The effect of quantum dispersion on laboratory feedback optimal control

Abstract

The effect of quantum dispersion (i.e. a multitude of quantum states corresponding to each value of an observable) on laboratory feedback optimal control is studied. It is shown by numerical and analytical means that including the variance of the observable in the objective functional as well as the presence of modest noise in the controls can steer the system into a low-variance quantum state or, if possible, into an eigenstate of the observable.     

神经元PID在空调机组性能试验室温度控制中的建模与仿真

针对焓差法空调机性能试验室环境控制中被控对象具有大滞后、慢时变、非线性及不确定干扰因素多等特点，将具有自学习、自适应功能的神经元PID控制器应用于温度控制系统中，通过数学建模并在MATLAB环境下的计算机仿真，证明了神经元PID控制的实用性和有效性。     

The influence of the normal strain effect on the control and design optimization of functionally graded plates

A multiobjective design and control optimization problem for functionally graded (FG) plates is presented using a first-order plate theory including the normal strain effect. The aim of the optimization is to minimize the vibrational response and to maximize the buckling loads of FG plates with constraints on the control energy and plate thickness. An integrated approach for the simultaneous design and active control optimization is presented to determine the optimal level of a closed loop control function. Plate thickness and a homogeneity parameter of FG plates are used as design variables. Numerical results for the optimal control force and the total energy of FG plates are presented in various cases of boundary conditions. The influence of the normal strain effect on the accuracy of the obtained results is illustrated. The effectiveness of the present control and design procedures are examined.     

Radiation safety and quality control in the cyclotron laboratory

Radiation safety was determined to maintain quality control in the cyclotron laboratory. Based on the results of 438 runs in the Faraday cup (20 microA for 10 min), 20 runs on 18O-water target (40 microA for 2 h) and 10 runs on 18O-gas targets (30 microA for 45 min), we have established that occupationally exposed workers remain 10 +/- 5 times below federal regulatory limits (FRLs) in the cyclotron vault, 30 +/- 8 times below FRL in the radiochemistry laboratory and 200 +/- 10 times below the FRL outside the cyclotron laboratory during beam operation. (The FRL for unrestricted area are <20 microSv in 1 h.) The non-occupationally exposed workers serving in offices in the vicinity of the cyclotron vault within 100 m distance remained 200 times below the FRL irrespective of beam being on or off, suggesting that routine beam operation of 40 microA for 2 h once a day during office hours is safe provided quality control and system performance measures as discussed in this report are strictly maintained.     

化学品毒性检测实验室安全评价与质量控制技术研究

联合国《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(GHS)和欧盟《化学品注册、评估许可和限制法规》(REACH)法规都要求在化学品进入市场前提供健康危害和环境危害数据。为了保证全球检测数据的一致性和可比性,要求检测数据来自通过良好实验     

实验室气流组织对污染物控制的影响

比较混合通风、置换通风、地板送风各自的原理及特性,分析这3种气流组织方式在实验室的适用性,及其对实验室污染物控制的影响。在此基础上,针对实验室通风和污染物控制的进一步深入研究提出建议。     

The importance of the generation interval in investigating dynamics and control of new SARS-CoV-2 variants

Inferring the relative strength (i.e. the ratio of reproduction numbers) and relative speed (i.e. the difference between growth rates) of new SARS-CoV-2 variants is critical to predicting and controlling the course of the current pandemic. Analyses of new variants have primarily focused on characterizing changes in the proportion of new variants, implicitly or explicitly assuming that the relative speed remains fixed over the course of an invasion. We use a generation-interval-based framework to challenge this assumption and illustrate how relative strength and speed change over time under two idealized interventions: a constant-strength intervention like idealized vaccination or social distancing, which reduces transmission rates by a constant proportion, and a constant-speed intervention like idealized contact tracing, which isolates infected individuals at a constant rate. In general, constant-strength interventions change the relative speed of a new variant, while constant-speed interventions change its relative strength. Differences in the generation-interval distributions between variants can exaggerate these changes and modify the effectiveness of interventions. Finally, neglecting differences in generation-interval distributions can bias estimates of relative strength.     

信息化管理在检测实验室的应用及其质量控制

信息化管理在检测实验室的应用愈来愈广泛,为确保检测数据的准确、公正,质量控制要求应嵌入信息化管理系统中.本文信息化管理在检测实验室的应用及其质量控制进行简要论述.     

对宽温度段低温实验室的精密温度控制系统的研究

讨论宽温度段（＋5～-25℃）低温实验室精密温度控制系统的设计难点，并从工程应用的角度，提出利用变流量二次供冷的方式精密控制低温实验室温度的理论和手段。     

Real options economic control chart for binomial and normal processes

In this paper, we extend the earlier presented real options control chart (ROCC). In the real options framework, at any given moment, we compare the cost of recalibrating the process with the cost of postponing the (optimal) decision for later. The decision is thus based on cost minimization rather than statistically significant deviations from the in‐control process. We explain the general principles of constructing ROCC for both discrete and continuous processes and the describe the numeric algorithms that allow us to apply these principles to the cases of binomial and Gaussian process. Simulation studies demonstrate that, on average, ROCC runs longer than the standard economic control chart (SECC) and outperforms it in terms of average final costs.     

生物安全量值溯源传递实验室环境控制

以中国计量科学研究院生物安全量值溯源传递实验室工程项目为例,从通风空调的角度探讨生物安全防护实验室的环境控制,并在此基础上给出最不利状况,即送排风系统出现运行故障时,避免房间出现正压,确保安全运行的具体做法,以期对类似项目的设计、施工和运行起到一定参考和指导作用。     

The effect of social balance on social fragmentation

With the availability of internet, social media, etc., the interconnectedness of people within most societies has increased tremendously over the past decades. Across the same timespan, an increasing level of fragmentation of society into small isolated groups has been observed. With a simple model of a society, in which the dynamics of individual opinion formation is integrated with social balance, we show that these two phenomena might be tightly related. We identify a critical level of interconnectedness, above which society fragments into sub-communities that are internally cohesive and hostile towards other groups. This critical communication density necessarily exists in the presence of social balance, and arises from the underlying mathematical structure of a phase transition known from the theory of disordered magnets called spin glasses. We discuss the consequences of this phase transition for social fragmentation in society.     

The performance of EWMA median and CUSUM median control charts for a normal process with measurement errors

Measurement error is often occurred in statistical process control. The effect of a linearly covariate error model on the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) median and cumulative sum (CUSUM) median charts is investigated. The results indicate that the EWMA median and CUSUM median charts are significantly affected in the presence of measurement errors. We compared the performance of the EWMA median and CUSUM median charts by using Markov chain method in the average run length and the standard deviation of the run length. We concluded that the CUSUM median chart for small shifts and the EWMA median chart for larger shifts are recommended. Two examples are provided to illustrate the application of the EWMA and CUSUM median charts with measurement errors.     

Use of smoothing splines for analysis of backscattered ultrasonic waveforms: application to monitoring of steroid treatment of dystrophic mice

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal and cardiac muscle; boys present with weakness by the age of 5 years and, if left untreated, are unable to walk without assistance by the age of 10 years. Therapy for DMD has been primarily palliative, with oral steroids emerging as a first-line approach even though this treatment has serious side-effects. Consequently, low-cost imaging technology suitable for improved diagnosis and treatment monitoring of DMD would be of great value, especially in remote and underserved areas. Previously, we reported use of the logarithm of the signal energy, log [E(f)], and a new method for ultrasound signal characterization using entropy, H(f), to monitor prednisolone treatment of skeletal muscle in a dystrophin-deficient mouse model. Three groups were studied: mdx mice treated with prednisolone, a control group of mdx mice treated with saline, and a control group of wild-type mice treated with saline. It was found that both log [E(f)] and H(f) were required to statistically differentiate the three groups. In the current study, we show that preprocessing of the raw ultrasound using optimal smoothing splines before computation of either log [E(f)] or a rapidly computable variant of Hf, denoted I(f,∞), permits delineation of all three groups by either metric alone. This opens the way to the ultimate goal of this study, which is identification and implementation of new diagnostically sensitive algorithms on the new generation of low-cost hand-held clinical ultrasonic imaging systems.     

On improved dispersion control charts under ranked set schemes for normal and non‐normal processes

In manufacturing industries, control charts are the promising statistical tools used for an efficient monitoring of processes. These charts enhance the product quality by timely signaling for special variations at any stage of the process. There are two common concerns in statistical process monitoring, location and variability of the quality characteristic of interest. Besides location parameter, the monitoring of process dispersion remained a matter of concern for researchers. The conventional simple random sampling (SRS) is a usual practice; however, ranked set sampling (RSS) schemes are very effective methods of choosing sample values. This study intends to design and investigate dispersion control charts under different RSS strategies for normal and non‐normal processes. We have considered RSS, median ranked set sampling (MRSS), and extreme ranked set sampling (ERSS) schemes to design dispersion control charts. The performance of the existing and the proposed control charts is evaluated in terms of relative efficiency and power for normal and a variety of non‐normal distributions. The comparative analysis revealed that the proposed structures outperform the existing charts. The application of the proposed procedures is also shown for a bottles filling process for an efficient and timely signaling of any special causes in the process.     

The importance of materials for advanced energy technologies

Development of technology to meet the energy problems facing the industrialized countries depends strongly on the availability of improved constructional materials, in order to achieve more efficient conversion and utilization of energy. Due to the use of high temperatures and aggressive environments, ceramic and composite materials have to be considered, as well as steels and superalloys. In turn, the development of materials technology relies upon research into the relationships between structure and properties of materials.

This paper argues that scientific training for materials scientists is now much more urgently needed than in the past, in order to ensure the adequate and timely development of the required materials. Materials science should therefore be reassessed and its technological aspects emphasized. Finally, proposals are made for intensified international cooperation between materials laboratories and institutions to accomplish this task.     

Sensitive ultrasonic delineation of steroid treatment in living dystrophic mice with energy-based and entropy-based radio frequency signal processing

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a severe wasting disease, involving replacement of necrotic muscle tissue by fibrous material and fatty infiltrates. One primary animal model of this human disease is the X chromosome-linked mdx strain of mice. The goals of the present work were to validate and quantify the capability of both energy and entropy metrics of radio-frequency ultrasonic backscatter to differentiate among normal, dystrophic, and steroid-treated skeletal muscle in the mdx model. Thirteen 12-month-old mice were blocked into three groups: 4 treated mdx-dystrophic that received daily subcutaneous steroid (prednisolone) treatment for 14 days, 4 positive-control mdx-dystrophic that received saline injections for 14 days, and 5 negative-control animals. Biceps muscle of each animal was imaged in vivo using a 40-MHz center frequency transducer in conjunction with a Vevo-660 ultrasound system. Radio-frequency data were acquired (1 GHz, 8 bits) corresponding to a sequence of transverse images, advancing the transducer from "shoulder" to "elbow" in 100-micron steps. Data were processed to generate both "integrated backscatter" (log energy), and "entropy" (information theoretic receiver, H_f) representations. Analyses of the integrated-backscatter values delineated both treated-and untreated-mdx biceps from normal controls (p<0.01). Complementary analyses of the entropy images differentiated the steroid-treated and positive-control mdx groups (p<0.01). To our knowledge, this study represents the first reported use of quantitative ultrasonic characterization of skeletal muscle in mdx mice. Successful differentiation among dystrophic, steroid-treated, and normal tissues suggests the potential for local noninvasive monitoring of disease severity and therapeutic effects.     

Effect of the measurement errors on two one-sided Shewhart control charts for monitoring the ratio of two normal variables

Monitoring the ratio between two random normal variables plays an important role in many industrial manufacturing processes. In this paper, we suggest designing two one-sided Shewhart control charts monitoring this ratio. The numerical results show that the one-sided charts have more advantages compared with the two-sided Shewhart chart proposed previously in the literature. Moreover, we investigate the effect of measurement error on the performance of these control charts where the measurement error is supposed to follow a linear covariate error model. The change of model parameters from an in-control condition to an out-of-control is presented without using a strict assumption about the independence of the shift size from measurement errors. A valuable finding from this study is that taking multiple measurements per item is not an effective way to reduce the negative effect of measurement error on the Shewhart charts' performance.     

The importance of the compression test procedure for plastic drums for dangerous goods

Packagings for the transport of dangerous goods are tested by four tests:- free fall, leakproofness, hydraulic pressure and stacking. However, the test procedures can be interpreted in different ways, particularly the stacking test. Some test authorities apply a guided load to the top of the package and others, including the LNE in France, use non-guided loads. The objective of recent research carried out at LNE was to evaluate the risk (in terms of stack stability for dangerous goods packagings) if the stacking tests are performed with guided loads rather than non-guided loads. The stacking tests were carried out on a limited number of plastic drums (200 of four types) submitted for qualification testing using the above four tests, with either guided or non-guided loads. From the results we conclude that:

• i for the transport of dangerous goods of Danger Group I, the field of use is not altered when tested by either procedure.
• ii with goods of Danger Groups II and III, the use of either procedure does not alter the position as far as transport is concerned. However, there is a risk in warehousing: the non-guided procedure being preferred.