月桂酸酯化淀粉/聚乙烯醇共混膜的制备及其性质研究

为了制备酯化淀粉/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混膜,拓宽长链脂肪酸酯化淀粉的加工应用范围,以玉米淀粉制备的月桂酸酯化淀粉为原料,采用流延法制备淀粉/PVA共混膜,并对共混膜的显微结构、机械性能和热特性进行表征。结果表明,月桂酸酯化改性增加共混膜的表面的光滑性,提高共混膜的透明度和断裂伸长率,但对共混膜的耐水性和抗拉伸强度改善不明显;热重分析结果表明酯化淀粉共混膜与原淀粉共混膜相比,其热分解更不完全。月桂酸酯化改性能有效提高淀粉与PVA的相容性,扩大淀粉/PVA共混膜的应用范围。     

月桂酸酯化淀粉/聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混膜的制备及其性质研究

本文将原玉米淀粉和制备的月桂酸酯化淀粉与聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混,延流法制备淀粉/PVA共混膜,对膜的部分结构和性质进行研究,探讨月桂酸酯化改性对共混膜的性质和结构的影响。结果表明：酯化淀粉共混膜的表面比原淀粉更平滑,酯化改性提高了淀粉与PVA的相容性,使得透明度增大,断裂伸长率增加;但酯化改性对淀粉耐水性的改善不显著;抗拉伸强度改善不显著;热重分析结果表明酯化淀粉共混膜与原淀粉共混膜相比,其热分解更不完全。     

改性蒙脱土/PVA/淀粉复合膜的制备及其抗菌性能

采用高温灼烧法制备纳米氧化铜蒙脱土(MMT-CuO),然后用十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(1427)进行蒙脱土的阳离子改性。以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、红薯淀粉为基材,甘油为塑化剂,蒙脱土为抑菌剂和强化剂,制备改性蒙脱土/PVA/淀粉复合膜。结果表明,随着未改性蒙脱土的含量增加,复合膜的抗拉强度也逐渐增加,添加量为8%时,膜的抗拉强度为(7.132±0.201)MPa,断裂伸长率为(145.747±5.039)%;季铵盐改性MMT-CuO的添加量的增大,膜的拉伸强度变化不显著,但是断裂伸长率、水溶性和水蒸气透过性均降低,改善了膜的水溶性和水蒸气透过性;改性蒙脱土可以提高膜的抗菌性,尤其对金黄色葡萄球菌,这种复合改性蒙脱土在抗菌包装上具有潜在应用价值。     

聚乙烯醇/海藻酸钠/黄连素医用敷料制备及其性能

为提高聚乙烯醇(PVA)/海藻酸钠(SA)医用敷料的抗菌性和耐水性能,采用黄连素(BR)为天然抗菌剂负载在医用敷料上,通过静电纺丝法制备PVA/SA/BR纳米纤维膜,并在氯化钙无水乙醇溶液中进行交联处理,对PVA/SA/BR纳米纤维膜的化学结构、抗菌性能、吸液性能以及力学性能进行表征与分析。结果表明:BR负载在PVA/SA纳米纤维上形成明显串珠,且与PVA/SA结合良好,氯化钙交联处理后PVA/SA/BR纳米纤维膜由网状变为平滑膜状;当BR质量分数为6%时,PVA/SA/BR纳米纤维膜断裂强度为1.76 MPa,其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率分别为99.41%、97.89%;当氯化钙质量分数为4%,交联时间为4 h时,PVA/SA/BR纳米纤维膜的断裂强度为4.17 MPa,吸液倍率为1 257%。     

聚乙烯醇/改性壳聚糖复合膜的制备及其性能研究

利用2,3-环氧丙基三甲氯化铵对壳聚糖进行阳离子化改性,将改性后的壳聚糖(MCTS)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混浇铸成膜,并采用化学交联法成功制备出了PVA/MCTS阴离子交换复合膜。采用交流(AC)阻抗、傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、拉伸试验等分析技术考察了膜的离子电导率、分子结构、微观形貌、热稳定性、力学强度和耐碱稳定性等性能。结果表明所制备的膜性能优良,电导率达到1.28×10-3 S/cm,含水率为87%。高温浓碱加速劣化试验表明PVA/MCTS膜具有良好的耐碱化学稳定性。     

直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉/PVA混溶性及成膜性能的影响

以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉与聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料制备共混液及薄膜,以初显分离时间和沉降率为量化指标,研究了直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉与PVA浆液混溶性的影响;对不同直链淀粉含量的共混膜进行力学性能测定、SEM形貌表征及生物降解性试验。结果表明:随着直链淀粉含量增大,共混液的初始相分离速度和分离程度都显著减小,提高了浆液稳定性;随着共混膜中直链淀粉含量的增加,提高了玉米淀粉和PVA之间的相容性,从而表现出更好的力学性能;随着直链淀粉含量的增加,共混膜的降解速率增大。该研究结果为探讨玉米淀粉/PVA共混体系相稳定性及浆液成膜性能的研究,提供了理论依据和应用价值。     

铂纳米粒子/(聚乙烯醇/聚乙烯亚胺)杂化材料的制备及应用

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)的混合液为纺丝前驱体,通过静电纺丝技术制备了PVA/PEI超细纤维膜。然后依次利用戊二醛(GA)将其交联和3-巯丙基三乙氧基硅烷(MPTES)功能化处理后成功地在其上负载了铂纳米颗粒(Pt NPs),得到了Pt NPs/(PVA/PEI)杂化材料。通过场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射图谱(XRD)及傅里叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征手段对制备的Pt NPs/(PVA/PEI)杂化材料进行表征。结果表明制备了Pt NPs均匀分散的Pt NPs/(PVA/PEI)杂化材料。将制备的杂化材料用于罗丹明B的催化降解,结果表明Pt NPs/(PVA/PEI)杂化材料对罗丹明B具有优异的催化降解效果。     

改性淀粉/纤维素共混制膜的力学性能研究及形态表征

本试验以玉米淀粉、棉纤维为原料,通过乙酰化改性,制得了高取代度、高聚合度的醋酸酯淀粉(SA)、醋酸纤维素(CA)。然后以丙酮为有机溶剂,对SA、CA进行了共混制膜,研究了共混膜的力学性能,并对制备参数进行了优化,得出最佳的制膜条件:反应温度为常温,SA/CA配比为1/3,增塑剂为柠檬酸三丁酯(TBC),挥发时间为10min,热处理温度为30℃。最后对所制的膜初步进行了SEM、XRD形态表征。     

“三明治”结构聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖/海藻酸钠纳米纤维医用敷料

选用聚乙烯醇(PVA)、壳聚糖(CS)、海藻酸钠(SA)为原料,通过静电纺丝和交联处理组合工艺制备"三明治"结构PVA/CS/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征PVA/CS/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜形貌结构,综合评价医用敷料溶胀率和失重率,考察其在伤口愈合领域的应用性能。其中,PVA/CS静电纺纳米纤维膜纤维平均直径为(488±201)nm,PVA/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜纤维平均直径为(534±265)nm,所制备的"三明治"结构PVA/CS/SA静电纺纳米纤维膜平均溶胀率为296.5%,平均失重率为74.3%。     

静电纺丝制备PEI/PVA超细纤维负载纳米铑杂化材料的研究

利用NaBH4作为还原剂,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)为稳定剂,还原RhCl3水溶液制备铑纳米颗粒,并用透射电镜(TEM)研究了铑纳米颗粒的形貌.通过静电纺丝技术制备了PEI/PVA纳米纤维,并用戊二醛作为交联剂使之交联以提高其耐水性.然后在交联过的PEI/PVA纤维膜上负载铑纳米颗粒;利用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对PEI/PVA以及Rh/PEI/PVA薄膜进行了表征.结果表明:利用静电纺丝技术和复合技术可以制备PEI/PVA超细纤维负载纳米铑的杂化材料.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.