分布式发电系统中的储能逆变器技术研究

分布式发电系统通常需要两种控制方式,第一类并网方式(与大电网连接);第二类独立方式(微网方式)。以电池为储能单元的储能逆变器也相应存在两种控制模式:电流源模式和电压源模式。为提高在微网运行时电压源模式的动态响应,采用电压外环电感电流内环的双环控制策略,并给出设计方法。为充分验证储能逆变器的两种模式的性能,搭建了两台100 kVA储能逆变器的微网平台。实验结果表明电压源模式工作的逆变器提供的微网电压无较大的畸变,动态响应较快,维持了系统的稳定运行,获得预期的效果。     

柴发机组与逆变器并联运行暂稳态功率均分控制方法

柴发机组和逆变器并联供电为独立微电网的典型供电结构.通常工作于电流源模式的逆变器难以快速响应系统电压频率动态,在负载扰动时不平衡功率由柴发机组承担,给系统电压和频率稳定性带来挑战.本文提出一种新的控制方法解决异构电源间功率均分问题:逆变器基于锁相环检测系统频率变化,通过有功调频下垂控制支撑系统频率,逆变器检测并网点电压...     

逆变器并网和孤岛模式无缝切换模型预测控制

逆变器的分布式发电(DG)系统已成为可再生能源和电网之间接口实现的较优解决方案。由于存在主电网断开的情况,DG系统中的逆变器将需要以并网和孤岛两种模式运行,分别对应交流电网的电流源和负载的电压源。此处提出一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的逆变器并网和孤岛模式无缝切换新型控制策略。其可完成如下功能:在并网模式下实现功率解耦控制,孤岛模式下实现电压源控制和不同工作模式间的无缝切换控制。新型控制器具有简单易于实现的优点,同时对于所有运行模式,只有一个成本函数最小化问题,因此计算负担较小。最后,通过仿真和实验验证所提控制策略的性能。     

光伏发电系统运行模式无缝切换控制策略

传统独立光伏发电采用电压型控制,并网光伏发电采用电流型控制,无法实现运行模式的无缝切换。为此,提出光伏发电系统在2种运行模式下都采用电压型控制,避免控制策略切换所引起的冲击。针对光伏发电系统的特点,分别设计了光伏逆变器在孤岛运行、并网运行及模式切换时的下垂控制策略。将下垂控制进行改进,通过动态平移下垂曲线,使光伏逆变器并网运行时能够始终输出最大有功功率,抑制不同情况下的功率偏移,同时维持直流母线电压稳定,孤岛运行时能够跟踪电网运行状态,减小并网瞬间的冲击。仿真结果和实验结果均验证了所提控制策略的有效性,光伏逆变器在孤岛模式及并网模式都能够满足稳态运行要求,模式切换暂态过程平滑无冲击。     

基于储能的风力发电并网逆变器控制策略研究

每一种分布式电源都有并网运行和孤岛运行两种运行模式,提出一种多环反馈的逆变控制器,风力发电机并网逆变器在两种运行模式下都采用PQ控制,发出指定的有功功率和无功功率;储能蓄电池并网逆变器在并网时采用PQ控制,发出指定的有功和无功,孤岛时采用V/f控制,维持电压和频率。设计一种加权控制算法,在分布式电源两种运行模式切换时,抑制并网电流的冲击,稳定负载电压,达到无缝切换。利用电磁暂态软件PSCAD／EMTDC搭建合理的模型,验证所提方法的可行性。     

基于电压电流协同控制的微网运行模式无缝切换策略

主从型微网从并网切换到孤岛时,主逆变器由电流控制模式切换到电压控制模式,需改变控制器结构,并且孤岛检测期间电压不可控。针对上述问题,提出一种电压电流协同控制策略,在整个运行过程中用电压控制器对微网内负载的电压进行控制。并网时电压控制器经调节后平衡微网内负载功率并达到稳定输出;同时附加上电流控制器控制输出电流,保持微网和电网间功率平衡。孤岛后电流控制器退出运行,电压控制器继续控制微网内负载电压,保证微网内负载功率始终处于平衡状态,控制器输出具有连续性,控制模式也平滑切换到电压控制。根据所述电压电流协同控制策略设计了相应的电压控制器和电流控制器。最后进行Simulink仿真及实验验证,结果证明了协同控制策略能实现微网运行模式的无缝切换。     

微网系统运行模式平滑切换控制策略

针对对等结构的微网系统,提出了一种在联网运行模式和孤岛运行模式下平滑切换的控制策略。首先,微网中储能逆变器在两种运行模式下均采用下垂控制方法,孤岛发生时逆变器无需切换控制算法,减小了两种运行模式切换过程中的暂态响应。其次,提出基于分层控制和电压频率恢复控制的微网预同步控制方法,实现了微网系统由孤岛运行模式向联网运行模式的平滑切换。给出了微网逆变器、微网系统二次电压频率恢复控制和预同步控制算法的详细理论分析,最后通过实验验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

反激逆变器研究

该文提出一种新颖的反激逆变器，详细阐述了其工作原理、控制方案和设计方法。该逆变器工作于断续模式，是由两路双向反激直流变换器输入并联输出串联组成的一种单级隔离逆变器。反激逆变器占空比可以在0到0．8之间变化，从而得到较宽范围的输出电压；负载电流流过副边常通开关管，从而减小了导通损耗。实验结果表明该逆变器具有以下优点：双向功率传输、拓扑结构简单、使用器件少、控制方案简单、可靠性高以及良好的动态响应。     

一种新型的电压源逆变器并联控制策略

现有的逆变器并联控制策略都是基于平均均流模式,而某些应用场合输入电压源采用发电机形式,其工作效率在额定电流点最优,此时平均均流模式显然不适用。提出了一种新型的并联控制方案,使得除最后一个并联的电压源外其余电压源均工作在额定电流处,整体效率达到最优。该方案中逆变器采用三环控制,电流内环改善系统响应,电压中环确保系统稳定性,外环跟随功率分配单元给定电流信号以获得最优效率。功率分配单元根据负载电流和电压源额定电流提供外环电流给定信号。理论分析和仿真实验验证了该方案的可行性。     

一种单相逆变器并离网切换的统一控制策略

分布式能源系统中,逆变器通常具有并网运行与孤岛运行两种模式。当逆变器并网运行时,一般表现为电流源特性,向电网输送功率;当逆变器孤岛运行时,一般表现为电压源特性,控制本地电网电压与频率稳定;逆变器并离网切换过程时需进行两种控制模式的模式切换。提出一种基于下垂控制的单相逆变器统一控制策略,构造一种电压源电网支撑型逆变器,在并网与离网模式下均可稳定运行,从而实现并离网工况的无缝切换。建立逆变器阻抗模型,基于阻抗模型设计了下垂控制策略和下垂曲线,给出了逆变器并离网切换的控制逻辑,构建了实验样机,通过实验验证了所提出的理论分析和控制策略的可行性。     

Control and protection of a microgrid connected to utility through back-to-back converters

This paper discusses the control and protection of a microgrid that is connected to utility through back-to-back converters. The back-to-back converter connection facilitates bidirectional power flow between the utility and the microgrid. These converters can operate in two different modes-one in which a fixed amount of power is drawn from the utility and the other in which the microgrid power shortfall is supplied by the utility. In the case of a fault in the utility or microgrid side, the protection system should act not only to clear the fault but also to block the back-to-back converters such that its dc bus voltage does not fall during fault. Furthermore, a converter internal mechanism prevents it from supplying high current during a fault and this complicates the operation of a protection system. To overcome this, an admittance based relay scheme is proposed, which has an inverse time characteristic based on measured admittance of the line. The proposed protection and control schemes are able to ensure reliable operation of the microgrid.     

Power quality enhancement in autonomous microgrid operation using Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper presents an optimal power control strategy for an autonomous microgrid operation based on a real-time self-tuning method. The purpose of this work is to improve the quality of power supply of the microgrid where some Distributed Generation (DG) units are connected to the grid. Voltage and frequency regulation, and power sharing are the main performance parameters which are considered in this work, particularly during the transition from grid-connected to islanding operation mode and also during load change. In this work, two typical DG units are connected in parallel to configure the microgrid. The controller scheme is composed of an inner current control loop and an outer power control loop based on a synchronous reference frame and the conventional PI regulators. The power controller employs two typical strategies: active–reactive power (PQ) control strategy and voltage–frequency (Vf) control strategy. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is an intelligent searching algorithm that is applied for real-time self-tuning of the power control parameters. The proposed strategy in this paper is that both DG units adopt the Vf control mode once the microgrid is islanded in order to regulate the microgrid voltage and frequency, whereas during the load change, only the second DG unit invokes the PQ control mode to ensure maximum power exportation. The results show that the proposed controller offers an excellent response to satisfy the power quality requirements and proves the validity of the proposed strategy.     

基于储能变流器的微电网稳定控制策略

微电网是一种将分布式电源、储能装置、变流器、负荷以及监控保护装置有机整合在一起的小型发、配、用电系统。微电网运行方式复杂,为维持微电网电压和频率的稳定,提出一种基于储能变流器的下垂控制与恒频恒压（V f）控制相结合的微电网稳定控制策略。微电网并网运行时,储能变流器采用下垂控制;微电网离网运行时,若电压和频率在设定的范围内,储能变流器仍然采用下垂控制,若超出设定范围,储能变流器采用V f控制。仿真结果表明,提出的控制策略在微电网并网运行、离网运行、以及并/离网切换过程中均能维持微电网电压和频率的稳定。     

基于双电压环补偿的直流微网下垂控制

针对直流微网传统下垂控制中分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)输出功率分配精度和电压维持额定值间的矛盾,提出了一种基于双电压环补偿的直流微网下垂控制方法.该方法基于集中式二级控制和对等下垂控制策略,在二级控制中引入双电压环控制,其中,第一电压环保证负载功率的高精度分配,第二电压环抬高系统电压...     

交直流混合微电网中AC/DC双向功率变流器的新控制策略

交直流混合微电网中的AC/DC双向变流器,对系统的稳定运行和功率的协调分配有着重要作用。为了使直流微电网部分作为一个电压功率可控的单元接入交流母线,提出了一种新的AC/DC双向变流器控制策略,用于平衡交直流微电网间的功率流动并提高系统联网和孤岛运行的稳定性及可控性。在联网模式时,新方法基于dq坐标系,通过直流侧电压外环给定内环直轴电流参考值,进而控制功率流动和联网运行。孤岛模式时,新方法以交直流母线的电压差值作为外环,控制功率在交直流母线间的流动,使其互为支撑,提高系统稳定性。与传统的并网控制不同,新方法     

基于N-1规则的多端柔性直流输电系统联合控制策略

在多端柔性直流(voltage source converter based multi-terminal DC,VSC-MTDC)输电系统安全运行时,该系统必须满足N-1法则,即当该系统任何一个换流站由于故障或者检修退出运行时,剩余系统具备功率调节能力,能够恢复功率平衡,保持系统稳定运行,且暂态过电压不会超过设备绝缘裕度。为了维持VSC-MTDC直流电压尽可能地稳定在原有水平,提出了一种考虑到VSC-MTDC中任一换流站退出运行时的联合控制策略。该策略结合了VSC-MTDC系统主从控制与下垂控制的优点,令VSC-MTDC系统中容量最大的换流站为定直流电压控制,其余换流站为直流电压-有功功率下垂控制,并设置定直流电压控制换流站参与功率调节的优先级高于其余换流站,仅当定直流电压控制换流站传输功率达到上限时其余换流站才参与功率的调节。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了VSC-MTDC的仿真模型,对所提出的联合控制策略在N-1故障条件下进行仿真验证。仿真结果表明:所提联合控制策略在换流站退出运行时有效保证了直流电压的稳定以及系统功率的紧急输送,提高了VSC-MTDC的运行稳定性。     

Operation and control of a hybrid microgrid containing unbalanced and nonlinear loads

This paper shows how the power quality can be improved in a microgrid that is supplying a nonlinear and unbalanced load. The microgrid contains a hybrid combination of inertial and converter interfaced distributed generation units where a decentralized power sharing algorithm is used to control its power management. One of the distributed generators in the microgrid is used as a power quality compensator for the unbalanced and harmonic load. The current reference generation for power quality improvement takes into account the active and reactive power to be supplied by the micro-source which is connected to the compensator. Depending on the power requirement of the nonlinear load, the proposed control scheme can change modes of operation without any external communication interfaces. The compensator can operate in two modes depending on the entire power demand of the unbalanced nonlinear load. The proposed control scheme can even compensate system unbalance caused by the single-phase micro-sources and load changes. The efficacy of the proposed power quality improvement control and method in such a microgrid is validated through extensive simulation studies using PSCAD/EMTDC software with detailed dynamic models of the micro-sources and power electronic converters.     

Analysis and Implementation of an Interleaved ZVS Converter with High Input Voltage

An interleaved half‐bridge converter is presented for high input voltage application. The features of the proposed converter are zero voltage switching (ZVS) turn‐on for all active switches, ripple current reduction at output side, load current sharing and load voltage regulation. Two half‐bridge converters connected in series and two split capacitors are used to limit the voltage stress of each power switch at one‐half of input DC bus voltage. Thus, active switches with low voltage stress can be used at high input voltage application. On the other hand, the output sides of two half‐bridge converters are connected in parallel to share the load current and reduce the current stresses of the secondary windings and the rectifier diodes. Since two half‐bridge converters are operated with interleaved pulse‐width modulation (PWM), the output ripple current can partially cancel each other such that the resultant ripple current at output side is reduced and the size of output inductors can be reduced. In each half‐bridge converter, asymmetrical PWM scheme is used to regulate the output voltage. Based on the resonant behavior by the output capacitance of MOSFETs and the leakage inductance (or external inductance) of transformers, active switches can be turned on at ZVS during the transition interval. Thus, the switching losses of power MOSFETs are reduced. The proposed converter can be applied for high input voltage applications such as three‐phase 380‐V utility system. Finally, experiments based on a laboratory prototype with 960‐W rated power are provided to demonstrate the performance of proposed converter. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于I-V下垂控制的直流微电网动态特性分析与改善

本文对孤立直流微电网动态特性进行了分析,并提出了改善策略.在孤网条件下,电压主要靠系统中基于储能的DC/DC变换器进行控制,因此多DC/DC变换器动态特性即可反应系统全局的动态特性.本文中各DC/DC变换器采用I-V下垂控制,并以负载的变化量为输入,变换器输出电流、占空比及母线电压为状态变量对多DC/DC变换器进行了大信号模型的建立.基于上述模型,本文对输出电流动态特性的影响因素进行了根轨迹分析,最后提出自适应P控制策略以提高直流微电网中的动态特性.最后通过仿真对提出的模型及控制策略进行了验证.     

微电网变流器无主从并联控制的研究

研究了变流器在微电网中无主从并联运行的输出特性、并/离网之间的切换过程中功率的跟随以及离网状态下的稳定运行等问题,设计出以DSP28335为硬件核心,改进式的下垂控制为控制策略的变流器控制器。通过试验验证,2台并联DG变流器在并/离网切换时根据下垂特性曲线调节输出电压的幅值和频率,且严格按照各自的下垂特性曲线合理分担负载功率。带下垂控制的电压源型变流器和传统电流源型并网变流器在并/离网条件下可稳定并联运行,且基于P-f、Q-U下垂特性设计的电压源型变流器可以实现稳态条件下的输出功率限幅功能。