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1.
Abstract. Nighttime high-resolution airborne thermal infrared
imagery (TIR) data were collected in the predawn hours during
Feb 5-8 and March 11-12, 1999, from a helicopter platform for
72.4 km of the Youghiogheny River, from Connellsville to
McKeesport, in southwestern Pennsylvania. The TIR data were used
to identify sources of mine drainage from abandoned mines that
discharge directly into the Youghiogheny River. Image-processing
and geographic information systems (GIS) techniques were used to
identify 70 sites within the study area as possible mine
drainage sources. The combination of GIS datasets and the
airborne TIR data provided a fast and accurate method to target
the possible sources. After field reconnaissance, it was
determined that 24 of the 70 sites were mine drainage. This
paper summarizes: the procedures used to process the TIR data
and extract potential mine-drainage sites; methods used for
verification of the TIR data; a discussion of factors affecting
the TIR data; and a brief summary of water quality. 相似文献
2.
Robert S. Hedin Sherry L. Stafford Theodore J. Weaver 《Mine Water and the Environment》2005,24(2):104-106
Abstract In northwestern Pennsylvania (USA), numerous abandoned natural gas wells are producing artesian flows of Fe-contaminated water. The origin of the polluted water has been generally assumed to be brines from the gas-producing sands. We sampled 20 artesian discharges where iron staining was conspicuous. The waters were not brines, but were more characteristic of acid mine drainage (AMD). The dominant cations were Fe, Ca, and Mg, while the dominant anion was sulfate. The study area has a long history of coal mining in the lower Allegheny formation; however, the coal beds are generally at higher elevations than the discharges. We propose that AMD formed in the coal mines is infiltrating into lower aquifers, moving outside the lateral limits of mining, and using abandoned gas wells as conduits to the surface. While flowing through the underlying sandstones, the AMD chemistry is modified by contact with siderite, the dominant carbonate mineral in this stratigraphy. This would suggest that current remediation strategies that emphasize plugging the pollution-producing gas wells may be ill-advised because the source of the polluted water is more shallow than currently assumed. 相似文献
3.
Abstract. Helicopter-mounted electromagnetic (HEM) surveys have been
used to delimit conductive mine pools and groundwater features
at various areas in the eastern United States that contain
abandoned surface and underground coal mines. HEM was used to
delineate the source areas and flow paths for acidic,
metal-containing groundwater. This will aid remediation efforts.
A recent HEM survey of Kettle Creek Watershed, Clinton County,
Pennsylvania, using a 6-frequency electromagnetic data
acquisition system, is presented. The survey accurately located
conductive pools within underground mines, acidgenerating mine
spoil at surface mines, and areas of groundwater recharge and
discharge. 相似文献
4.
Erik Melchiorre Deborah Dale James Mills Jr. Brandon Chapman 《Mine Water and the Environment》2005,24(2):88-100
Abstract We examined the recharge sources of acid mine drainage (AMD) seeps that form at the toe of the coal refuse (gob) pile at a site in Indiana, using traditional geochemistry and oxygen isotopes. AMD from this site has impacted local waterways, and reducing the volume of AMD is a priority. Our observations indicate that there are two main sources of recharge. The first is relatively dilute, isotopically homogenous, geochemically-reducing groundwater that flows up through pre-mining karst-like features beneath the gob pile due to localized, precipitation-induced, hydraulic head. This produces a perched water table above the regional water table. The second source of recharge is oxidizing and isotopically variable meteoric precipitation that percolates through the permeable capping material; a partially buried and abandoned railroad grade may also channel meteoric waters into the pile. During periods of low precipitation, oxygenated pore moisture in the unsaturated zone facilitates AMD generation. During periods of elevated precipitation, these metal-rich pore fluids are flushed through the system by isotopically variable, oxygenated, metal-poor meteoric waters. Each source contributes subequal but variable amounts of recharge waters. The hydraulic conductivity and permeability of the gob pile, as calculated by isotopic lag, is consistent with values for silty to clean unconsolidated sand.Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic Supplementary Material is available for this article if you access it at 相似文献
5.
Abstract.
As population increases and high quality water becomes more difficult to obtain, many communities will seek alternative water supply sources. Some municipalities have realized that they have a reservoir of unexploited water readily available in abandoned underground coal mines. Analysis of the mines history, the quality of the coal and water that reside within the mine, and knowledge of local hydrology, geology, and mine chemistry will provide communities with the information they need to determine the best mine sites to use. 相似文献
6.
Robert S. Hedin 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(3):146-152
Abstract: The net acidity of a water sample can be measured directly by titration with a standardized base solution or calculated from
the measured concentrations of the acidic and basic components. For coal mine drainage, the acidic components are primarily
accounted for by free protons and dissolved Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Mn2+. The base component is primarily accounted for by bicarbonate. A standard way to calculate the acidity for coal mine drainage
is: Acidcalc = 50*(2*Fe2+/56 + 3*Fe3+/56 + 3*Al/27 + 2*Mn/55 + 1000*10-pH)—alkalinity, where acidity and alkalinity are measured as mg/L CaCO3 and the metals are mg/L. Because such methods of estimating acidity are derived by independent laboratory procedures, their
comparison can provide a valuable QA/QC for AMD datasets. The relationship between measured and calculated acidities was evaluated
for 14 datasets of samples collected from mine drainage discharges, polluted receiving streams, or passive treatment systems,
containing a total of 1,484 sample analyses. The datasets were variable in nature, ranging from watersheds where most of the
discharges contained alkalinity to ones where all of the discharges were acidic. Good relationships were found to exist between
measured and calculated acidities. The average acidity measurement was 239 mg/L CaCO3 and the average acidity calculation was 226 mg/L CaCO3. Linear regressions were calculated for individual datasets and for the entire dataset. The linear regression for the entire
dataset was: Acidcalc = 0.98 * Acidmeas – 8, r2 = 0.98. The good correlation between calculated and measured acidity is the basis for an easy and inexpensive QA/QC for AMD
data. Substantial variation between measured and calculated acidities can be used to infer sampling or analytical problems. 相似文献
7.
A. S. Sheoran 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(1):23-36
Abstract We investigated pollutant removal from acid mine drainage (AMD) by three different aquatic plant species (Typha angustifolia, Desmostachya bipinnata, and Sacharum bengalense) in bench-scale wetland test cells of 1 m3. AMD was generated in the laboratory using chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite ore. A substrate containing 75% soil, 20%
powdered goat manure, and 5% wood shavings was used in each cell. The performance of the system was evaluated for different
water column heights (100, 150, and 200 mm) and for different retention periods (24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hrs). The performance
of the plant species was different for the various metals of AMD; therefore, multi-species plantings should be considered
in constructed wetlands. 相似文献
8.
Jae E. Yang Jeffrey G. Skousen Yong-Sik Ok Kyung-Yoal Yoo Hee-Joung Kim 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(4):227-232
Abstract. There are hundreds of abandoned coal mines in Korea's steep mountain valleys. Enormous amounts of coal waste from these mines
were dumped on the slopes, contaminating streams with sediment and acid mine drainage. A limestone slurry by-product (lime
cake), which is produced during the manufacture of soda ash, was investigated for its potential use in reclaiming the coal
waste. The lime cake is fine grained, has low hydraulic conductivities (10-8 to 10-9 cm sec-1), high pH, high electrical conductivity, and trace amounts of heavy metals. A field experiment was conducted; each plot was
20 x 5 m in size on a 56% slope. Treatments included a control (waste only), lime (CaCO3), and lime cake. The lime requirement (LR) of the coal waste to pH 7.0 was determined; treatments consisted of adding 25,
50, and 100% of the LR. The lime cake and lime were applied either as a layer between the coal waste and topsoil or mixed
into the topsoil and waste. Each plot was hydroseeded with grasses, and planted with trees. In each plot, soils, surface runoff,
and subsurface water were collected and analyzed, and plant cover was measured. Lime cake treatments increased the pH of the
coal waste from 3.5 to 6, and neutralized the pH of the runoff and leachate of the coal waste from 4.3 to 6.7. Moreover, the
surface cover of seeded species was significantly increased; sufficient acidity in the coal waste was neutralized in the 25%
LR plots to allow seed germination. 相似文献
9.
Removal of Sulfate,Zinc, and Lead from Alkaline Mine Wastewater Using Pilot-scale Surface-Flow Wetlands at Tara Mines,Ireland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract.
Passive treatment systems have primarily been used at abandoned mines to increase pH and remove metals from the drainage water. Two pilot-scale treatment wetlands were constructed and monitored at an active lead/zinc mine (Tara Mines) in Ireland to treat alkaline mine water with elevated sulfate and metal levels. Each system comprised three in-series surface-flow cells that contained spent mushroom compost substrate. Typically, aqueous concentrations of 900 mg L-1 sulfate, 0.15 mg L-1 lead, and 2.0 mg L-1 zinc flowed into the treatment wetlands at c. 1.5 L min-1. During a two-year monitoring period, removal of sulfate (mean of 10.4 g m-2 day -1 (31%), range of 0-42 g m-2 day -1 (0-81%)), lead (mean of 1.9 mg m-2 day -1 (32%), range of 0-6.6 mg m-2 day -1 (0-64%)) and zinc (mean of 18.2 mg m-2 day -1 (74%), range of 0-70 mg m-2 day -1 (0-99%)) were achieved. These contaminants were somewhat associated with the vegetation roots but more significantly with the substrate. Communities of colonizing macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, algae, and microorganisms contributed to the development of a diverse ecosystem, which proved to be a successful alternative treatment process. The interacting processes within the wetland ecosystems responsible for wastewater decontamination are being further elucidated and quantified using a systems dynamic model. 相似文献
10.
Abstract Passive treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) requires a combined strategy to minimize the effect of climatic variability
on the treatment performance of the system. A vertical-flow combined passive treatment system was developed and evaluated
in a bench-scale laboratory test for a 290-day period. The combined system consisted of four components with specific treatment
functions: an oxidation/precipitation basin for excess iron removal; a peat biofilter for heavy metal sorption and the establishment
of anoxic conditions; a bioreactor for alkalinity generation and sulphate reduction; and an anoxic limestone drain for alkalinity
addition. The benchscale system was dosed with moderate strength synthetic AMD at a surface loading of 95 L/m2/d, and operated under continuous flow conditions. Removal efficiencies were 99.7%, 99.9%, 99.9%, 98.6%, 98.2%, and 99.9%
for Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cu, respectively, while Cd remained more mobile with a removal efficiency of 66.5%. Sulphate concentrations
were reduced from 3030 mg/L to 814.9 mg/L and the acidic drainage was neutralized to an effluent pH of 7.2 and an alkalinity
of 1353.6 mg/L (as CaCO3). 相似文献
11.
Abstract. Airborne geophysical reconnaissance was used to identify
potential flow paths for mercury-rich, acidic water entering
Clear Lake near the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine. Airborne magnetic
and electromagnetic conductivity surveys were conducted over a
12.3 km2 (4.75
mi2) area that included the Oaks Arm
of Clear Lake and the old mine. These surveys identified four
magnetic and/or conductive anomalies that may represent
groundwater conduits towards or away from the Herman
Impoundment. An anomaly that extended from Herman Impoundment
through a waste rock dam and into Clear Lake was selected for a
more detailed ground electromagnetic conductivity survey. The
combined results of the airborne and ground surveys provided a
detailed, lateral depiction of conductive zones, the most
probable pathways for groundwater flow. These surveys also
identified near-surface areas that may contain elevated
concentrations of sulfide minerals that weather to produce acid
groundwater. 相似文献
12.
Fouzan Al-Fouzan William Harbert Robert Dilmore Richard Hammack James Sams Garret Veloski Terry Ackman 《Mine Water and the Environment》2004,23(1):28-33
Abstract. A geophysical analysis was conducted over the abandoned
T&T subsurface mines and portions of the Muddy and Roaring
Creek watersheds in northeastern Preston County, West Virginia.
The data were collected using helicopter-borne measurements of
frequency-domain electromagnetic (FDEM) conductivity (390, 1555,
6254, 25,800, and 102,680 Hz). Noise was a significant issue in
the lowest frequency EM conductivity data, especially the 390 Hz
and 1555 Hz data; noise removal was accomplished by standard
spatial frequency filtering, using homomorphic filters and
Fourier filtering along individual flight lines. We interpret
the filtered FDEM apparent conductivities and apparent
resistivities as showing regions of potential mine pools and
regions of contrasting groundwater conductivity related to
discharge. 相似文献
13.
Abstract In many regions of the world, flooded mines are a potentially cost-effective option for heating and cooling using geothermal
heat pump systems. For example, a single coal seam in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio contains 5.1 x 1012 L of water. The growing volume of water discharging from this one coal seam totals 380,000 L/min, which could theoretically
heat and cool 20,000 homes. Using the water stored in the mines would conservatively extend this option to an order of magnitude
more sites. Based on current energy prices, geothermal heat pump systems using mine water could reduce annual costs for heating
by 67% and cooling by 50% over conventional methods (natural gas or heating oil and standard air conditioning). 相似文献
14.
Abstract. Resistivity level runs are collected by lowering a current source down one well and measuring the resulting voltage at the
same depth in another well. Mine voids between the wells that contain acid water appear as conductive anomalies on the resulting
apparent resistivity profiles. Resistivity level runs can be collected rapidly and without lowering expensive equipment down
holes of unknown stability. The data can be interpreted on-site, and are relatively insensitive to positioning errors. The
method is well suited to sites where several drill holes have failed to intersect a known mine void. We demonstrated the feasibility
of resistivity level run profiling at an abandoned mine complex in central Pennsylvania, where resistivity level runs were
successfully used to locate haulage ways containing mine water. 相似文献
15.
Christopher H. Gammons 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(2):114-123
Abstract. The Lexington tunnel is the last accessible underground mine working in the Butte, Montana mining district. Used as recently
as 1993, the tunnel and adjacent workings have been abandoned for over 10 years. Although the Lexington tunnel is over 200
m above the regional water table, perched water is present over much of its extent. Mine water near the portal is moderately
acidic (pH 4 to 5), with extremely high concentrations of metals, including Cu (up to 1000 mg/L) and Zn (up to 1400 mg/L).
In the middle reaches of the tunnel, the quality of the water is much better, with near-neutral pH, high bicarbonate alkalinity,
and lower concentrations of heavy metals. The low acidity and metal content is attributed to a lack of pyrite and other sulfides
in this portion of the mine, as well as the presence of carbonate minerals, such as rhodochrosite (MnCO3), in exposed veins. Sulfide minerals are more widespread further back in the tunnel, and are now oxidizing rapidly, leading
to pockets of severe acid drainage (pH< 3, dissolved Zn up to 5000 mg/L).
Geochemical modeling suggests that the near-neutral waters—the most voluminous type encountered in the Lexington tunnel—are
close to equilibrium saturation with rhodochrosite and hydrous Zn-carbonate (ZnCO3•H2O). The Eh of these waters is most likely controlled by redox reactions involving dissolved Mn2+ and secondary, Zn-rich, hydrous Mn-oxides. In contrast, the Eh of the acidic waters appears to be controlled by reactions
involving Fe2+ and Fe3+. Most of the acidic waters are saturated with K-jarosite, which forms delicate, straw-like dripstones at several localities.
Decaying mine timbers could be an important renewable source of organic carbon for heterotrophic microorganisms, such as iron-
and sulfate-reducing bacteria, especially deeper in the mine workings where the ground is saturated with anoxic ground water. 相似文献
16.
Jayanta Bhattacharya Mirajul Islam Young-Wook Cheong 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(4):233-240
Abstract. Due to the variable environmental nature of mine water, several species of bacteria are important in the generation of acid
mine drainage (AMD) and in bioremediation treatment technology. Enzymatic metal transport and transformation allow bacteria
to survive in high-metal environments and to oxidize, reduce, and exude metals. For example, the enzymes Cr (VI) reductase
and cytochrome-c3 hydrogenase allow Pseudomonas sp. to reduce Cr (VI) to less toxic Cr (III). Much more toxic organomercuric compounds are transformed by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli, using the enzymes organomercurial lyase and mercuric reductase. The role of bacteria in the AMD environment is not yet fully
understood and consequently researchers should pay attention in this field. 相似文献
17.
Abstract. Acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment ponds are very common
in the U.S. Appalachian coal region and are the main source of
many headwater streams. Though the water that discharges from
these ponds generally meets state and federal water quality
standards, there is a distinct lack of productivity in most of
these ponds. Our first objective was to compare the productivity
of chemically-treated, biologically-treated, and untreated AMD
ponds with uncontaminated (reference) ponds. Next, we used
principal component analysis and multiple regression of 20
physicochemical characteristics of these ponds to resolve which
factor(s) were responsible for inhibiting productivity. We
discovered that chemically-treated AMD ponds and untreated AMD
ponds exhibited significantly less gross primary productivity
(GPP) than reference ponds; biologically-treated ponds
(containing AMD that has passed through a wetland) did not vary
significantly from reference ponds. Chemically-treated ponds
also had significantly less net primary productivity (NPP) than
reference ponds. Community respiration did not vary among the
pond types. Our test results indicated that soluble reactive
phosphate concentration explained most of the variance in both
GPP and NPP. Apparently, phosphate availability, not metal
toxicity, regulated phytoplankton productivity in these
ponds. 相似文献
18.
John J. Metesh 《Mine Water and the Environment》2006,25(2):108-113
Abstract. Nearly 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of underground mine workings began flooding on April 22, 1982 when the large pumps used to
dewater the mines of Butte, Montana were shut off. In the first few months, water levels in the workings rose hundreds of
meters. Flooding continues to this day at a slower rate, nearly 25 years later. An early evaluation of the water chemistry
in the flooding mines suggested that the initially poor water quality was the result of flushing of a reservoir of stored
acidity and metals. However, a detailed water balance for the Berkeley pit, underground workings, and associated mining features
suggests an alternative explanation. During the early period of mine flooding, acidic surface water from the deactivated heap
leach operations and nearby acid rock drainage were routed into the empty Berkeley Pit, and thence drained downward and outward
into the underground mine workings, causing widespread degradation of water quality in the underlying workings. After 21 months,
the hydraulic gradients in the system reversed, causing a change in the direction of ground water flow and a gradual improvement
in water quality of the mine shafts. 相似文献
19.
Abstract.
We investigated the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) by a blue-green algae-microbial consortium and substrate (containing powdered goat manure, wood chips, and soil) in 1 m3 bench scale biological treatment test cells. The microbial mat resulted from the interaction of bacteria and filamentous blue-green algae (predominantly Oscillatoria spp). The experiments were carried out for different water column heights, and were evaluated for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours of retention. Within 24 hours of retention, the pH increased from 2.93 to 6.78 as net alkalinity went from -125 mg/L to 197 mg/L as CaCO3. Turbidity decreased by 33–54%, sulphate decreased by 23–29%, and hardness decreased by 19 to 26%. We also observed that: 95% of the Fe, 79–97% of the Cu, 84–86% of the Zn, 88% of the Pb, 59–83% of the Co, 22–62% of the Ni, and 28–45% of the Mn were removed. A blue-green algae/microbial mat consortium may be a cost–effective treatment technique for removing metals from AMD. 相似文献
20.
Abstract.
Drainage systems in large surface mines are designed to
accomplish three basic objectives: keeping working conditions
dry, stable and safe; lowering hydrostatic pressure and
increasing the effective stress of soil to improve slope
stability; and ensuring pit floor workability. This can be
achieved with drainage facilities that include channels, water
collection sumps, and pump stations. We report the development
of a computer-aided system called Dewatering of Open Pit Mines
(DEWOP), which can assist open pit mine designers to solve
water-related problems. The system was developed in a Visual
Basic object programming language, taking advantage of
multi-user, open database connectivity, such as Microsoft
Access, for storage and processing of information. In tests at
coal and copper surface mines, it reduced drainage facilities
costs by 8%. 相似文献