基于钻孔数据的矿体三维可视化研究与实现

建立矿体三维可视化模型是数字化矿山的重要内容，对矿山生产、地质分析有着十分重要的作用.提出了基于钻孔数据的断面 不规则三角网 广义三棱柱(Section Triangle Irregular Net Generalized Tri Prism，Section TIN GTP)混合矿体建模方法，该模型既可以用TIN表示矿体的表面模型，又可以用GTP表示矿体的内部实体结构；利用边界轮廓控制点的对称性，提出了基于领域知识的由剖面轮廓构建三维模型的快速算法；并设计实现了矿体三维建模系统，该系统通过自动绘制和交互式修改勘探线剖面图将专家的知识经验融入实际的矿体建模中，提高了矿体建模的精度；最后利用该系统展示了一个实际矿体的三维可视化模型.     

萨热克铜矿DIMINE三维地质建模及储量估算

为了探清萨热克铜矿开采后在矿体形态、储量、品位的变化情况,采用DIMINE软件进行矿体三维地质建模及储量估算。结果表明,DIMINE能有效、准确地实现矿山地表模型、矿体模型及井下工程的可视化。萨热克铜矿可按层状位置分为1~5号矿体,2 790~2 600 m标高区间矿石储量1 606.6万t,Cu平均品位1.08%。DIMINE矿体模型储量估算结果与钻孔工程验证情况基本一致。     

基于Surpac的矿山三维地质建模及可视化过程研究

矿山三维地质建模与可视化技术研究是"数字矿山"的核心组成部分,是现代矿山信息化研究的热点和重点.从三维地质建模的概念出发,通过沂南金矿预测项目的具体实践,探讨了基于Surpac软件的矿山三维地质建模及可视化的一般过程,包括地质数据库的建立,实体模型、品位块体模型的创建等,重点探讨了建模过程中地质数据库的设计、地质解译、矿体储量估算的方法与技术,为矿区成矿规律的研究和成矿预测提供了有效的技术手段,大大提高了矿产勘查的效率,促进了我国矿山信息化的建设.     

辽东白云金矿地质体三维模型的构建与储量估算

矿体三维模型是数字矿山的基础,是矿床的数字表征。在收集和整理研究区的地质图、地形图、地质剖面图、钻孔柱状图的基础上提取钻孔数据（样品信息表、钻孔形态表、钻孔位置表）,建立地质空间数据库,借助于Minexplorer探矿者软件建立地表模型,并依据地质空间数据库生成三维钻孔,通过定义剖面,圈定单工程矿体,连接主要出露地层、控矿构造与蚀变带,编辑剖面,连接曲面,封装成体等过程,构建出地质体的三维数字模型,实现其三维可视化。然后采用截面法、块段法、距离加权法对矿体进行储量估算并与矿山实际勘探获得的产量进行对比分析。结果表明,本矿区距离加权法计算的结果相对误差最小,同时也反向验证了三维矿体模型构建的准确性。     

基于地质三维模拟的攀枝花铁矿块体模型储量估算

攀枝花铁矿属于基性岩浆侵入晚期分异型矿床,其地质环境极其复杂。采用3DMine矿业软件作为平台,对攀枝花尖山矿区地质勘探资料进行全面整理并建库,针对矿区深部铁矿体具有韵律性、顺岩层、单斜产出等特点,改变传统矿体圈定方法,从新的角度探索并建立了尖山矿区的地表模型、构造模型、矿体模型、矿带模型、地质工程模型等,实现了地质体的三维可视化。基于矿体的块体模型、依据采样点的品位信息空间分布形态而采用改进的克里格估算方法,对矿区铁矿储量的估算更为合理。     

基于ArcEngine与IDW法的矿石储量分析研究

以C#与ArcEngine的二次开发为工具,利用矿山已有钻孔数据,根据IDW法实现矿石储量估算。研究利用AE开发的IDW法在已知钻孔数据的情况下实现矿石储量估算与矿床矿石品位三维模拟分级显示。所用到的数学模型为球体模型,矿体模型为ArcGIS下建立的多片模型,主要建模软件为Google SketchUp。结果表明,利用AE开发的IDW法实现矿石储量估算的效率和精确度较高,开发难度和成本较低,开发周期短。系统矿石储量估算结果的平均反算误差为2.86%。     

利用等高线制作格网DEM方法的研究

数字高程模型（DEM）作为数字摄影测量、数字测图的重要产品,在测绘领域以及地理信息系统中发挥着极为重要的作用.以建立基于等高线的高质量数字高程模型为目的,介绍当前等高线生成DEM的方法,对常用的构建DEM的插值方法进行分析,并系统描述构建各种不同DEM方法的优缺点.针对规则格网（GRID）与不规则三角网（TIN）表达形式的DEM,对优化等高线数据内插方法进行系统地比较,使等高线内插DEM能够更加真实自然地反映地表情况.     

基于混合DEM数据存储结构的三维地形可视化

为了解决三维地形可视化中的海量数据快速高精度渲染问题,基于创建三维地形所使用的两种主要数字高程模型TIN（Triangulated Irregular Network）和GRID,研究了模型采样点的分布特征、各自优缺点以及存储数据结构,给出了构建混合DEM（Digital Elevation Models）模型的方法,详述了构建混合模型,计算地形复杂度的方法,混合模型的数据结构及三角网生成算法。通过实验说明了混合模型用于三维地形可视化的优势。     

带精细属性特征的矿体实体模型动态构建方法

以地质统计学理论为基本工具,以三维栅格形式的矿体块体模型向其矢量形式的矿体几何结构模型转换,提出了一种矿体实体模型构建方法——克里格块体（KB）法.该方法对矿体内部相对稳定的矿石属性的空间分布情况进行了详细考查和评估;对特定约束条件下矿体三维块体模型的外部形态进行提取和重构,实现矿体实体模型的动态构建、更新及其表面地质属性的精细表达.理论分析和实际应用结果表明：对于大数多矿山,KB法都能够达到所期望的动态建模效果.     

Micromine在云南芒市金矿三维建模及资源量估算中的应用

在研究云南芒市金矿麦窝坝矿段矿体地质的基础上,采用Mircomine三维地质软件,建立芒市麦窝坝金矿Au资源量估算的三维矿体模型,经Mircomine样品统计分析处理,得到Au品位沿矿体走向的变异函数,通过拟合变异函数、体积验证和交叉验证,证明所建模型和估算参数是合理的,估算Au资源量是可靠的,并在实际应用中取得较好效果。     

Layer-Constrained Triangulated Irregular Network Algorithm Based on Ground Penetrating Radar Data and Its Application

In this paper,a layer-constrained triangulated irregular network (LC-TIN) algorithm is proposed for three-dimensional (3D) modelling,and applied to construct a 3D model for geological disease information based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) data.Compared with the traditional TIN algorithm,the LC-TIN algorithm introduced a layer constraint to the discrete data points during the 3D modelling process,and it can dynamically construct networks from layer to layer and implement 3D modelling for arbitrary shapes with high precision.The experimental results validated this method,the proposed algorithm not only can maintain the rationality of triangulation network,but also can obtain a good generation speed.In addition,the algorithm is also introduced to our self-developed 3D visualization platform,which utilized GPR data to model geological diseases.Therefore the feasibility of the algorithm is verified in the practical application.     

层状矿床的三维仿真与动态显示

针对层状矿床的真实形态往往受到多种地质因素的制约和对矿体的开采、设计有重要影响的问题，在构造不规则三角网的基础之上，采用曲面样条函数对三角网数据进行平滑插值，然后采用ＯｐｅｎＧＬ实施光照，成功地实现了层状矿床的模拟，使其能以一定的角度和方位旋转，放大和缩小，并且能实现任意方向的剖面剖切．为层状矿床的开采、设计提供了一定的参考依据，也为小构造的预测提供了一种新的方法     

Layer-Constrained Triangulated Irregular Network Algorithm Based on Ground Penetrating Radar Data and Its Application

In this paper,a layer-constrained triangulated irregular network (LC-TIN) algorithm is proposed for three-dimensional (3D) modelling,and applied to construct a 3 D model for geological disease information based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) data.Compared with the traditional TIN algorithm,the LC-TIN algorithm introduced a layer constraint to the discrete data points during the 3D modelling process,and it can dynamically construct networks from layer to layer and implement 3D modelling for arbitrary shapes with high precision.The experimental results validated this method,the proposed algorithm not only can maintain the rationality of triangulation network,but also can obtain a good generation speed.In addition,the algorithm is also introduced to our self-developed 3D visualization platform,which utilized GPR data to model geological diseases.Therefore the feasibility of the algorithm is verified in the practical application.     

An automatic unified modeling method of geological object and engineering object based on tri-prism(TP)

For the interaction relation between geological object and engineering object in some fields related to water conservancy and hydropower, a unified modeling idea was proposed. On the basis of summarizing both advantages and disadvantages of existing modeling methods, an automatic unified modeling method of both engineering and geological objects based on tri-prism(TP) model was presented. Through the lossless correction algorithm of deviated drill holes contained in this method, the real deviated drill holes could be corrected into the equivalent virtual vertical ones. And the correction accuracy fully meets the requirements of unified modeling. With the virtual vertical drilling data, TIN construction of both cover layer and other stratums would be built in order to obtain the 3D geological model. Then, the engineering design data would be introduced into the 3D geological model for achieving unified modeling. For this process, the volume subdividing and restructuring principles were introduced to deal with the spatial relationships between engineering object and geological object. In order to improve the efficiency of unified modeling, the reconstruction of TIN based on constraint information was also applied in this method. At last, the feasibility and validation of the unified modeling method as well as its relevant key algorithms were verified by specific experiments and analysis of results.     

基于层面模型的矿床三维可视化及应用

鉴于目前矿山地质体三维建模技术的重要性与日俱增,设计一种由钻孔数据构建层面模型的三维可视化方法.该方法以钻孔资料为建模的源数据,以ArcGIS软件为技术平台,经过对钻孔数据的提取和处理等流程,分别建立每个层面模型并叠合形成矿床的三维可视化模型.建模实验表明：该模型存储效率高,可以很好地顾及地形特征.最后给出模型的应用实例.     

Construction of a 3D meso-structure and analysis of mechanical properties for deposit body medium

For deposit body medium, the internal structural properties may be the controlling factors for the strength of the material and the mechanical response. Based on the results of soil-rock meso-statistics using digital imaging, a simulated annealing algorithm is adopted to expand the meso-structural features of deposit bodies in 3D. The construction of the 3D meso-structure of a deposit body is achieved, and then the particle flow analysis program PFC3 D is used to simulate the mechanical properties of the deposit body. It is shown that with a combination of the simulated annealing algorithm and the statistical feature functions, the randomness and heterogeneity of the rock distribution in the 3D inner structure of deposit body medium can be realized, and the reconstructed structural features of the deposit medium can match the features of the digital images well. The spatial utilizations and the compacting effects of the body-centered cubic, hexagonal close and face-centered packing models are high, so these structures can be applied in the simulations of the deposit structures. However, the shear features of the deposit medium vary depending on the different model constructive modes. Rocks, which are the backbone of the deposit, are the factors that determine the shear strength and deformation modulus of the deposit body. The modeling method proposed is useful for the construction of 3D meso-scope models from 2D meso-scope statistics and can be used for studying the mechanical properties of mixed media, such as deposit bodies.     

东书院金矿地质特征及矿床成因初探

东书院金矿是胶南隆起上第一个有工业价值的金矿床。矿体赋存于北东向的东书院断层内；断层内的闪长玢岩脉与矿体关系密切，常与金矿伴生；含金矿物主要是金银矿和银金矿两种，以粒间金为主，其次为裂隙金；矿床成因为蚀变岩型金矿床。     

基于GIS的边坡三维稳定性计算

根据高速公路高边坡的钻孔资料,利用ArcMap建立进行三维边坡稳定性分析的TIN数据层和栅格数据层,将栅格数据模型的各层对应栅格块视为一个滑坡单元体,通过读取相应栅格值进行稳定性计算.针对顺层滑坡的特点,采用ArcGIS集成的VBA开发环境,提出了一种三维折线法分析边坡的稳定性.该方法通过对栅格数据的重采样,可以计算任意滑动方向三维边坡的安全系数,通过选择最小安全系数来确定边坡的主滑动方向.结合某高速公路大型岩质滑坡的工程实例,通过比较三维折线法计算结果与某典型剖面的二维不平衡推力法计算结果,讨论该方法对工程滑坡治理的指导意义.     

A New 3D Wireless Directional Sensing Model and Coverage Enhancement Algorithm

Coverage control for each sensor is based on a 2D directional sensing model in directional sensor networks conventionally. But the 2D model cannot accurately characterize the real environment. In order to solve this problem, a new 3D directional sensor model and coverage enhancement algorithm is proposed. We can adjust the pitch angle and deviation angle to enhance the coverage rate. And the coverage enhancement algorithm is based on an improved gravitational search algorithm. In this paper the two improved strategies of GSA are directional mutation strategy and individual evolution strategy. A set of simulations show that our coverage enhancement algorithm has a good performance to improve the coverage rate of the wireless directional sensor network on different number of nodes, different virtual angles and different sensing radius.     

沉积间断断面型金矿产出模式及找矿方向——以桂西久隆金矿为例

广西凤山县久隆金矿产出于晚古生代碳酸盐岩隆起边缘,分布于二叠系和三叠系接触带碎屑岩一侧,矿体呈陡立的透镜状、似层状产于断裂中。上二叠统碳酸盐岩与中三叠统陆源碎屑岩之间,发育典型的古岩溶沉积不整合构造,后期断裂构造叠加、复合在不整合面上,形成高龙式微粒型金矿。该矿床以沉积间断面为基础,叠加、复合后期构造,产于沉积间断面之＂上＂的断裂构造带中,以构造为主要控矿因素,沉积间断面为重要控矿因素,受断控与层控等多重因素复合控制,经多期构造活动叠加形成,可称之为沉积间断断面型金矿。滇黔桂＂金三角＂应从不同控制因素和产出模式形成于同一地质作用的背景出发,考虑层控与断控等多重因素复合、叠加对成矿的控制作用,构造叠加、复合部位是寻找复合型矿床、原生矿和深部隐伏矿床的重点。