scenario, where the received samples used for estimation are less than that required for an LS or MAP based estimation. The performance of the estimation method is studied through numerical simulations, and it is observed that CS based joint estimator performs better than LS and MAP based joint estimator.     

多径衰落信道下的OFDM时频联合同步算法

符号定时和载波频率偏差将严重影响OFDM系统的性能。基于具有重复结构的CAZAC序列,提出了一种仅利用一个CAZAC符号实现符号定时、整数倍频偏与小数倍频偏估计的同步算法。这种算法在完成粗定时同步的同时得到整数倍频偏估计,然后根据整数倍频偏估计值对定时估计进行修正,最后完成小数倍频偏估计。分析与仿真结果表明,该算法相对经典算法,不但提高了传输效率,还显著改善了OFDM系统的定时与频偏估计性能,相比CAZAC序列算法,提升了多径信道下的同步性能。     

高阶QAM调制下OFDM的载波与采样频偏联合纠正

采用高阶QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)调制的正交频分复用(OFDM,Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing)系统,相对于低阶调制来说,密集的星座点分布更容易受到载波频偏与采样频偏的影响.本文分析了高阶QAM OFDM系统对频率同步精度的要求,提出了一种载波与采样频偏联合纠正的方法,并分别针对时不变多径信道和块衰落多径Rician信道给出了频偏估计的均方误差解析表达式.均方误差的理论分析与计算机仿真结果吻合;误比特率性能仿真表明,频偏纠正后的误比特率性能与无频偏情况比较,差异小于1dB.     

跳频OFDM通信系统同步算法及实现

结合跳频通信技术抗干扰和正交频分复用(OFDM)技术节省频带资源的优点,提出了一种通信帧格式及其同步算法。该算法构造了每个载波上传输隐藏伪随机序列的OFDM数据,利用伪随机序列良好相关特性实现了定时估计和粗频偏捕获,再使用ML估计算法进行细频偏估计,能够使OFDM技术应用到跳频通信领域。仿真和实验结果表明,在多径信道下,提出的算法单个定时估计和频偏估计误差小。     

Performance analysis of channel estimation for OFDM systems with residual timing offset

The authors present an analysis of the effect of timing offset on channel estimation for comb-type pilot-aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Residual timing offset does not negatively affect the channel estimation of the pilot subcarrier, but does corrupt the channel information obtained via interpolation. This paper provides the mean square error (MSE) channel estimation performance when a linear interpolation technique is used in a comb-type pilot-aided OFDM system. Analysis shows that the performance degradation of the channel estimator due to imperfect frame synchronization is dependent on the frequency correlation of the channels and the amount of timing offset     

Cyclostationarity-Based Frequency Synchronization for OFDM Systems Over Doubly-Selective Fading Channels

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems are highly sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO), especially in doubly-selective fading environment. Cyclostationarity-based blind synchronization methods are appealing in high-data-rate applications and low signal-to-noise regions. However, the cyclostationarity has not been exploited for frequency synchronization of OFDM systems under doubly-selective fading channels. In this paper, we derive the close-form second order cyclic statistics of the received OFDM signal in presence of CFO, by modeling the doubly-selective fading channel with basis expansion model. Both transmitter-induced cyclostationarity and doubly-selective channel information are contained in the derived cyclic moments, and they are efficiently utilized for CFO estimation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator provides significant improvements on frequency synchronization performance.     

MIMO-OFDM同步门限值方法

正交频分复用技术(OFDM)由于其对抗多径能力强和频谱利用率高而被视为下一代无线通信的核心技术。多输入输出(MIMO)技术和OFDM技术已经或者即将应用于各种高速宽带通信系统中,对于MIMO-OFDM系统关键技术的研究至关重要。MIMO-OFDM与SISO-OFDM相似,对定时同步错误和频率偏移敏感,定时和频率不同步都可能会破坏帧结构,因此准确的符号定时和精确的载波频偏估计是系统正常工作的前提。本中首先用CAZAC序列构建出共轭交错结构作为训练序列,然后应用门限值方法改进定时同步估计并基于交错结构进行载波频率偏移估计,最后结合仿真结果确定影响门限值性能的参数值。仿真数据显示,在多径信道条件下,该方法可以使得系统的误码率相对传统方法得到进一步减小,有效地提高同步性能。      

一种改进的OFDM盲同步算法

研究了OFDM系统中的最大似然估计(ML)算法,并使用数据循环移位以及多符号联合估计等技术对ML算法进行了改进,随后提出了一个综合性的新方案。仿真结果显示,在AWGN和瑞利多径衰落信道中,该方案可以有效提高符号定时偏差(STO)和载波频率偏移(CFO)的估计性能。