采收时间对核桃青皮成分和功能活性的影响

目的探究采收期对新鲜核桃青皮的化学成分、抗氧化和抗菌特性的影响。方法以不同采收成熟度(1P:2017.8.20、2P:2017.8.26、3P:2017.9.1)的"香铃"核桃为实验材料,手工脱除新鲜的核桃青皮,通过测定不同采收成熟度所得青皮中的胡桃醌、总酚、黄酮、水解单宁的含量,抗氧化和抗菌活性,以探讨采收期对新鲜核桃青皮的影响。结果随着采收成熟度的增加,核桃青皮中的抗氧化活性呈现上升趋势;总酚和水解单宁的含量先上升后趋于平稳。其中,第二成熟度(2P)采收的核桃青皮中,胡桃醌和黄酮的含量最高,分别为0.58 mg/g FW、2.67 mg/g FW。所有成熟度所得核桃青皮水提物,对革兰氏阳性菌有不同程度的抑制。第三成熟度(3P)所得核桃青皮水提物对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径达到了1.35 cm。结论第二、三成熟度采收的核桃青皮,含有丰富的活性成分,且具有良好的抗氧化和抗菌活性。     

Cashew apple juice: its use in fortifying the nutritional quality of some tropical fruits

The physico-chemical properties of some tropical fruits (pineapple, orange, grape, mango and lemon) were analyzed and compared with those of cashew apple. Cashew apple juice was found to contain the highest amount of vitamin C (203.5 mg/100 ml) of edible portion. Orange, grape, pineapple, mango and lemon contained average values of 54.7 mg, 45.0 mg, 14.70 mg, 30.9 mg and 33.7 mg vitamin C per 100 ml of juice respectively. Obviously, cashew apple juice contains almost four times the amount of vitamin C in the popular citrus fruits and more than four times as much vitamin C as in other fruits. Hence, when cashew apple was blended with other tropical fruits it boosted their nutritional quality. On the other hand, these fruits improved the acceptability of cashew juice in terms of taste and flavour. The blends, even though significantly different (P <0.05) in taste, colour and mouthfeel, were all acceptable to consumers with no significant difference (P>0.05) in overall acceptability. Received: 16 August 1999 / Revised version: 2 November 1999     

The effect of postharvest calcium application on tissue calcium concentration, quality attributes, incidence of flesh browning and cell wall physicochemical aspects of peach fruits

The effects of postharvest calcium applications on cell wall properties and quality attributes of peach fruits (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. ‘Andross’) after harvest or cold storage up to 4 weeks were determined. The fruits were immersed in deionised water or in different calcium sources (calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium propionate) at two calcium concentrations (62.5 and 187.5 mM Ca). Calcium concentration profiles in fruits (peel and flesh), in cell wall and in pectin fractions were determined. The calcium content in the peel increased up to 2.7-fold, whereas flesh calcium increased up to 74%, 1 day after immersion. The increase of flesh calcium was accompanied by increase of cell wall calcium, which corresponded to a significant increase of calcium in the water-insoluble pectin fraction. However, calcium became saturated in the water-insoluble, but not water-soluble, pectin fraction with 62.5 mM Ca treatment. Treatment with 62.5 mM Ca salts was as effective as higher concentrations of calcium chloride maintaining tissue firmness during storage. Inversely, calcium lactate and calcium propionate at high concentrations (187.5 mM Ca) caused toxicity symptoms on the fruit surface, expressed as skin discoloration and superficial pitting, leading to additional chemical changes and reduced tissue firmness. Postharvest calcium applications limited the intense of chilling injury symptoms, expressed as flesh browning after 4 weeks cold storage. Peach fruits with severe flesh browning symptoms were characterized by reduced ethylene production, and reduced activities of the pectin modifying enzymes poly-galacturonase and pectin-methyl-esterase.     

Effects of processing on anthocyanins,carotenoids and vitamin C in summer fruits and vegetables

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of processing, i.e. heating (98 °C, 10 min), freezing (−20 °C) and freeze-drying on anthocyanins, carotenoids, and vitamin C in summer fruits and vegetables, i.e. cherries, nectarines, apricots, peaches, plums, carrots and red bell peppers. The commodities were collected from growers located in the Otago region (namely Cromwell, Roxburgh, Mosgiel and Clinton), New Zealand. The results revealed that each commodity contained different contents of phytochemicals. The content and the process stability of phytochemicals in each commodity were influenced by the geographical location of the growers. In general, a high content of phytochemicals was found in summer fruits and vegetables grown in Otago compared to those grown in the Northern Hemisphere, e.g. anthocyanins in cherries, nectarines, peaches and plums; total carotenoids in red bell peppers and nectarines and vitamin C in cherries, peaches, red bell peppers and carrots. Heating and freezing enhanced the release of membrane bound anthocyanins, resulting in higher content after processing compared to fresh commodities. In the commodities studied, with the exception of red bell peppers, the stability of ascorbic acid was increased if ascorbic acid oxidase was inactivated for example by heating.     

Chemical and nutritional characterisation of the Central Mediterranean Giant red shrimp (Aristaeomorpha foliacea): Influence of trophic and geographical factors on flesh quality

The Giant red shrimp (GRS, Aristaeomorpha foliacea) is a seafood product that is highly appreciated on the Italian market. This work aims at investigating whether a close relationship can be established amongst the area of origin, sex and the GRS quality. GRS samples caught in five Geographical Sub-Areas in the Central Mediterranean Sea, were analysed for their chemical and physical parameters. All the GRS samples had a good nutritional quality and those caught from Northern Tunisia, the Southern Ionian Sea and in the Crete areas showed the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n3 series, with high concentrations of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Samples caught from Northern Tunisia and in the Crete areas also showed the best colour and lightness values, whilst those caught from Northern Tunisia and in the Southern Ionian Sea areas showed the highest flesh hardness values. The highest total carotenoids content was found in the GRS samples caught in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea and Crete areas. Finally, the GRS composition indicates that this seafood is a good source of nutrients and natural antioxidants, with lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, which may provide some health benefits to consumers.     

The effect of environmental conditions on nutritional quality of cherry tomato fruits: evaluation of two experimental Mediterranean greenhouses

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine how different environmental factors (temperature, solar radiation, and vapour‐pressure deficit [VPD]) influenced nutritional quality and flavour of cherry tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Naomi) grown in two types of experimental Mediterranean greenhouses: parral (low technology) and multispan (high technology). RESULTS: Fruits were sampled three times during 3 years (2004, 2005 and 2006): at the beginning, middle and end of the fruit production period. Values for temperature, solar radiation, and VPD peaked in the third sampling in both greenhouses; values were higher in the parral‐type greenhouse, triggering abiotic stress. This stress reduced the accumulation of lycopene and essential elements, augmenting the phytonutrient content and the antioxidant capacity of tomatoes. During the third sampling, sugars were increased while organic acid content diminished, producing tomatoes with a sweeter‐milder flavour. The parral greenhouse produced tomatoes with higher phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid contents, together with a greater antioxidant capacity, without showing differences in flavour parameters. CONCLUSION: The higher phytonutrients content and antioxidant activity during the environmental stress, more pronounced in parral than multispan greenhouse, together with the sweeter‐milder flavour, conferred a notable nutritional benefit, which considerably improved the nutritional and organoleptic quality of these tomatoes. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of harvesting stress and storage conditions on protein degradation in fillets of farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata): A differential scanning calorimetry study

A trial was undertaken to evaluate Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a fast analytical tool to differentiate gilthead seabream subjected to variable conditions of slaughter stress and post-mortem storage. Fish were subjected to different harvesting stress conditions: profound anaesthesia (PA, low stress) and net crowding (NC, high stress). Fish were slaughtered in an ice-salt water slurry, and subsequently stored on ice (7 days). Additional NC fish were frozen (−20 °C) and subjected to a freeze–thaw cycle. Dorsal muscle was assessed for cathepsins activity, liquid loss and DSC analysis. It is demonstrated that DSC analysis is capable of differentiating fresh, frozen and thawed-re-frozen fish, while liquid loss and cathepsin B activity are good markers to distinguish fresh from frozen fish. Harvesting stress had little effect on myosin and actin enthalpy transitions, as observed by DSC at 49 and 74 °C, respectively, but a lower ΔH actin/myosin ratio was found in PA fish, suggesting that intense exercise prior to slaughter promoted partial denaturation of muscle myosin.     

几种常见果蔬抗氧化活性与多酚和维生素C的关系

目的:探索几种常见果蔬的抗氧化活性与多酚、维生素C的相关关系。方法:运用二苯代苦味酰基自由基法（DPPH法）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物法（ABTS法）、血浆高铁还原能力分析能力（FRAP法）、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基5种抗氧化方法评价10种常见果蔬的抗氧化活性,并采用Folin-Ciocalteu法和2,4-二硝基苯肼法分别测定了果蔬中多酚和VC的含量,并对多酚、VC的含量与抗氧化活性进行相关性分析。结果:DPPH、ABTS、FRAP、超氧阴离子、羟自由基抗氧化活性最强的依次为豆角、豆角、橘子、香蕉、橘子,最弱的依次为西瓜、西瓜、西瓜、胡萝卜、卷心菜。DPPH、ABTS和FRAP测定果蔬粗提液抗氧化活性与多酚的含量的相关性强于VC。结论:多酚的含量对果蔬抗氧化活性的影响强于V_C。      

Combining quality and antioxidant attributes in the strawberry: The role of genotype

The nutritional value of fruit has been widely studied and is demanded by consumers, especially for protection against cardiovascular disorder, cancer and other diseases, as well as for general health benefits. These benefits can also be ascribed to the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fruit.Fruit nutritional quality can be described by a standard quality parameter and the analyses of nutritional parameters, such as antioxidant capacity (and specific related compounds). In this study, firmness, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were considered as quality parameters and TAC and total phenolic content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes were screened in 20 strawberry genotypes (cultivars and selections) for the selection of new improved genetic material (offspring) originating from different cross combinations, including an F1 Fragaria virginiana spp. glauca among parents.Results indicate that the effect of the genotype on strawberry nutritional quality is stronger than that of the cultivation conditions. However, commercial cultivation did not show a high range of variation of fruit nutritional quality, particularly for the nutritional parameters.The study of offspring originating from different cross combinations showed that fruit nutritional quality can be considered an inheritable trait and that the variability of fruit nutritional quality among commercial cultivars can be improved by breeding.Finally, results demonstrate the role of F. virginiana spp. glauca as an important genetic source of the fruit nutritional quality.     

PVP对"霞晖5号"水蜜桃品质及保鲜效果的研究

以清水、0.05%、0.1%和0.3%浓度聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)及1.0%壳聚糖(CTS)涂膜后的“霞晖5号”水蜜桃于1.0±0.5℃下贮藏,研究PVP对“霞晖5号”水蜜桃品质及保鲜效果的影响。冷藏期间测定桃果实的生理特性、物质成分和酶活性等的变化。结果表明,0.1%PVP处理在抑制PPO、POD、PG和PME等活性,推迟呼吸高峰的出现,减少桃果实Vc、还原糖等营养成分的损失等方面效果明显。在包括1.0%CTS处理在内的所有处理中,0.1%PVP处理的综合效果最优。     

芦丁对低脂酸奶品质和抗氧化能力的影响

以脱脂复原乳为原料,按不同比例(0.015%,0.020%,0.025%,0.030%)添加芦丁制成含有芦丁的营养保健型低脂酸奶,考察其对酸奶发酵时间、酸度、持水力、感官品质、抗氧化性能和发酵细菌数量等的影响。试验表明:与对照组相比,添加0.015%～0.025%的芦丁酸奶持水力和状态感官评分提高(P0.05);随芦丁添加量的增加,酸奶芦丁含量和抗氧化能力逐渐提高,添加量≥0.015%时显著提高酸奶芦丁含量和抗氧化能力,而发酵细菌数量则受到抑制,当剂量≥0.020%时2种细菌数量显著减少(P0.05),发酵时间也显著延长(P0.05);芦丁添加剂量进一步增加到0.030%时显著降低了持水力和感官评分。试验结果表明,添加适宜的芦丁(0.015%～0.025%)可提高酸奶持水力、抗氧化能力和感官品质,但超过0.020%时会延长发酵时间。     

热水处理对桃果实采后病害及生理变化的影响

为研究热水处理对桃果实采后病害及生理变化的影响,采用50℃热水浸泡处理桃果实1 min后置于25℃条件下贮藏,分析贮藏期间桃果实的发病率以及抗氧化代谢相关酶,如抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、脂氧合酶(LOX),苯丙烷代谢关键酶苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)以及苯丙烷代谢产物总酚、黄酮、木质素含量。实验结果表明:热处理能够有效控制接种褐腐菌(Monilinia fructicola)桃果实的发病率。热处理显著提高采后桃果实APX、POD和PAL活性(p<0.05),抑制LOX活性,同时促进总酚、黄酮、木质素积累。采后热处理通过提高桃果实的抗氧化及苯丙烷代谢能力,启动桃果实的防御反应,进而提高果实抗病性。      

Radiation processing of minimally processed sprouts (dew gram and chick pea): effect on sensory,nutritional and microbiological quality

Sprouts have become an important part of the diet because of their nutritive value and low‐calorie content. The effect of radiation processing (1 and 2 kGy dose) on minimally processed dew gram and chick pea sprouts with respect to different quality parameters was studied over a storage period of 16 days at 8 °C. Radiation treatment and storage period did not have any significant effect on the sensory as well as nutritional qualities of irradiated dew gram and chick pea sprout. No significant change (P > 0.05) was observed in the colour and firmness of irradiated sprouts as compared to control samples. However, radiation processing resulted in significant reduction in aerobic plate counts (APC), coliform counts (CC), yeast and mould count (YMC) and staphylococci counts (SC). Radiation processing of dew gram and chick pea sprouts at 1 and 2 kGy extends the shelf life without affecting sensory and nutritional qualities.     

Effect of relative humidity and storage time on the bioactive compounds and functional properties of grapefruit powder

The modified state diagram of freeze-dried grapefruit powder was obtained in order to determine the critical water content and critical water activity that cause the glass transition of the amorphous matrix at storage temperature. At 20 °C these values were in the ranges of 0.031–0.057 g water/g product and 0.089–0.210, respectively. Below those critical values, the glassy state of the amorphous matrix is guaranteed, thus avoiding an increase in the rate of the deteriorative reactions related to the loss of the bioactive compounds in the fruit (organic acids, vitamin C, main flavonoids, and total phenols) which contribute to the antioxidant capacity (AAO) of grapefruit. In the rubbery state, a certain time is needed for these degradative reactions to start. This time depends on the water content of the sample, the greater the water content the lower the time needed. In this study, the powder was stable for a relatively long storage time (3 months) regardless the relative humidity, due to the limited mobility of the molecular system. Between 3 and 6 months had to pass before a significant loss of bioactive compounds was observed; the higher the relative humidity, the greater the loss.     

石榴皮游离与结合态多酚的组成和抗氧化性研究

目的:研究石榴皮游离与结合态多酚含量、组成和抗氧化性的异同,为其提取和利用提供依据。方法:将3个石榴品种的成熟果实分别制成4类皮粉,采用超声提取法和碱液溶出法制取各皮粉的游离态和结合态多酚,采用3种方法测定其酚类组成和含量,采用4种方法评价其抗氧化能力。结果:4类皮粉的游离态多酚、类黄酮和单宁含量分别为107.55~157.60mg GAE/g DW、24.24~44.54mgQUE/gDW和143.03~231.44mgTAE/gDW,结合态多酚、类黄酮和单宁含量分别为7.35~30.89mgGAE/g DW、2.25~11.56mgQUE/gDW和9.01~18.86mgTAE/g DW。全皮、外层皮、内层皮和皮渣粉的多酚含量差异显著(p<0.05),其中皮渣游离态多酚含量最低而结合态多酚含量最高,各品种的同类皮粉的多酚含量有显著差别(p<0.05)。同一皮粉的游离态和结合态多酚的抗氧化能力彼此相近,其大小与多酚和单宁含量均显著相关(p<0.01)。结论:提取石榴皮多酚的材料可根据原料的实际状况而选全皮、内层皮或皮渣,提取游离酚可获取材料中大部分多酚。结合态多酚的抗氧化能力与游离态多酚相似但含量低。      

不同干燥方式对蚕蛹蛋白品质的影响

采用喷雾干燥和真空冷冻干燥两种不同干燥方式制备蚕蛹蛋白粉,对比不同处理方式对蚕蛹蛋白粉的理化特性及蛋白抗氧化活性的影响。实验结果表明,喷雾干燥产品的色泽好,异味小,结构细密,还原能力、对DPPH自由基清除力和超氧阴离子自由基清除力均较高;而真空冷冻干燥产品溶解性好,吸油性明显高于喷雾干燥产品,对羟自由基的清除能力也较强。      

Effect of natural biostimulants on yield and nutritional quality: an example of sweet yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants

BACKGROUND: Modifications in growing techniques can affect the yield and nutritional quality of various cultivated plant species. Owing to its high nutritional value, pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was used in this study as a model plant to investigate the effect of natural biostimulants on yield and fruit quality parameters under conditions of reduced fertilisation. RESULTS: A positive influence of biostimulant treatment on yield parameters was observed. The overall increase in the pigment content of leaves after biostimulant application agreed well with the higher total and commercial yields of treated pepper cultivars compared with their controls. The results showed that natural biostimulants had a positive effect on the vitamin C and total phenolic contents in pepper fruits during the hot summer season. The 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonate) (ABTS) antioxidant activities were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) in treated plants and correlated strongly with all measured quality parameters except total phenolic content. CONCLUSION: Generally, biostimulants improved the antioxidant activity, vitamin C and phenolic contents in fruits as well as the pigment content in leaves of treated compared with non‐treated pepper plants grown hydroponically. Thus the application of biostimulants could be considered as a good production strategy for obtaining high yields of nutritionally valuable vegetables with lower impact on the environment. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of thermal treatment and storage on the stability of organic acids and the functional value of grapefruit juice

The effect of conventional and microwave pasteurisation on the main bioactive compounds of grapefruit juice and their stability during 2 months’ refrigerated and frozen storage was evaluated. Ascorbic acid (AA), vitamin C and organic acids were analysed by HPLC, whereas total phenols and antioxidant capacity (%DPPH) were measured by spectrophotometry. The results showed that conventional treatment led to a significant decrease in citric acid (from 1538 to 1478 mg/100 g) and AA (from 36 to 34.3 mg/100 g), whilst microwave pasteurisation preserved these compounds. Frozen storage maintained AA and vitamin C, especially in treated samples. Frozen non-treated samples and conventional pasteurised ones preserved about a 75% and 20% of the total phenols and antioxidant capacity, respectively, whilst in frozen microwave pasteurised juices this preservation was of 82% and 33%. From these results, the use of microwave energy may be proposed as an alternative to traditional heat pasteurisation in order to preserve the natural organoleptic characteristics and essential thermolabile nutrients of grapefruit juice.