基于栅格式SCS模型的分布式水文模型研究

利用基于栅格分布的土地利用类型和土壤类型,通过将SCS模型改进为栅格式的SCS模型,并结合栅格式Clark单位线汇流方法,构建了一个具有松散耦合型分布式水文模型.该模型结构简单,模型参数较少,所需流域特性资料容易获取,对流域具有较强的适应性,并可以获得流域栅格分布式的产流结果.本研究将该模型应用到欧阳海流域上,构建洪水预报模型进行场次洪水过程模拟,并与新安江模型模拟结果进行对比.模拟结果表明,所构建的松散结构分布式水文模型具有较高的模拟精度,能够应用到实际的洪水预报中.     

基于GIS的LLCHEN-A分布式水文模型与水资源预测

构建了一种以地理信息系统技术为支撑,充分利用DEM高程数据、土壤类型数字化、土地利用遥感数据等数字化信息以及考虑流域水资源利用情况的数字流域分布式水文模型(命名为LLCHEN-A模型).该模型产汇流原理采用了通用的水量平衡原理和蓄泄关系,模型代码全部是自编源代码,模型集成上除了融雪产汇流模块外,还有暴雨径流产汇流模块和水资源利用模块,使得模型具有适应性,能广泛适用于融雪地区、暴雨径流地区及河口地区的洪水预报和水资源预测,同时水循环模拟对象也从汛期洪水径流扩大到全年的水资源模拟.多个水文变量过程计算结果分析表明:该模型结构合理,计算的各环节水文过程符合实际水文规律.将模型应用于暴雨径流为主的杭州瓶窑以上东苕溪流域,应用实例表明该模型在水资源模拟与预测中能取得较好的效果.     

改进的径流系数法在城市小流域设计洪水中的应用研究

为了探究城市化带来的下垫面不透水面变化导致的径流系数取值差异问题,根据城市不透水面水文效应实验,建立了径流系数（runoff coefficient, RC）-总不透水面积比（total impervious area, TIA）关系,提出了改进的径流系数确定方法,并与常用的面积加权法和SCS(soil conservation service)模型的径流曲线数模型进行比较。以深圳新和润小区为研究对象建立了产汇流模型,对不同方法在降雨径流模拟及设计洪水中的应用效果进行了比较研究。结果表明,构建的产汇流模型可以比较好地应用到汇水区较大雨量降雨事件的径流模拟中;改进的径流系数对于城市设计洪水的计算来说是适用的,并且较SCS模型更符合城市流域暴雨洪水的特点。     

时变增益水文模型的改进及实时预报应用研究

考虑到流域降雨时、空变化和流域地形、河道特征对流域产汇流的非线性影响，通过改进时变增益水文模型（TVGM），建立了流域非线性产流、汇流模型以及流域洪水实时预报校正方法，将研制的模型以及流域洪水实时预报校正方法，将研制的模型应用于洋河水库流域洪水预报，取得较为满意的效果。     

飞来峡流域基于栅格DEM的分布式水文模拟

基于栅格DEM的分布式水文模型能利用DEM提供的流域地形,包括流域边界、坡度、坡向、河网等特征信息,充分考虑下垫面条件的不均匀性及空间尺度相耦合性.以集水面积34097km2的飞来峡水库流域为例,利用SRTM90m精度的DEM资料提取流域特征信息和划分水系和子流域,采用基于栅格DEM的分布式水文模型来计算每个栅格的产汇流,河道汇流采用马斯京根法,参数率定采用SCE-UA优化算法.结果表明:一个结构简单、物理过程明确、参数较少的栅格DEM分布式模型可以被用于大中型流域的水文模拟,以更好地利用流域地形特征信息和描述流域水文过程.     

基于SCS模型桥河流域不同时期的水文特性

选取我国南方湿润地区——湖北省漳河灌区桥河流域作为研究对象,并根据1966—2010年土地利用的变化划分为4个阶段.将SCS模型改进后应用于流域的产汇流计算,并分析该流域不同阶段的降雨-径流关系和洪峰流量变化.分析结果表明,在相同频率下,年径流量和洪峰流量随着时间的推移有减少的趋势.这说明了土地利用的变化对流域水文特性具有一定的影响,也说明了加强人类活动影响研究的重要性.     

受水库群影响流域产流模型的研究

本文从研究流域上大中型水库及小水库群(包括塘堰)在防洪、灌溉、发电中的调蓄作用及运用基本规律出发,在天然流域产汇流预报原理基础上,提出了一整套考虑上游水利水电工程影响的产流预报方法。该法应用于广东枫树坝流域,使产流预报方案的合格率从原来的85.1%提高到91.7%,并克服了原方案在汛初和久旱后预报洪水的产流量远远偏大的问题。     

考虑蓄满产流机制的流域分布式产汇流模型

洪水预报通常基于降雨径流模拟进行。以山坡水文学理论的蓄满产流机制为出发点,展开了对山区流域降雨径流模拟的研究,以此建立分布式三水源产汇流模型。首先,对研究流域进行离散化,以数字高程数据为基础提取流域的地形数字特征,使离散化坡面单元的数据同时完成自动匹配,实现参数的空间离散化,为模型的应用提供参数支撑。其次,采用水流连续方程和达西公式计算单元坡面内的产流量;以圣维南方程组简化的运动波方程为控制方程,推导出坡面流近似的偏微分方程,利用特征线法对每一单元坡面进行汇流计算。所建分布式水文模型可模拟从非饱和壤中流漫溢到坡面单元上形成饱和坡面流的暴雨径流过程。同时借由马斯京根-康吉法衔接了坡面离散单元水文子过程与主河道的汇合。最后选取美国古德温河流域典型的降雨过程进行次洪过程模拟,采用确定性系数、相关系数来评定模拟精度,结果表明其模拟精度达到了径流过程模拟和作业预报的精度要求。总体来说,所建分布式产汇流模型不但适用于单一坡面的径流分析,且能够应用于一般流域以进行降雨径流过程的模拟,在一定程度上可为防洪调度提供参考依据。     

SWAT模型在淅川县丹江口库区的应用研究

水文模型是水文科学研究中重要的方法和手段之一.在分布式水文模型SWAT支持下,利用研究区DEM生成河网和流域边界并划分子流域,根据在收集资料、实地调查和土壤采样分析的基础上,通过对模型所需的气象、土壤、地形、土地利用等影响因子进行参数化,模拟了淅川县丹江口水源区的水文过程与产沙过程.     

实时洪水预报模型及其在大盈江梁河段的应用

对流域产流的物理过程进行了分析,建立了地面及地下净雨划分的数学公式及流域产流的计算方法.采用系统分析的方法,将流域汇流过程视为流域的系统作用,从而建立了地表径流和地下汇流的计算模型.同时对模型的预报值进行了修正,使得预报精度更高.通过对该实时洪水预报模型在大盈江梁河段的实际应用,验证了该模型的可行性.     

基于SWAT模型的三峡库区流域污染物来源分析及重点控制区域识别

随着非点源污染逐步成为三峡库区流域污染的重要控制对象,将SWAT模型应用于三峡库区流域非点源模拟研究,以识别库区非点源污染来源关键区域.模型建立后采用2002—2008年水文、水质实测数据进行率定与验证,径流、泥沙、营养盐的评价指标ENS均达到令人满意的效果,表明SWAT模型应用于三峡库区流域是可行的.通过对三峡水库污染物的来源分析可知:三峡库区上游汇入为库区污染物的主要来源,贡献率平均为71.74%,库区流域非点源污染贡献率最高为33.03%,而库区点源污染贡献率较小,最高仅为4.17%.对库区单位面积污染负荷的模拟研究表明:三峡库区流域非点源污染物产生的关键区域主要集中在库区腹部,即小江、大宁河、汤溪河等支流流域.     

汉江中下游非点源磷负荷对水质的影响

非点源污染是河流水体富营养化的主要来源之一,也是当前流域水质管理的重要难题,然而目前关于非点源磷负荷对水质的影响研究尚少.选取汉江中下游流域作为研究区,基于Landsat TM影像、DEM、土壤、水文、气象等环境监测和社会经济统计数据,运用SCS模型和负荷输出经验方程,估算了研究区内非点源磷负荷,结合2007年点源排放的调查结果,在分析污染物迁移转化规律的基础上,建立了汉江中下游的一维水质模型,并利用2007年研究区内16个水质断面监测数据进行了验证.结果表明:2007年汉江中下游平均非点源磷负荷量达5 381.30t,迁移进入河道后对水质污染的贡献率在60%左右,其中农业非点源和城市非点源影响尤其突出,已成为汉江中下游最主要的污染类型.     

Modeling the crop transpiration using an optimality-based approach

Evapotranspiration constitutes more than 80% of the long-term water balance in Northern China. In this area, crop transpiration due to large areas of agriculture and irrigation is responsible for the majority of evapotranspiration. A model for crop transpiration is therefore essential for estimating the agricultural water consumption and understanding its feedback to the environment. However, most existing hydrological models usually calculate transpiration by relying on parameter calibration against local observations, and do not take into account crop feedback to the ambient environment. This study presents an optimality-based ecohydrology model that couples an ecological hypothesis, the photosynthetic process, stomatal movement, water balance, root water uptake and crop senescence, with the aim of predicting crop characteristics, CO₂ assimilation and water balance based only on given meteorological data. Field experiments were conducted in the Weishan Irrigation District of Northern China to evaluate performance of the model. Agreement between simulation and measurement was achieved for CO₂ assimilation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture content. The vegetation optimality was proven valid for crops and the model was applicable for both C ₃ and C ₄ plants. Due to the simple scheme of the optimality-based approach as well as its capability for modeling dynamic interactions between crops and the water cycle without prior vegetation information, this methodology is potentially useful to couple with the distributed hydrological model for application at the watershed scale.     

Modeling the crop transpiration using an optimality-based approach

Evapotranspiration constitutes more than 80% of the long-term water balance in Northern China. In this area, crop transpiration due to large areas of agriculture and irrigation is responsible for the majority of evapotranspiration. A model for crop transpiration is therefore essential for estimating the agricultural water consumption and understanding its feedback to the environment. However, most existing hydrological models usually calculate transpiration by relying on parameter calibration against local observations, and do not take into account crop feedback to the ambient environment. This study presents an optimality-based ecohydrology model that couples an ecological hypothesis, the photosynthetic process, stomatal movement, water balance, root water uptake and crop senescence, with the aim of predicting crop characteristics, CO₂ assimilation and water balance based only on given meteorological data. Field experiments were conducted in the Weishan Irrigation District of Northern China to evaluate performance of the model. Agreement between simulation and measurement was achieved for CO₂ assimilation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture content. The vegetation optimality was proven valid for crops and the model was applicable for both C ₃ and C ₄ plants. Due to the simple scheme of the optimality-based approach as well as its capability for modeling dynamic interactions between crops and the water cycle without prior vegetation information, this methodology is potentially useful to couple with the distributed hydrological model for application at the watershed scale.

     

SCS模型在黄土丘陵因子径流场中的应用

因为黄土区中小流域地形地貌复杂,影响径流的水气象资料较难获取,故在无资料地区的小流域设置因子径流场对降雨产流进行预报和计算;利用美国水土保持局提出的降雨SCS计算模型对因子径流场径流量进行了分析计算．结果表明,计算值与实测值拟合效果较好,能够满足同类地区对因子径流场产流量的预报．另外,因子径流场具有资料易于获得,且简便易观测等特点．     

A distributed hydrological model with its application to the Jinghe watershed in the Yellow River Basin

For the purpose of water resources management in the Yellow River Basin with highly spatial difference a daily distributed hydrological model was proposed, of which the determination of spatially-distributed parameters and model inputs processing were performed by means of GIS/RS. In the model, the computation of runoff, yield was based on the topography index method and flow routing was modeled by Maskingum method. The operation of the model is followed by means of “command structure” technique based upon the topography of river network. A case study using the model was conducted for the Jinghe watershed, which locates at the middle Yellow River Basin. The simulation of the hydrological processes in 1996 has shown that water quantity balance errors were less than 5% and the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient arrived at 0.7, indicating that the model structure is justifiable, and the precision of the model can satisfy the purpose of water resources management.     

A distributed hydrological model with its application to the Jinghe watershed in the Yellow River Basin

TheYellowRiverBasincoversalargeportionofChina,consistingofcomplicatedlandformswithnoticeabledifferencesfromoneareatoanother.Undertheimpactsofatmosphericcirculationsandmonsoonsystems,itsdifferentpartsareinfluencedgreatlybydissimilarclimate,leadingtoappreciablespatialvariabilityofthelandsurfaceandmeteorologicalaspects,whichhasresultedinthecomplicationofhydrologicalcycleinthebasin[1].Thedistributedhydrologicalmodel,withthespatialdistributioncharactersofmodelstructuresandparameters,isnowconsidere…