Unburned carbon fraction with operation variables in a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler during co-combustion of various anthracites

Reduction of unburned carbon fraction in exhaust during co-combustion of various coals in a circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB) is required to save energy loss and to optimize coal utilization as well as to improve the boiler efficiency. In this study, the effects of operation variables such as coal, air and heat flow rates, co-combustion ratio of each coal, primary to secondary air ratio on unburned carbon fraction were analyzed and evaluated in two units of 200 MWe circulating fluidized bed boiler in the Tonghae thermal power plant. From the results, the comprehensive correlation among unburned carbon fraction and operation variables in #1 and #2 units of the CFB boiler could be derived with a good agreement. This would be expected to give a good guideline to reduce the unburned carbon content in exhaust in the CFB boiler.     

Co-combustion of Korean anthracite with bituminous coal in two circulating fluidized bed combustors

The co-combustion characteristics for Korean anthracites and bituminous coals were determined in a lab-scale CFB reactor and the commercial scale Tonghae CFB Power Plant. In the lab-scale CFB combustion tests, the effluent rate of the emission gases, which can indicate the reactivity of the combustion, did not change appreciably when each coal burned. As the bituminous coal was added, however, the effluent rate of the emissions increased. The amount of the unburned carbon in ash decreased with increasing the ratio of the bituminous coal during the co-combustion. When the co-combustion was tested in the Tonghae CFB power plant, the temperatures at the upper part of the combustor and the cyclones, which were somewhat higher than designed and expected, could be reduced as the bituminous coal ratio increased. Consequently, more stable operation of the CFB boiler was achieved. The efficiency of the CFB boiler also increased due to increasing the reactivity of the combustion. This work was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

Comminution characteristics of Korean anthracite in a CFB reactor

Comminution characteristic of Korean anthracite has been determined with operation conditions in a laboratory scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor. The fragmentation of the anthracite occurs explosively, and generates lots of fine particles at an early stage of devolatilization. The fragmented particles continue to be reduced with generation of the fine particles during an attrition stage in the CFB combustor. With an increase of operation temperature, the coal shows a high degree of fragmentation and generation of fine particles in the CFB reactor. The particle fragmentation occurs actively as its size and Hard Grove Index (HGI) increase. The attrition is also affected with particle size and HGI of the coal. The initial surface crack and the fine clusters on the particle surface are found to be reasons for explosive fragmentation and for generation of fine particles during devolatilization and combustion in the CFB reactor.     

Characteristics of clinker formation in a circulating fluidized bed boiler firing Korean anthracite

To shed light on the causes of clinker formation during the initial operation period of the Tonghae circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler, which uses Korean anthracite as fuel, the properties of ash, sand and limestone particles and the mixtures of each gradient have been characterized. The clinkers formed in the loopseals and the fluidized bed ash cooler (FBAC) of the CFB boiler were also characterized by analyzing the composition, the surface phenomena and the crystal structure of the clinkers. As a result, the black clinker was found to come from the sand particles and the composition of the white clinker was found to be similar to that of ash particles. The cause of the clinker formation in the FBAC proved that ash was sticking to molten or sintered phases in the high temperature regions in the boiler. On the other hand, the composition of the ash changed with the particle size, showing an enrichment of Fe₂O₃ as the particle size decreased. Also, the ash particles between 75–100 μm contained more than 11% CaO which resulted in low initial deformation temperature of the particles. So it is possible to explain that the amount of Fe and Ca in the fine particles of the ash plays a crucial role in the formation of agglomerates in the CFB boiler.     

降低循环流化床锅炉飞灰可燃物的探讨与实践

针对2台燃用福建无烟煤的DG75/3.82-11型CFB锅炉所存在的飞灰可燃物含量较高的问题,通过分析福建无烟煤特有煤质特性、燃料颗粒特性、锅炉总体设计和运行调整工况是影响福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的主要因素。针对性采取优化筛分破碎系统、增强二次风的扰动穿透能力、提高旋风分离器的分离效率、改造回料风系统以减少返料偏流等措施;同时不断摸索CFB锅炉运行规律,完善和优化运行方式,应用锅炉燃烧优化控制系统实现CFB锅炉的自动优化控制运行。2台锅炉平均飞灰可燃物含量从2003年的22.17%降低到2009年第1季度的15.03%。     

粒径对福建无烟煤在CFB锅炉中燃尽的影响

建立了福建无烟煤细颗粒燃烧模型,计算了其在容量35 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的燃尽时间和一次通过炉膛的停留时间,分析了不同粒径煤颗粒在不同燃烧温度和不同烟气流速时在CFB锅炉内的燃尽时间和停留时间的变化差异. 实验研究了福建无烟煤粒径对飞灰碳含量的影响及燃尽的影响. 结果表明,细煤颗粒的燃尽时间与停留时间均随粒径增大而增长,但燃尽时间增幅更明显,颗粒一次通过炉膛完全燃尽的临界粒径约为0.15 mm;粒径越大的颗粒其停留时间和燃尽时间对烟气流速和燃烧温度变化越敏感;无烟煤入炉粒径明显影响CFB锅炉飞灰含碳量,选用粒度为3~8 mm的偏粗颗粒为宜.     

流化床内煤着火特性实验研究

为了对当前大量应用的带有床下启动燃烧器 CFB锅炉的启动运行提供指导 ,以及为从事循环流化床技术和煤燃烧理论研究提供参考 ,在电加热的小型流化床燃烧系统上 ,采用热烟气炉下点火的方式来研究煤粒在流化床内的燃烧特性 .测定了福建龙岩无烟煤的着火特性 ,分析了粒径、床温对着火点的影响 .并提出了煤颗粒在流化床内着火点测定的实验规范 .     

1D modeling on the material balance in CFB boiler

An 1D model of the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler is developed specifically to predict the material balance in CFB boiler. This model emphasizes on the important factors that influence the ash balance in CFB boilers, such as ash formation, attrition and size reduction, residence time and segregation in dense bed. The corresponding sub-models are discussed in detail. In the simulation of a 135MWe CFB boiler in Zibo power plant, China, the parameters in mass balance model under full load operation, such as segregation parameters and axial decay constant, are optimized. The model can predict the mass balances at different operating loads in the same boiler.     

循环流化床锅炉煤耗高的原因及优化措施

针对循环流化床锅炉煤耗高的问题,从影响循环流化床锅炉煤耗的几个主要经济指标,包括：煤种、煤质、给料粒径、床压等方面进行分析。根据实际生产情况,总结出了一些提高其经济性的优化调整经验。     

循环流化床燃煤过程NOx和N2O产生-控制研究进展

循环流化床(CFB)燃烧技术因其燃料适应范围广、污染物排放低等优点,近几十年得到广泛应用. 随着当前环保要求的日益提高,CFB燃煤过程N2O排放浓度较高成为其应用的瓶颈问题. 因此系统总结CFB燃煤过程中NOx和N2O排放的研究现状对开发新型CFB燃煤技术具有重要意义. 本工作首先讨论了CFB燃煤过程中NOx和N2O的均相和异相反应机理,然后应用这些机理分析了床温、过剩空气系数、分级燃烧,以及煤种对CFB燃煤过程NOx和N2O排放的影响. 在此基础上,对常见的抑制NOx和N2O排放的工艺从机理角度进行了归纳总结. 最后,对2种本工作认为有应用前景的CFB燃煤减排NOx和N2O新技术?反向分级燃烧技术及CFB解耦燃烧技术进行了简要论述.     

Evaluation of the performance of a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler by using IEA-CFBC model: Effect of primary to secondary air ratio

The performance of a commercial circulating fluidized bed boiler in the Yeosu thermal power plant, which has been operating since October 2011 by KOSEP, has been evaluated by using the IEA-CFBC model. To validate the calculation procedure of the model, the calculated results were compared with the operation values such as the temperatures, pressures, emissions of SO₂ and NO, particles size distribution and unburned carbon fraction of the CFB boiler at a certain actual condition. The calculated results were comparable to measured values from the CFB boiler, so these could conform to acceptable formats with a good accuracy. The effect of the primary to secondary air ratio on the performance of the CFB boiler was also determined. As the primary air ratio increased, the solid fraction and temperature in the furnace freeboard increased. As a result, the solid circulation rate and the heat absorption in the furnace increased with increasing the PA ratio. In the case of the amount of heat absorption, the wall tube of the furnace absorbed much more generation heat in the furnace than the wing wall tube. The SO₂ emission decreased due to increase of the limestone hold up in the furnace, and the combustion efficiency somewhat increased with increasing the PA ratio. Therefore, from these results, we could expect to control the boiler performance such as the furnace temperature, steam temperatures of superheater or reheater, gaseous emissions and combustion efficiency through the changing the PA ratio of the CFB boiler.     

300 MW循环流化床锅炉大比例掺烧煤泥试验研究

循环流化床锅炉大比例掺烧煤泥是一种处理煤泥等低品质煤的有效手段。利用一维小室模型对掺混不同比例煤泥的CFB锅炉运行工况进行模拟,研究了掺混煤泥比例对CFB锅炉炉膛内物料平均粒径、颗粒停留时间以及炉膛上部物料浓度的影响,确定了大比例掺烧煤泥条件下的流态优化条件。模拟结果表明,增加煤泥比例可以提高物料循环流率和中间粒径档位(0.1~0.3 mm)颗粒在炉内的停留时间,改善燃料的燃尽率,提高煤泥比例还可以增加炉膛上部的颗粒浓度,有利于提高炉膛上部的传热,降低炉膛温度,便于污染物的控制。根据盘北电厂300 MW循环流化床锅炉机组大比例掺烧煤泥的运行数据,分析了掺烧煤泥比例对床温、排烟温度、底渣与飞灰含碳量的影响。当锅炉负荷为300 MW时,掺烧煤泥后床温明显降低,飞灰含碳量和排烟温度随着掺烧煤泥比例的增加而增大,底渣含碳量则随着掺烧煤泥比例的增加而降低。为了实现大比例掺烧,建议控制矸石的入炉煤粒径,且需要强化尾部吹灰或适当调整尾部受热面。     

流化床燃煤固硫渣混凝土的试验研究

研究了流化床燃煤固硫渣作细骨料配制混凝土及混凝土的性能。结果表明 ,固硫渣可代砂配制道路砼。     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统动态数学模型与仿真

对循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统建立了动态数学模型,仿真了在参数和变动下锅炉的动态特性,模型沿气体和因体的主要流动方向将流化床系统划分成连续的一系列小室,在小室内对各物质建立了质量和能量的非稳态方程。同时,模型考虑了气固两相流动,煤颗粒燃烧,ＳＯｘ和ＮＯｘ的生成与还原反应及受热面上的热传递。针对一３５ｔ／ｈ循环流化床锅炉进行了动态仿真计算,仿真了给煤量降低及突然断煤事故。计算结果表明所建立的模型可以准确反     

循环流化床锅炉浅床运行技术及大型化分析研究

对小容量循环流化床（CFB）锅炉浅床运行技术进行了分析总结,浅床运行方式适合于燃用褐煤及高挥发分烟煤的CFB锅炉,可降低一次风机压头和风机电耗。对于中等容量CFB锅炉,浅床运行可能会导致密相区结焦及燃烧效率降低等问题,为降低飞灰及底渣可燃物含量,需要维持足够的床层高度或风室压力。对浅床运行模式的大型化问题进行了技术分析。     

以高水分褐煤为燃料的锅炉及制粉系统的选择

针对印度尼西亚国家燃煤发电厂燃煤的特性,在选择制粉系统时,应结合煤的燃烧特性、磨损性、爆炸特性、制粉特性及煤粉粒度的要求,结合锅炉的炉膛结构、燃烧器结构,并考虑投资及设备配套,以达到磨煤机制粉系统、燃烧装置和锅炉炉膛匹配合理,保证机组的安全经济运行。     

660 MW超超临界CFB锅炉冷渣器选型技术经济性研究

为比较不同型式的冷渣器对660 MW超超临界CFB锅炉机组能耗的影响,通过分析使用风水联合冷渣器及滚筒冷渣器时锅炉效率、厂用电率的变化,计算超超临界CFB机组使用不同冷渣器时供电煤耗的大小。提出冷渣器选型方案,对不同方案进行经济性比较。研究表明,底渣量和标煤单价对冷渣器选型有重要影响,标煤单价高、底渣量大的项目,宜选用风水联合冷渣器,技术经济性好。为了兼顾冷渣器的技术经济性和运行可靠性,可采用风水冷渣器与滚筒冷渣器搭配使用的方案。研究内容可为燃用低热值煤的CFB锅炉冷渣机选型提供参考。     

CFB锅炉原煤仓防治堵煤办法研究

鉴于CFB锅炉原煤仓堵煤是普遍存在的问题,为了给CFB锅炉原煤仓的设计和改造提供有益参考,研究了国内常见的几种防治堵煤方式,包括双曲线煤斗、敷设光滑衬板、机械疏通和空气炮等,并详细分析了其适用工况及优缺点,提出了防治CFB锅炉原煤仓堵煤应因地制宜,以期采取最优化的方案。     

Circulating fluidised bed co-combustion of coal and biomass

Circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) is receiving wide research attention in view its potential as an economic and environmentally acceptable technology for burning low-grade coals, biomass and organic wastes, and thereby mixtures of them. Designs of the existing fluidised bed boilers for biomass combustion are mainly based on experience from coal combustion because the mechanism of combustion of biomass in fluidised beds is still not well understood. A good understanding of the combustion and pollutant formation processes and the modelling of the combustor can greatly avoid costly upsets of the plants.In this paper, the performance of CFBC burning coal and biomass mixtures was analysed. Experimental results were obtained from the combustion of two kinds of coal with a forest residue (Pine bark) in two CFB pilot plants (0.1 and 0.3 MW_th). The effect of the main operating conditions on carbon combustion efficiency was analysed. Moreover, a mathematical model to predict the behaviour of the co-combustion of coal and biomass wastes in CFB boilers has been developed and validated. The developed model can predict the different gas concentrations along the riser (O₂, CO, CH₄, etc.), and the carbon combustion efficiency. The experimental results of carbon combustion efficiencies were compared with those predicted by the model and a good correlation was found for all the conditions used.     

Numerical simulation of the combustion of hydrogen-air mixture in micro-scaled chambers Part II: CFD analysis for a micro-combustor

Understanding of the flow dynamics, chemical kinetics and heat transfer mechanism within micro-combustors is essential for the development of combustion-based power MEMS devices. In Part I, CFD based numerical simulation has been proven to be an effective approach to analyse the performance of the micro-combustor under various conditions. In this paper, numerical simulations are performed to analyse the combustion behaviour in a three-dimensional micro-combustor based on the prototype used in the MIT micro-gas turbine engine. The CFD model of the micro-combustor includes fuel/air flow path, combustion chamber as well as solid walls used to construct the combustor. The simulation analysis includes not only the detailed chemical reactions occurred in the combustion chamber, but also the fluid flow dynamics, heat transfer within the combustor and heat loss to the ambient. The performance of the combustor is evaluated under various fuel/air ratio, flow rate and heat loss conditions. Through such systematic numerical analysis, a proper operation space for the micro-combustor is suggested, which may be used as the guideline for micro-combustor design. In addition, the results reported in this paper illustrate that the numerical simulation can be one of the most powerful and beneficial tools for the micro-combustor design, optimisation and performance analysis.