热固性树脂基复合材料固化变形影响因素分析

采用整体-子模块化方法建立了描述复合材料固化全过程的三维有限元模型。以L 形层合板为例,分析了固化工艺、结构设计和模具等因素对固化变形的影响方式和程度。数值模拟结果表明：升温速率和对流换热系数通过改变峰值温度影响回弹角,固化压力通过改变树脂分布和含量影响回弹角;铺层方向引起的结构力学性能的变化是回弹角差异较大的主要原因,厚度对固化变形的影响需考虑其对峰值温度和结构刚度变化两方面因素的综合影响,拐角半径的变化对固化变形的影响较小;模具形式通过改变树脂分布梯度和模具对结构的作用力位置影响回弹角,模具材料和形式的选择对于固化变形控制具有重要意义。     

模具对复合材料构件固化变形的影响分析

通过光纤光栅的方法实验研究了在热压罐成型工艺过程中, 复合材料构件由金属固化模具与复合材料构件热不匹配导致的沿厚度方向和面内的固化残余应力发展, 得到了固化后残余应力沿构件厚度方向和面内的分布情况, 并分析了该残余应力分布的产生机制以及对构件固化后变形的影响。结果表明: 复合材料与模具之间的热不匹配导致的固化残余应变沿构件厚度方向呈梯度分布, 靠近模具端大于远离模具端, 并且该应变会引起构件固化后的翘曲变形, 变形以沿纤维方向为主。     

模具对复合材料构件固化变形的影响分析

通过光纤光栅的方法实验研究了在热压罐成型工艺过程中,复合材料构件由金属固化模具与复合材料构件热不匹配导致的沿厚度方向和面内的固化残余应力发展,得到了固化后残余应力沿构件厚度方向和面内的分布情况,并分析了该残余应力分布的产生机制以及对构件固化后变形的影响.结果表明:复合材料与模具之间的热不匹配导致的固化残余应变沿构件厚度方向呈梯度分布,靠近模具端大于远离模具端,并且该应变会引起构件固化后的翘曲变形,变形以沿纤维方向为主.     

结构参数对复合材料V型构件固化变形影响试验及解析分析

为研究结构参数对复合材料V型构件固化变形的影响,完成了针对V型构件厚度、拐角半径、拐角角度及铺层等结构参数的变形影响研究试验。基于剪力滞后理论和弯曲理论,利用解析法建立了考虑结构参数影响的复合材料V型构件固化变形预测模型,利用模型预测了V型构件的回弹变形并分析了不同结构参数对V型构件回弹变形的影响机制。结果表明:回弹变形随着厚度的增大而减小,厚度为1~3mm之间,角度回弹变形差异最大在30%左右;回弹变形与拐角角度的补角呈约为0.014的比例;拐角半径的不同导致变形的差异不超过5%;准各向同性铺层试验件展现了最大回弹变形,0°铺层的变形减小了23.5%,90°铺层几乎不发生变形。模型分析结果表明,厚度主要通过弯曲刚度和剪切变形两方面影响回弹变形;铺层引起的力学性能和泊松效应的变化是使回弹变形有较大区别的主要原因;V型构件直边变形最大为0.20°,对回弹变形影响较大。变形预测结果与试验结果对比验证了解析法模型的准确性。     

热固性树脂基复合材料构件固化变形数值模型

针对树脂基复合材料构件固化过程中的固化翘曲变形这一关键技术问题,通过引入剪切系数的方法来代替固化过程中模具与复合材料之间的相互作用,建立了预报树脂基复合材料构件固化变形的数值计算模型。通过少量实验数据来确定模具与复合材料之间的剪切系数,进而预测复合材料构件的固化变形。通过与文献中实验结果的比较证明了所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。实验与计算结果表明,该模型能够在不考虑复杂的材料参数变化的情况下对不同结构尺寸及不同工艺参数下的复合材料构件的固化变形进行较为准确地预测。     

纤维体积含量和富树脂对复合材料V型结构固化变形的影响

为研究模具因素对复合材料纤维体积含量、富树脂以及固化变形的影响,利用热压罐工艺完成了T700/QY9611复合材料V型结构成型试验,对其纤维体积含量、富树脂厚度以及回弹变形进行测量与研究。建立了考虑热载荷、树脂收缩载荷、模具接触、纤维体积含量以及富树脂等因素的复合材料回弹变形预测三维有限元分析模型,定量分析了纤维体积含量梯度和富树脂对回弹变形的影响。研究结果表明：使用阴模模具产生10.0%的纤维体积含量梯度和2.2 mm的富树脂,拐角半径增大后分别减小为6.8%和1.2 mm,模具材料的影响较小;使用阴模成型试验件变形增大21.0%,使用拐角半径较大的阴模,变形减小了9.6%,阴模模具主要通过纤维体积含量和富树脂影响回弹变形;模拟结果表明：V型构件的变形与纤维体积含量梯度和富树脂厚度呈正比例,10%的纤维体积含量梯度导致13.5%的变形差异,3.0 mm厚的富树脂会产生45.8%的变形差异。模拟结果与实验结果对比验证了模型的准确性。     

复合材料Ⅴ型构件的固化变形预测及其工装型面设计

利用固化动力学模型对20 mm厚度和3mm厚度的ZT7H/5429碳纤维复合材料层合板进行了固化模拟,在固化过程中,20 mm厚度平板出现了温度峰值,中心温度与表面温度差不超过6℃,3mm平板温度分布均匀,温度历程与热压罐工艺温度基本一致.利用简化的温度场和等效热膨胀系数对609和90°拐角的Ⅴ型基准试件进行了固化变形模拟,并进行了Ⅴ型基准试件的固化试验.60°和90°拐角试件的固化回弹角的模拟值分别为1.58°和1.18°,试验测得的回弹角的平均值分别为1.59°和1.11°.对Ⅴ型复合材料蒙皮构件进行了固化变形模拟,并得到了补偿过的工装型面,在该工装上成型的试件与设计形状基本一致.     

复合材料V型构件的固化变形预测及其工装型面设计

利用固化动力学模型对20mm厚度和3mm厚度的ZT7H/5429碳纤维复合材料层合板进行了固化模拟,在固化过程中,20mm厚度平板出现了温度峰值,中心温度与表面温度差不超过6℃,3mm平板温度分布均匀,温度历程与热压罐工艺温度基本一致。利用简化的温度场和等效热膨胀系数对60°和90°拐角的V型基准试件进行了固化变形模拟,并进行了V型基准试件的固化试验。60°和90°拐角试件的固化回弹角的模拟值分别为1.58°和1.18°,试验测得的回弹角的平均值分别为1.59°和1.11°。对V型复合材料蒙皮构件进行了固化变形模拟,并得到了补偿过的工装型面,在该工装上成型的试件与设计形状基本一致。     

大型复合材料航空件固化成型模具技术研究与应用进展

固化成型模具是诱导热固性树脂基复合材料构件制造变形的关键因素之一。大型航空用复合材料构件整体化、批量化及高精度高性能发展趋势对固化用模具提出了更高的精度及寿命要求,推动了模具材料、设计及制造工艺方面的新发展,但目前相关研究尚缺乏系统梳理。因此,针对航空用大型复合材料构件对高精度模具的广泛需求,综述了模具对复合材料构件成型精度的影响和作用机制,固化用模具材料及其设计与制造技术现状。重点详述了在制造精度、效率及成本综合考虑下,从模具材料到制造工艺的发展。最后,对当前大型复合材料构件高精度模具在材料、设计及制造技术方面的发展现状进行了总结,并对未来主要研究方向提出了明确建议。     

工装模具对复合材料件固化变形影响的有限元分析

碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料整体化成型过程中,成型工装与复合材料构件之间的热不匹配、框架式工装变形及温度分布都会对复合材料构件的固化变形造成一定的不利影响。本文利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,从工装结构形式和模具材质的角度分析了工装结构对U形复合材料件固化变形的影响。对于企业中广泛使用的3种成型工装结构(斜撑式、立柱式、侧板式),立柱式成型工装在加热固化过程中,温度分布更均匀,使复合材料件的固化变形更小;而在模具的材质(普通碳钢、Invar钢、复合材料)方面,复合材料模具由于热膨胀系数与U形结构件更接近,相对于其他材质的模具,对复合材料件的固化变形影响较小。     

A parametric study on the process-induced deformation of composite T-stiffener structures

A parametric study on the process-induced deformation of composite stiffener structures is presented in this paper. The deformation was calculated numerically by Finite element analysis (FEA). The results suggest that the overall deformation of the structure can be characterized by the spring-in of the skin. Based on FEA, a parametric study and sensitivity analysis was conducted, from which it is shown that: (1) the spring-in decreases with the fiber volume fraction; (2) the spring-in linearly increases with the radius–thickness ratio; (3) the spring-in vs. the bonding length is a power increasing function; (4) the spring-in is most sensitive to the laminate fiber volume fraction, followed by the radius–thickness ratio and the bond length, and least sensitive to the noodle fiber volume fraction; and (5) at higher fiber volume fractions, the spring-in is more sensitive to the fiber volume fraction.     

Process-induced deformation of composite T-stiffener structures

Composite T-stiffener structures are widely used structural elements in weight sensitive structural, aerospace and marine applications for the purpose of weight reduction. A study on the process-induced deformation of composite T-stiffener structures is presented in this paper. The deformation was calculated numerically by Finite Element Analysis (FEA), and the resulting displacements show that the deformation can be represented by a single angular displacement: the spring-in of the skin. A parametric study was conducted by Design of Experiments (DOE) and FEA to investigate the influence of design parameters on the spring-in of the skin. It is shown that the spring-in of the skin increases with the radius and the bonding length, and decreases with the fiber volume fraction.     

基于模具-制件相互作用的复合材料制件固化变形数值模型

针对复合材料制件在成型过程中的固化变形这一关键技术问题,通过在模具与复合材料制件之间引入剪切层的方法,建立了预测复合材料制件固化变形的解析计算模型和有限元仿真模型。剪切层的剪切模量用来衡量固化过程中模具与复合材料制件之间的相互作用,其数值大小通过与实验数据进行比对而得到。基于建立的固化变形模型,与文献中已有的实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:所建立的模型具有较高的可靠性。同时针对L型复合材料制件建立了三维有限元仿真模型,模型中除考虑材料各向异性和化学收缩效应以外,还将成型过程中模具与复合材料制件间的相互作用考虑在内。模拟结果表明:引入模具作用后L型零件的固化变形预测结果更加准确。      

Investigation on the spring-in phenomenon of carbon nanofiber-glass fiber/polyester composites manufactured with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding

Process-induced residual stress arises in polymer composites as a result of mismatched resin contraction and fiber contraction during the cure stage. When a curved shell-like composite part is de-molded, the residual stress causes the spring-in phenomenon, in which the enclosed angle of the part becomes smaller than the angle of its mold. In this paper, a new approach is presented to control and reduce the spring-in angle by infusing a small amount of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) together with liquid resin into the glass fiber preform using vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The experimental results showed that the spring-in angles of the L-shaped composite specimens were effectively restrained by the CNFs. An analytical model and a 3-D FEA model were developed to predict the spring-in phenomenon and to understand the role of CNFs in reducing the spring-in angle. The models agreed with the experimental results reasonably well. Furthermore, the analytical model explains how the CNF-enhanced dimensional tolerance control is accomplished through the reductions in the matrix’s equivalent coefficient of thermal expansion and linear crosslinking shrinkage.     

Prediction of processing-induced distortion of curved flanged composite laminates

It is well known that angles in composite parts contract as they are cooled down from the curing temperature, this is often referred to as spring-in. It is caused mainly by the significantly different thermal contractions and cure shrinkage's experienced between the fibre direction and the through-thickness direction during the manufacturing process. A number of works have reported on the spring-in of straight angle composite parts. However, little has been done to investigate the distortion of curved flanged composite parts, which will distort differently owing to the introduction of the additional curvature, thus constraint.

In the present work, the distortion of the circularly curved flanged laminates is studied numerically. The finite element method is used to predict the processing-induced distortion of the part with two different approaches. In the first approach, the shear angles of the composite plies are predicted by a draping analysis. The effect of the fibre shearing on the mechanical properties of the laminates is considered in the model used to predict the distortion. The second simplified approach assumes that the in-plane properties of the laminates are isotropic. The results obtained by these two approaches are compared with those obtained experimentally.     

Study on the Effect of Cure Cycle on the Process Induced Deformation of Cap Shaped Stiffened Composite Panels

Cap-shaped stiffened composite panels offer many excellent properties such as low density, high strength, high stiffness to weight ratio, and design flexibility. During their manufacturing processes, however, thermo-curing inherently produces the undesired residual stresses and cure deformations, which limits the applications of composite structures in a certain degree. In order to reduce the cure deformation, in this paper, the effect of cure cycle (curing temperature, curing pressure, cooling rate) on the process-induced deformation of cap-shaped stiffened composite panels was presented. A simple mathematical model based on the curing dynamics was established to predict the deformation of the cap-shaped stiffened composite panels. The deformation calculated by the mathematical model and experimental studies were compared, and an Error Correction Model was established. The Error Correction Model showed a good agreement with the experimental results.     

铺层角度偏差对曲面复合材料结构固化变形的影响分析

本文阐述了铺层角度偏差对某变厚度曲面结构复合材料固化变形的影响。对铺层角度偏差的来源进行了归纳,采用考虑热膨胀和固化收缩的固化变形计算模型,对该变厚度的复合材料曲面层合板结构的固化变形进行了计算,计算结果与试验结果较为吻合,表明了计算模型的准确性。采用均匀试验设计方法,得到了该曲面结构铺层角度偏差在5°以内变化时的实验方案,对实验设计的计算结果进行了回归分析,结果显示,对于该曲面复合材料结构,总体上铺层角度偏差对固化变形的影响不大,相对的,-45°的铺层偏差对固化变形的影响较大,90°的铺层偏差对固化变形的影响较小。     

Role of tool-part interaction in process-induced warpage of autoclave-manufactured composite structures

The role of tool-part interaction in process-induces warpage of a large composite structure was studied using a three-dimensional process model, developed by integrating sub-models that describe the evolution of cure and properties of composite as well as various physical phenomena encountered, during autoclave processing. The process model was implemented through user sub-routines interfaced with the finite element software, ABAQUS. The tool-part interaction during processing was modeled using contact elements. The predicted temperature and warpage of an aircraft part, using a frictional tool-part interface and experimentally measured cure-dependent tool-part interfacial friction coefficients, compared very well with experimental temperature and warpage, validating the 3-D process model. A comparison of predictions using various models for the tool-part interface suggests that the two components of tool-part interaction that contribute to warpage are change in shape of the tool and part, and process-induced stress caused by constrained deformation of the tool and the part.