Mineral contents of some aromatic plants,their growth soils and infusions

BACKGROUND: In this study, 18 kinds of medicinal plants were collected together with their soils from different regions of Turkey and their macro‐ and micro‐element and heavy metal contents were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). In soils, pH, electrical conductivity, carbonate (lime), organic matter, texture, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and B were analysed. In plants and extracts, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, B, Na, Al, Li, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co and Cr contents were determined. Also, correlations between soil and plant and between plant and extract were established. RESULTS: Element concentrations ranged between 0.11 and 5160 µg g^?1 in soil samples, between 0.14 and 54400 µg g^?1 in plant samples and between 0.039 and 22033 µg g^?1 in extract samples. While sage was rich in Fe (981.3 µg g^?1), basil was abundant in P (9.8 mg g^?1), K (54.4 mg g^?1), Ca (22.6 mg g^?1), Mg (3.1 mg g^?1) and Zn (46.05 µg g^?1) and mint was rich in Li (23.50 µg g^?1). Moreover, while high levels of P (4100.9 µg g^?1), K (22033 µg g^?1) and Mg (529.15 µg g^?1) were found in basil extract, Ca (5979.3 µg g^?1) was present at high concentration in marjoram leaf extract. Also, Fe (4.25 µg g^?1) and Zn (17.51 µg g^?1) were detected at high levels in lime flower and mint extracts respectively. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that aromatic plants are important sources of nutrients and essential elements. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

离子色谱法检测硝酸盐亚硝酸盐前处理方法的研究

目的 利用离子色谱法检测乳及乳制品中亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐,在实际检测中用该国标方法在前处理样品时,存在沉淀样品不完全进而影响检测准确性、重复性不理想的弊端,为提高检测的准确性,缩小检测偏差,需对国标方法中样品的前处理改进。方法 样品经乙腈沉淀脂肪蛋白质后,采用相应的方法提取和净化,以氢氧化钾溶液为淋洗液,阴离子交换柱分离,电导检测器检测。以保留时间定性,外标法定量。结果 该方法克服了乳及乳制品GB5009.33-2010第三法检测检出限高及检测用时长,精密度低的的弊端。结论本方法适合于乳及乳制品定量测定。     

食品加工处理对银耳中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的影响

采用盐酸萘乙二胺比色法检测了银耳中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量,同时也比较了不同储存温度下不同处理方法对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的影响。结果表明,室温和4 ℃条件下储存48 h后,银耳所含的亚硝酸盐含量分别由25.43 μg/g增加至128.11 μg/g和98.64 μg/g,硝酸盐含量分别由458.24 μg/g降低至364.64 μg/g和394.11μg/g;而经巴氏灭菌后,亚硝酸盐增加至39.76 μg/g和43.59 μg/g,硝酸盐则降低至430.52 μg/g和438.17 μg/g。煮沸30 min后,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐分别由458.24 μg/g、25.43 μg/g降低至89.09 μg/g、6.50 μg/g。食品加工处理可以降低银耳中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量。     

冷藏对蔬菜中亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐含量的影响

目的 探索冰箱冷藏(4℃)条件下蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量随时间的变化,对冷藏食品的安全性进行评价.方法 分别采用重氮偶合分光光度法和麝香草酚分光光度法对生菜、菠菜、油麦菜及苦苣4种常用蔬菜在冷藏条件下其亚硝酸盐及硝酸盐的含量变化进行测定.结果 1～4d内,生菜、苦苣中的亚硝酸盐含量随着时间的延长逐渐增加;菠菜、油麦菜中亚硝酸盐含量分别在第2天和第3天达到最大,之后逐渐降低,而菠菜中亚硝酸盐含量在第4天又出现上升趋势.4种蔬菜中亚硝酸盐含量4d中最大值仅为0.419 4 mg/kg(生菜),均＜4 mg/kg的限量值.苦苣和油麦菜中硝酸盐含量在1～4d内逐渐上升.菠菜中硝酸盐含量第2天达到418.48 mg/kg,之后又降低至20.83 mg/kg.生菜中硝酸盐含量在第3天达到最大值317.26 mg/kg,之后逐渐下降,但均在安全范围内(432 mg/kg).结论 在4℃下冷藏4d后,4种常见蔬菜均可安全食用.可见,冷藏能有效减缓亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量的升高.     

不同条件下辣椒发酵过程硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸盐含量变化

该试验以线辣椒为原料,研究了不同温度、食盐浓度及陈菜汁含量下发酵汁的pH值、发酵辣椒中硝酸还原酶活性及亚硝酸盐含量的变化。结果表明,pH值在发酵过程中先迅速下降后趋于平稳,而且低pH值能促使亚硝酸盐的降解;硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸盐含量的变化趋势基本一致,即随着发酵时间的延长先逐渐增大,出现峰值后迅速下降到较低水平;在发酵温度为25℃～30℃,食盐浓度为3%～5%,接种20%的陈菜汁条件下,硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸盐含量均较低。     

A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996-2002

Monitoring of nitrate (NO₃^-) and nitrite (NO₂^-) content in agricultural products in Slovenia has been carried out since 1996. The results of monitoring over the period 1996-2002 are presented. During this time 924 samples of 14 different agricultural products (potato, lettuce, apples, carrot, silage maize, cabbage, grapes, peaches, string beans, cereals, pears, cucumbers, strawberries and tomato) were analysed. The samples were taken at the time of maturity directly from growing sites and they were analysed using segmented flow analysis. The average nitrate contents were the highest in lettuce (1074 mg kg^-1), cabbage (881 mg kg^-1), string beans (298 mg kg^-1) and carrot (264 mg kg^-1), and they were moderately high in potato (158 mg kg^-1), silage maize (122 mg kg^-1), strawberries (94 mg kg^-1), cucumbers (93 mg kg^-1) and cereals (49 mg kg^-1). Low nitrate contents (below 6 mg kg^-1) were found in fruit (grapes, peaches, apples and pears) and tomato. With the exception of cereals (8.9 mg kg^-1), apples (1.5 mg kg^-1), potato (1.2 mg kg^-1) and pears (1.0 mg kg^-1) the content of nitrites did not exceed 0.5 mg kg^-1. It may be concluded that the results of the monitoring were in most cases similar to the results of investigations obtained in other countries.     

贮存条件对蔬菜及其食品中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的影响

对不同温度、容器等贮存条件下蔬菜及菜汤中NO3-和NO2-含量状况的研究。结果表明:不论是在新鲜蔬菜还是菜汤中,这两种有害物质的含量均随贮存温度的升高而相应增加,且含盐菜汤中的含量高于无盐菜汤;在同种温度条件下,3种不同质地容器贮存的菜汤中NO3-特别是NO2-的含量差异较大,均为铝容器>不锈钢容器>铁容器。     

低硝灌肠制品腐败菌的分离与初步鉴定

对引起低硝灌肠制品腐败的腐败菌进行了分离和鉴定,研究表明,从低硝灌肠制品中分离和鉴定出假单胞菌属3株、葡萄球菌属2株、微球菌属2株、肠杆菌科1株、热死环菌属1株、乳酸菌属1株及酵母菌1株,其中假单胞菌属为优势菌。     

不同生长发育阶段三种野菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及Vc的含量

测定菜蕨、刺苋、苣荬菜等3种野菜不同发育阶段叶中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和Vc的含量,实验结果分析可知:提琴头期、幼叶期、成熟叶期的菜蕨和幼苗期、营养生长期、果期的苣荬菜为一级蔬菜,可生食、盐渍和熟食;半成熟叶期的菜蕨、初花期的苣荬菜为二级蔬菜,不可生食,可盐渍和熟食;盛花期的苣荬菜,幼苗期、营养生长期、初花期和果期的刺苋属于三级蔬菜,不可生食、盐渍,可熟食;初果期(盛花期)的刺苋属于四级蔬菜,应避免食用或限量熟食。     

离子色谱法测定牛奶或奶粉中亚硝酸盐 硝酸盐及氯化物

牛奶或奶粉中的亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及氯化物经溶解稀释后可直接进样至离子色谱仪中进行测定；样品中加入亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及氯化物标准后测定，两者的准确度及精密度均取得满意结果。6份样品采用本方法测定结果与国家标准[GB／T5413．32-1997及GB／T5413．32-1997（第二法）]采用的方法测定结果比较无显著性差异：     

Antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of five plants used as Portuguese food spices

In the present work, we report the results of a study aimed at evaluating the antiradical activity, the antioxidant activity and the acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7.) inhibitory capacity of essential oils, ethanol and boiling water extracts from five aromatic herbs growing wild in Portugal and used in traditional food preparations: fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), mint (Mentha spicata), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum). The water extracts of M. spicata and M. pulegium showed the highest radical-scavenging activity (DPPH test) values (IC₅₀ = 5.7 ± 0.4 and 8.9 ± 0.2 μg ml⁻¹ respectively). This activity was higher than that found with the standard antioxidant BHT. The ethanol extracts of M. spicata, T. serpyllum and F. vulgare showed the highest antioxidant activities measured by the β-carotene/linoleic acid assay, IC₅₀ = 36.9 ± 0.1, 41.2 ± 0.1 and 68.7 ± 0.1 μg ml⁻¹, respectively. The inhibition of AChE was higher in the essential oil fraction. The highest activity was found for R. officinalis with an IC₅₀ = 69.8 ± 0.1 μg ml⁻¹.     

密闭气体环境对夏菠菜硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及贮藏品质的影响

以菠菜为实验材料,研究低温贮藏条件下(4℃)密闭气体环境对菠菜贮藏品质,尤其对硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及硝酸还原酶等酶活性的影响。结果表明:与对照(非密闭环境)相比,低温密闭气体环境可显著减缓菠菜可溶性固形物、VC、叶绿素等贮藏品质的下降,维持菠菜较高的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和抗逆酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT),抑制丙二醛的产生,贮藏8d硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐分别为1318.44、0.42mg/kg,较对照分别降低了31.96%、26.19%,实验表明低温密闭气体环境有效降低了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的累积,提升了菠菜的安全贮运品质。      

柠檬酸对泡菜中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及其风味物质的影响

以豇豆为原料,分别采用自然发酵、添加不同浓度的柠檬酸制作泡菜,对比分析了其在不同的发酵过程中对硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氨基酸态氮及香气的影响。结果表明,添加柠檬酸0.30%能最大程度的降解泡菜中的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐,使其含量分别达到97.86 mg/kg,2.33 mg/kg;且氨基酸态氮含量为0.52 g/kg,与自然发酵泡菜相近。经柠檬酸处理的泡菜在发酵7 d后共检测出148种香气成分,其中,柠檬酸0.30%处理组香气物质种类最多,为88种,包括酯类20种,醇类13种,醛类19种,酮类5种,挥发性酸类5种,芳香族类9种,烯烃类3种,烷烃类14种,使泡菜风味更协调,整体更和谐。综上所述,添加柠檬酸0.30%至泡菜中最适宜,并以期为泡菜的生产加工提供参考。     

Isotope dilution-GC-MS/MS analysis of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in selected medicinal herbs used as health food additives

Medicinal herbs have a very important role in health protection and disease control, and have been used in health foods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have carcinogenic, biological and mutagenic effects. In this paper, the content of 16?PAHs as representative contaminants in nine Chinese medicinal herbs, as additives for health foods, was investigated in order to ensure food safety from this source. A highly sensitive isotope dilution-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-GC-MS/MS) method combined with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed. Calibration curves showed good linearity for all PAHs (R ^2?>?0.999), and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.42 to 2.7?µg?kg^?1. Average recoveries for these compounds were in the range of 52.5–117%, 52.6–119% and 81.4–108% at the concentrations of 10, 50 and 250?µg?kg^?1 with RSD of 1.8–15%, 0.9–15% and 1.0–15%, respectively. The proposed method was used for the analysis of nine Chinese medicinal herbs. Total levels of PAHs varied from 98.2?µg?kg^?1 (cassia seed) to 2245?µg?kg^?1 (eucommia bark). The highest level was found for phenanthrene (Phe) in liquorice root (631.3?µg?kg^?1), indigowoad leaf (551.0?µg?kg^?1), rose flower (435.2?µg?kg^?1) and eucommia bark (432.3?µg?kg^?1). The proposed method could provide a useful basis for safety monitoring of herbs and risk management for PAHs in the health food industry.     

The influence of nitrite and nitrate on microbial, chemical and sensory parameters of slow dry fermented sausage

Nitrate and/or nitrite are used in the manufacture of dry-fermented sausages. However, research has mainly been focusing on nitrite and its effect on flavour development whereas little attention has been paid to nitrate. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of nitrate and nitrite as curing salts on the quality of a slow fermentation process. Two different batches containing nitrate or nitrite were manufactured. Microbial and chemical parameters were monitored during ripening and after vacuum packed storage, as well as their fatty acid composition and their profile of volatile compounds. The oxidation, measured as TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), was greater in the samples with added nitrite than in the samples with added nitrate. FFA (free fatty acids) release was higher in the samples containing nitrite throughout the process. Volatile compounds arising from amino acid degradation and carbohydrate fermentation were generated at higher levels in the samples with added nitrate, probably due to the higher population of microorganisms in these samples and the effect of nitrate on their metabolism.