树莓籽油的自氧化及几种抗氧化剂对其抗氧化性能影响的研究

以过氧化值（POV）为评价指标,研究了温度、时间对树莓籽油自氧化过程的影响及添加抗氧化剂对树莓籽油抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:温度、时间对树莓籽油的自氧化过程有显著影响,且温度影响更显著;叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）和原花青素对树莓籽油的氧化有较好的抑制作用,抗坏血酸（V C）和柠檬酸对原花青素均表现出较强的协同抗氧化效应,且V C的协同抗氧化性优于柠檬酸。使用0.02%原花青素+0.02%V C可使树莓籽油在20℃的货架寿命由2³个月延长到16¹7个月。      

Oxidative stability of olive oil after food processing and comparison with other vegetable oils

The use of olive oil showed an important protection of meat and potatoes when compared with other vegetable oils, with sunflower oil samples being oxidised after 60 min of processing at 180 °C. Olive oil samples were not oxidised, independently of the olive oil quality used. Shelf life was longer for extra-virgin olive oil containing samples and this fact was positively correlated with their higher phenolic content. The radical-scavenging activity of extra-virgin olive oil was higher than for other olive oil samples and was also positively correlated with the phenolic content of the oil. Seed oil antioxidants showed little capacity in delaying the oxidative degradation of seed oils and meat processed with them. However, tocopherol content and the identity of tocopherols present in the oil were shown to have a more important role in the oxidative stability of seed oils than the fatty acid composition.     

火麻籽及其油的理化性质研究

为了开发和利用火麻籽资源,以甘肃和宁夏火麻品种为原料,采用常规及仪器方法对火麻籽的主要营养成分、氨基酸组成及其油的脂肪酸组成和理化指标进行了分析测定.结果表明:甘肃和宁夏的火麻籽三维尺寸和物理特性比较接近,甘肃火麻籽的含油量大于宁夏的品种;两个品种火麻籽油的主要脂肪酸均为4种,不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量约为88％,其中α-亚麻酸相对含量均在20％以上;两个品种火麻籽的蛋白质含量相当,其氨基酸组成基本一致且比例合理;两个品种火麻籽的矿物质含量相当,但主要矿物质元素含量差别较大.火麻籽含有多种营养成分,具有较好的开发利用前景.     

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition,Tocols Profile,and Oxidative Stability of Some Fully Refined Edible Oils

Present study includes evaluation of fatty acid composition, tocols profile, and oxidative stability of some fully refined edible oils. Fully refined sunflower, soybean, corn, hazelnut, peanut, and canola oils were analyzed for fatty acids by capillary gas liquid chromatography, tocols by normal phase-high performance liquid chromatography and oxidative stability by rancimat. Free fatty acid, peroxide value, and iodine value of investigated oils were determined by titrimetric methods. Saturated, mono-, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be in the ranges between 2.03–18.58, 23.39–77.26, and 14.39–58.52%, respectively. Tocols and oxidative stability of the investigated oils were found to be in the ranges between 488.88–913.51 mg kg^?1 and 3.05–4.99 h, respectively.     

不同种类葵花籽油甘油三酯组成的比较

对来自我国葵花籽主产区的油用葵花籽和普通葵花籽进行油脂提取,并对两类葵花籽油甘油三酯组成和含量进行了测定及比较。结果表明:两类葵花籽油均由14种甘油三酯组成,其中LLL、OLL、PLL、OOL、SLL+OPL、OOO、OLS的含量之和均达到91%以上;两类葵花籽油的甘油三酯含量区间呈现完全包含或交错重叠的关系;除SSL+POS外,其他甘油三酯含量在油用葵花籽油中的差异比在普通葵花籽油中的差异更为显著。     

Antioxidant activity and profiles of common vegetables in Singapore

Sixty-six types of vegetables commonly consumed in Singapore were analysed for their hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC), total phenolic content (TPC), ascorbic acid (AA) and various lipophilic antioxidants. A single batch analysis of each vegetable showed that antioxidant composition and concentration varied widely across different vegetables. The vegetables with intense colours typically have high H-ORAC, TPC, AA, and carotenoid contents. Vegetables unique to the Asian market such as matrimony vine (Lycium chinense Miller), coriander, Chinese kale, water spinach and red chilli were consistently ranked high in H-ORAC, TPC, carotenoids and vitamin E levels. Based on consumption data, Chinese Singaporeans appear to have a higher intake of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, and tocopherols compared to the US population. Overall findings suggest that dark green leafy and brightly-coloured vegetables tend to contain high antioxidants. Our data are useful reference and substantiate many public health agencies’ recommendation to consume more vegetables, particularly the dark green leafy and brightly-coloured varieties.     

不同方法提取火麻籽油的品质分析

采用热榨法、冷榨法、不同酶制剂辅助压榨(热榨、冷榨)法、水酶法提取火麻籽油,并对不同方法提取的火麻籽油进行提取率、感官特性、理化特性、营养成分的比较分析。结果表明:水酶法提取火麻籽油的提取率最高,为83.2%;冷榨法提取火麻籽油和水酶法提取火麻籽油的酸值和过氧化值都相对较低;不同方法提取的火麻籽油的脂肪酸含量无明显差异;碱性蛋白酶Alcalase2.4L辅助冷榨法提取的火麻籽油VE含量最高,达到42.10 mg/100 g。对不同方法提取火麻籽油的品质进行分析,可为提取高品质火麻籽油奠定理论基础,同时也为水酶法提油技术工业化提供了参考依据。     

Dietary omega‐3 PUFA and health: Stearidonic acid‐containing seed oils as effective and sustainable alternatives to traditional marine oils

The daily consumption of dietary omega‐3 PUFA is recommended by governmental agencies in several countries and by a number of health organizations. The molecular mechanisms by which these dietary PUFA affect health involve the enrichment of cellular membranes with long‐chain 20‐ and 22‐carbon omega‐3 PUFA that impacts tissues by altering membrane protein functions, cell signaling, and gene expression profiles. These changes are recognized to have health benefits in humans, especially relating to cardiovascular outcomes. Cellular membrane enrichment and health benefits are associated with the consumption of long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA found in marine oils, but are not generally linked with the consumption of alpha‐linolenic acid, the 18‐carbon omega‐3 PUFA found in plant seed oils. However, the supply of omega‐3 PUFA from marine sources is limited and may not be sustainable. New plant‐derived sources of omega‐3 PUFA like stearidonic acid‐soy oil from genetically modified soybeans and Ahiflower oil from Buglossoides arvensis seeds that are enriched in the 18‐carbon omega‐3 PUFA stearidonic acid are being developed and show promise to become effective as well as sustainable sources of omega‐3 PUFA. An example of changes in tissue lipid profiles associated with the consumption of Ahiflower oil is presented in a mouse feeding study.     

不同品种葡萄籽油脂肪酸含量的测定

建立同时测定37种脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法,并对吐鲁番产区的40个品种的葡萄籽油中脂肪酸组成及含量进行检测分析。结果表明：葡萄籽油中可检测出19种脂肪酸,40个品种葡萄籽油样中,有14个品种的脂肪酸总含量在90 g/100 g以上。沈农金皇后总脂肪酸含量最高,为99.75 g/100 g。灰比诺、赤霞珠、沈农金皇后、巨玫瑰等品种可作为富含脂肪酸的葡萄籽油提取的优势品种,其中灰比诺中亚油酸含量最高,赤霞珠其次。对不同品种葡萄籽油进行聚类分析,可被明显分为两类,亚油酸和油酸对于品种间的分类具有较大贡献。本法具有操作简单,灵敏度高,定性定量准确等特点,为葡萄籽油中脂肪酸成分的监测和评估提供了技术支持。     

不同品种红麻籽油脂肪酸组成的GC-MS分析

分析9个不同品种红麻籽油脂肪酸组成及相对含量的差异。采用索氏提取法提取红麻籽油,并对其进行甲酯化处理后采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析和鉴定红麻籽油脂肪酸组成及相对含量。结果表明:红麻籽含油率在19.63%~22.06%之间;红麻籽油的主要脂肪酸以亚油酸、油酸、软脂酸和硬脂酸为主,其中亚油酸甲酯(Z,Z)含量在31.98%~38.91%,油酸甲酯(E)含量在31.30%~36.93%,软脂酸甲酯含量在19.81%~23.02%,硬脂酸甲酯含量在3.32%~4.22%。因此,红麻籽油是一种典型的油酸-亚油酸型油脂。     

不同地区茶叶籽油理化指标及脂肪酸组成的比较分析

茶叶籽油是我国新批准的新型可食用植物油,目前人们对其了解和研究还比较有限.为丰富茶叶籽及茶叶籽油的研究数据,选用了我国9个地区的茶叶籽及其所制得的茶叶籽油进行研究.结果表明:不同地区茶叶籽的粗脂肪含量差异较大,范围在22.6％ ～ 33.1％之间,淀粉含量也与地域有关;不同地区茶叶籽油的酸值和过氧化值两个评价植物油品质最为重要的指标差异较大,而相对密度、碘值和皂化值差异不大;茶叶籽油中共检出棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、亚麻酸和花生酸6种脂肪酸,且不同地区含量存在差异,湖北和湖南的茶叶籽油中不合花生酸,福建的不合硬脂酸,茶叶籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量在80％以上,各地区之间差异不大,福建的含量最高,为84.47％,但各地区间茶叶籽油中的多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异较大,四川的最高,为29.92％.     

5种黄秋葵籽油的理化特性及脂肪酸组成比较研究

以浏阳本地种、台湾五福、绿五星、早生五角、红秋葵5个品种的黄秋葵籽为原料,采用索氏抽提法提取黄秋葵籽油,并对其理化特性及脂肪酸组成进行分析比较。结果表明:5个品种的黄秋葵籽含油率在16.18%~20.26%之间,品种间存在一定差异,早生五角的最高;从5种黄秋葵籽油中均检测出14种脂肪酸,以亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸为主,相对含量分别在29.60%~33.44%、30.56%~34.18%、28.58%~29.24%、3.94%~4.20%之间,早生五角的亚油酸含量最高;不同品种的黄秋葵籽油的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸构成比例均接近1∶1∶1理想模式,且同一脂肪酸的相对含量差异很小。     

Experimental determination of pesticide processing factors during extraction of seed oils

ABSTRACT

Processing Factors (PFs) reflect the concentration or dilution of pesticide residues resulting from food processing. PFs are key elements to demonstrate the compliance of processed foods with Maximum residue levels (MRLs) as set by Regulation 396/2005. While efforts have been made by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and by national authorities to compile PFs from processing studies, such PFs are not available for all pesticides/processed product combinations. The EU vegetable oil and proteinmeal industry association (FEDIOL) has therefore developed a theoretical approach to approximate MRLs in crude vegetable oils and fats, based on the partition coefficient (log P_ow) of the pesticides and on the oil content of the raw materials. To substantiate this approach, a pilot-scale processing study was initiated with rapeseeds spiked with selected pesticides and the experimental PFs for these pesticides determined. The aims of this study were (i) to study the reliability of pilot-scale conditions for PF determination and (ii) to assess the experimental PFs obtained in comparison to the theoretical PFs proposed by FEDIOL. This study demonstrated that production yields obtained for crude oil and meal in this processing study are similar to those in industrial processes even if differences were observed in the individual production steps (mechanical or solvent extraction steps). The experimental PFs obtained confirmed that the chosen fat-soluble pesticides did concentrate in the oil fraction. For metalaxyl-M having a log P_ow lower than 3, a partitioning between the oil and the meal was observed, as expected. By comparing the experimental PFs and theoretical PFs, it can be concluded that the FEDIOL approach can be recommended as a suitable tool when PFs derived from specific processing studies are missing. Similar studies on pesticides with wider ranges of log P_ow are required in order to complete our conclusions on default PFs for vegetable oils.     

4种油茶籽油中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性比较研究

采用80%乙醇溶液分别提取雅安当地的白花和红花油茶籽毛油与精炼油中的多酚类物质,比较研究这4种油茶籽油中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性。结果表明:多酚类物质的含量分别为1.41(白花油茶籽毛油)、1.04(白花油茶籽精炼油)、0.75(红花油茶籽毛油)、0.68μg/mL(红花油茶籽精炼油);4种油茶籽油多酚类物质均表现出较强的抗氧化活性,并随多酚含量的增加而增强;白花油茶籽油中多酚类物质的抗氧化能力均强于红花油茶籽油中的;毛油相对于精炼油均具有更强的抗氧化作用;白花油茶籽毛油中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性不稳定。     

葡萄籽油的添加对改善特种植物油脂货架保质期的研究

保健植物油脂对人体具有较好营养补充,它也具有独特的食品风味。本项目对葡萄籽油的添加改善月见草油、紫苏油、亚麻籽油等保健植物油的氧化稳定性研究。结果表明,葡萄籽油的OSI值较大,保留时间(货架储存期)长,而月见草油、紫苏油、亚麻籽油等氧化稳定性不是很好,通过添加复配氧化剂(0.02%BHT+0.02%VE+0.02%VC)和葡萄籽油对比,找出通过添加葡萄籽油,进而延长油脂的保质期限的有效措施。     

不同热处理压榨油茶籽油的风味差异研究

研究了油茶籽制取浓香油茶籽油的最佳热处理方式。采用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法（HS-SPME-GC-MS）结合电子鼻技术对6种不同热处理（蒸炒、微波加热、冷榨以及80~90 ℃下炒料10~20 min）后的压榨油茶籽油挥发性风味成分进行鉴定和研究。结果表明：6种热处理压榨油茶籽油的挥发性风味成分主要为醛类、醇类物质（共占74%以上）,其中,己醛、庚醛、辛醛、壬醛、癸醛、（Z）-2-癸烯醛和正辛醇是6种不同热处理压榨油茶籽油的共同风味成分,正辛醇是初次从油茶籽油风味物质中鉴定的1种油茶籽原生态风味成分;油茶籽经传统蒸炒处理或 80~90 ℃下炒料20 min处理会使压榨油茶籽油中产生大量的糠醛或糠醛衍生物,从而影响油茶籽油的食用安全和存储安全,而冷榨、微波加热以及80~90 ℃下炒料10~15 min处理的压榨油茶籽油中没有这些物质;在80~90 ℃下炒料15 min是获得浓香油茶籽油的最佳热处理方式,在此条件下获得的压榨油茶籽油具有风味浓郁而柔和、兼具食用安全和生产安全等优势。     

不同地区茶叶籽油活性成分的比较分析

对浙江、云南、四川、江苏、湖南、湖北、福建、河南、贵州9个地区的茶叶籽油活性成分进行比较分析。结果表明,茶叶籽油中总酚含量以四川、贵州和云南最为突出,在900 mg/kg以上,其他地区差异不显著(400~660 mg/kg);VE含量以四川茶叶籽油最高,可达68.55 mg/100 g,而江苏茶叶籽油中生理活性最强的α-VE含量(31.94 mg/100 g)最多;角鲨烯、三萜类物质羽扇豆醇与4种甾醇类物质(菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、羊毛甾醇和谷甾醇)在所有地区茶叶籽油中均被检出;除湖南、湖北、福建外,其他几个地区茶叶籽油中都含有β-香树脂醇;此外,在所有地区的茶叶籽油中都检出1种类胡萝卜素——虾青素;四川和贵州的茶叶籽油中总甾醇含量最多,分别为5 710.4 mg/kg和5 539.3 mg/kg。综合分析,四川、贵州的茶叶籽油中活性成分含量最高,品质最好。     

浓香和精炼葵花籽油加速氧化过程中 综合品质变化的差异

对浓香葵花籽油、精炼葵花籽油及其分别添加抗氧化剂叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）的葵花籽油进行Schaal烘箱法加速氧化试验,通过考察加速氧化期间4个葵花籽油样过氧化值、酸值、维生素E含量、甾醇含量及挥发性风味成分含量的变化,对比分析两种葵花籽油氧化稳定性、预测货架期、营养成分和挥发性风味成分含量变化的差异,以及TBHQ对两种葵花籽油氧化稳定性及其他综合品质影响的差异。结果表明：若以过氧化值达到相应葵花籽油国标限值作为评价指标,空白及添加TBHQ的浓香葵花籽油、空白及添加TBHQ的精炼葵花籽油的预测货架期分别为64、272、48、96 d;经21 d的加速氧化,上述4种葵花籽油中维生素E损失率分别为50.63%、23.72%、3251%、1782%,甾醇损失率分别为20.73%、13.22%、15.43%、8.30%;初始的浓香葵花籽油、精炼葵花籽油中分别检测出9类98种、9类91种挥发性风味成分,总量分别为10.31、0.74 mg/kg,浓香葵花籽油中含量最高的是烯烃类物质（占46.94%）,其次是杂环类物质（占31.23%）,杂环类物质中主要是吡嗪类物质（占75.16%）;精炼葵花籽油中含量最高的是烷烃类物质（占37.84%）,其次是烯烃类物质（占3514%）,未检出杂环类物质;经21 d的加速氧化,空白浓香葵花籽油中挥发性风味成分仅剩45种,其中的杂环类物质几乎损失殆尽,醛类和酮类物质含量明显增加;空白精炼葵花籽油中醛类和酮类物质含量大幅升高（分别占65.20%、20.74%）;添加TBHQ对葵花籽油的保质保鲜均有一定作用,但其分解产物叔丁基对苯醌导致葵花籽油中醌类物质含量大幅增加,对葵花籽油固有风味和品质安全造成不良影响。     

Total lipids content and fatty acid composition of seed oils from six pomegranate cultivars

The fatty acid composition of the seed oils of six pomegranate (Punica granatum L) cultivars was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography. The seeds contained oil in the range 51-152 mg kg^?1 dry matter. Intervarietal differences in fatty acid composition were demonstrated (fatty acid esters as % (w/w) total fatty acid esters. Sour varieties had the highest while sour-sweet varieties had the lowest oil content. Eleven fatty acids were identified. In all varieties, the predominant fatty acids were linoleic (25.2-38.6%) and oleic acid (24.8-35.5%) followed by palmitic (18.2-22.6%), stearic (6.9-10.4%) and linolenic acid (0.6-9.9%). To a lesser extent arachidic (1.1-3.4%) and palmitoleic acid (0.2-2.7%) were also found in all varieties. Lauric, myristic, behenic and lignoceric acids were rarely detected. As far as we know linolenic (18:3), arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0) or lignoceric (24:0) acids have not been previously reported in the seed oils of edible pomegranate varieties. Lignoceric acid has not previously been found in pomegranate seed oil.     

紫苏籽油与红花籽油联合使用降血脂研究

通过饲喂高脂饲料诱导建立小鼠高脂血症模型,研究紫苏籽油与红花籽油等质量混合后对高脂血症小鼠血脂水平的影响,并与市售紫苏油软胶囊作比较。结果表明,紫苏籽油和红花籽油等质量混合后可以极显著降低高脂血症小鼠的胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)水平(p0.01)以及显著降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量(p0.05),能极显著升高总胆固醇中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的比例(HDL-C/TC)(p0.01),极显著降低动脉硬化指数(AI)(p0.01);其与紫苏油软胶囊组比较,效果更好。