Effects of tension heat-set process on structures and properties of MWCN~/PEEK composite fibers

采用熔融共混纺丝工艺制备多壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）质量分数分别为0．1％和0．5％的MWCNTs／PEEK（聚醚醚酮）复合纤维,研究了紧张热定型过程中热定型温度和降温速率对复合纤维结构和性能的影响。采用TEM、SEM、DSC、DMA、XRD和单纤维电子强力仪研究了复合纤维的形貌、结构和性能。结果表明：复合纤维的热定型温度和冷却降温速率对其杨氏模量、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均有影响,经过热定型处理,复合纤维内部MWCNTs的取向程度明显提高。280℃热定型、1．5℃／min冷却纤维的拉伸强度达384MPa,杨氏模量为0．62GPa,断裂伸长率28％,拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别较130℃热定型纤维提高了147％和19％,获得了优化复合纤维性能的最佳工艺条件。     

MWCNTs增强聚乙二醇-聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶的制备及性能

利用冻融循环法制备了羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)/聚乙二醇(PEG)-聚乙烯醇(PVA)复合水凝胶。考察了不同质量配比下MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合水凝胶的微观形貌变化,并研究了复合凝胶的溶胀性能、拉伸强度、热稳定及导电性能。结果表明,加入MWCNTs后MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶仍具有多孔的三维网状结构但孔径尺寸变小。当MWCNTs与PVA的质量比大于1.0∶100时,MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶的孔洞均匀性降低。随着MWCNTs量的增加,MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶的溶胀度及拉伸强度均先升高后降低。当MWCNTs与PVA的质量比为1.0∶100时,MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶的溶胀度达到最大(1450%),孔隙率最高(75.8%),拉伸强度及断裂伸长率达到最大值,分别为0.97 MPa和384.0%。MWCNTs的加入提高了MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶的热稳定性,MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶的初始热分解温度从235℃上升至260℃;随着MWCNTs量的增加,MWCNTs/PEG-PVA复合凝胶的电导率从1.10×10-6 S/cm升高至6.96×10-4 S/cm。     

后拉伸对大直径TPEE单丝力学性能的影响

针对热塑性聚酯弹性体(TPEE)可纺性差、冷却成形难,成纤综合力学性能不稳定等问题,采用熔融纺丝、液体冷却的方式制备了TPEE单丝。通过二次通用旋转组合设计实验方案,研究了拉伸温度、拉伸倍数、热定型温度等后拉伸工艺对大直径TPEE单丝力学性能的影响。结果表明:拉伸倍数是影响TPEE单丝力学性能的主要因素,热定型温度的影响其次,拉伸温度的影响最低;当拉伸温度为63℃,拉伸倍数为4.5,热定型温度为161℃时,得到TPEE单丝力学性能的局部最优解,其断裂强度为2.6468cN/dtex,断裂伸长率为63.24%,弹性回复率为99.96%。     

抗静电碳系/聚酰亚胺复合薄膜的制备及表征

采用氧化石墨烯还原法制备了石墨烯(GR),同时采用混酸酸化法处理多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),以1%(wt,质量分数,下同)的GR和不同含量的酸化MWCNTs作为填料,通过超声搅拌分散-原位聚合法制得抗静电碳系/聚酰亚胺(GR-MWCNTs/PI)复合薄膜,并对复合薄膜的抗静电性能、热稳定性和力学性能进行表征。结果表明,2种碳系材料的添加可明显提高薄膜的导电性、机械性能和抗静电的效果,导电填料的添加对薄膜的热稳定性影响不大,在GR含量为1%,MWCNTs含量为2%时,在560℃时失重率约35%,电阻率为4.44×107Ω·cm,拉伸强度达到88.0MPa,断裂伸长率达到16.23%,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别比纯聚酰亚胺提高了122.4%和128.6%。     

电纺聚酰亚胺/氧化石墨烯复合纳米纤维膜的制备及性能研究

采用静电纺丝技术制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)不同含量的聚酰亚胺/氧化石墨烯(PI/GO)复合纳米纤维膜,并研究其结构、表面润湿性、热氧化特性、力学性能和过滤性能。结果表明,添加GO有利于纳米纤维的直径分布趋于均匀,在GO用量为0.5%(wt,质量分数)条件下,PI/GO复合纳米纤维膜平均纤维直径最小为(231±36)nm,孔隙率高达89.61%,拉伸强度为14.43MPa,杨氏模量为1.36GPa,断裂伸长率为10.84%,热氧化稳定性较纯PI纳米纤维膜提高了15℃,过滤效率最高达到96.5%,较纯PI纳米纤维膜提高了8%。添加GO能有效提高PI/GO复合纳米纤维膜的疏水性、力学性能及热氧化稳定性。     

淀粉/聚乳酸挤出片材的制备及性能

采用挤出工艺制备了淀粉/聚乳酸复合片材。通过拉伸强度、断裂伸长率并结合断面形貌研究了淀粉结构、淀粉用量、硅烷偶联剂(KH-550)及甘油增塑剂的用量对挤出淀粉/聚乳酸复合片材性能的影响。结果表明,采用接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯的改性淀粉作为填充剂,并添加适量KH-550硅烷偶联剂和甘油增塑剂及采用造粒后共挤等工艺可有效改善淀粉/聚乳酸复合片材的兼容性,提高复合材料拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,当改性淀粉含量为20份时样品的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率最大,分别为35.3 MPa和37%。     

功能化碳纳米管的制备及功能化碳纳米管/尼龙6复合纤维

采用多聚磷酸(PPA)/P₂O₅弱酸体系, 通过傅克反应(Friedel-Crafts reaction)对多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)进行功能化改性, 加入己内酰胺后采用原位聚合法制备功能化碳纳米管(F-MWCNTs)/尼龙6(PA6)复合材料, 并熔融纺丝制备复合纤维。通过TEM、TG、DSC、SEM及力学性能测试对复合纤维进行表征。结果表明: 在MWCNTs表面成功地接枝了氨基, F-MWCNTs均匀地分散在PA6基体中, 没有发生团聚现象, 并且与基体具有很好的界面作用; F-MWCNTs的加入, 对复合纤维的熔融温度和结晶度影响不大, 结晶温度有所提高, 并明显提高了复合纤维的热稳定性; 随着F-MWCNTs的加入, 复合纤维的拉伸断裂强度和杨氏模量增加, 当F-MWCNTs质量分数为0.5%时, 拉伸断裂强度和杨氏模量达到最大, 比纯PA6纤维分别提高了45%和208%。     

多壁碳纳米管-聚氨酯/聚丙烯复合材料导电网络结构的演变与性能调控

为研究多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)和热塑性弹性对MWCNTs-聚氨酯/聚丙烯(MWCNTs-TPU/PP)复合材料结晶性能、导电性能、拉伸性能及外场响应行为,通过溶液-熔融法制备了MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料。MWCNTs的引入能够提高MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料的导电性能和结晶性能,导电逾渗值质量分数约为1.9wt%,开始结晶温度从117.5℃提高到131.2℃。通过电阻仪和温控装置的联用在线表征了在不同热处理温度下导电网络的构建和破坏过程,随着热处理温度从110℃提高到175℃,MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料的导电性能和结晶度得到改善;TPU的引入能够显著降低MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料对温度的反应时间从约10 min缩短到约3 min,温度响应行为得到显著改善。通过拉伸数据分析表明,MWCNTs含量的增加能够提高MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,MWCNTs添加量为2.5wt%时,复合材料的拉伸强度从~35 MPa提高到~47 MPa;应变-电阻数据表明,TPU的引入能够改善MWCNTs-TPU/PP复合材料在循环拉伸过程中应变的可回复性和导电网络结构的稳定性。      

淬火工艺对聚四氟乙烯结晶度、拉伸性能和硬度的影响

采用冷压-烧结工艺制备了聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)材料,考察了随炉冷却以及4种淬火冷却工艺对PTFE材料结晶度、拉伸性能和硬度的影响,这些淬火工艺包括:(1)25℃空气淬火,(2)10℃水淬火,(3)0℃冰水混合液淬火,(4)-25℃酒精干冰混合液淬火。结果表明,与随炉冷却工艺相比,4种淬火工艺都降低了PTFE的结晶度、拉伸屈服应力、拉伸强度和硬度,都提高了PTFE的断裂伸长率。除了酒精干冰混合液以外,PTFE的结晶度、拉伸屈服应力、拉伸强度和硬度都随着冷却介质温度的降低而降低。伸长率的提高和硬度的降低意味着材料柔韧性的提高,可见淬火工艺提高了PTFE的柔韧性。酒精干冰混合液对结晶度的影响与空气的相近,但是会引起材料表面不平整。相比之下,常温下的水是一种高效而实惠的提高PTFE柔韧性的淬火介质。     

麦秸秆纤维复合工程塑料性能的研究

通过对比不同秸秆纤维的提取方法,得出硝酸/乙醇法的提取效率最高,达到73.98%。将秸秆纤维掺杂在聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯和ABS塑料中,分析比较各样品的力学性能。研究结果表明,采用硝酸/乙醇法提取的秸秆纤维与聚丙烯混合,制得的硝酸/乙醇-秸秆纤维-聚丙烯的拉伸强度达到61.2MPa,比复合前纯聚丙烯提高了90.7%,冲击强度为60.5kJ/m~2,提高了16.3%,弯曲强度为48.3MPa,下降了12.5%,断裂伸长率为300.0%,下降了33.3%。与复合之前相比,大部分塑料的拉伸强度和冲击强度得到提高,但是各塑料的断裂伸长率均下降,原因为秸秆纤维的拉伸率较低所导致。     

静电植绒法处理多壁碳纳米管改性玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及力学性能

为提高玻纤增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能,采用静电植绒法将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)附着在玻纤织物表面,得到改性的玻纤织物。利用一种低黏度的环氧树脂和所制得的改性织物,采用真空辅助成型工艺(VARI)制备了MWCNTs改性格玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料层合板,表征了层合板的力学性能。对进行力学实验后的MWCNTs改性玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料试样断口进行了SEM和OPM观察。结果显示:与未添加MWCNTs的玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料层合板相比,添加了MWCNTs的层合板的拉伸强度降低了10.24%,弯曲强度降低了13.90%,压缩强度降低了17.33%,拉伸模量和弯曲模量分别提高了19.38%和16.04%,压缩模量提高了13%;MWCNTs与玻纤织物之间的结合较弱,在拉伸作用下,存在明显的脱粘和分层;将改性玻纤织物在200℃下热压处理2h后,制备的MWCNTs改性玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料层合板的力学性能均有所提高,热压处理后树脂与玻纤织物之间的界面结合得到改善。     

The effect of high-temperature vapor deposition polymerization of polyimide coating on tensile properties of polyacrylonitrile- and pitch-based carbon fibers

Carbon fibers are widely used as a reinforcement in composite materials because of their high-specific strength and modulus. Current trends toward the development of carbon fibers have been driven in two directions; ultrahigh tensile strength fiber with a fairly high strain to failure (~2 %), and ultrahigh modulus fiber with high-thermal conductivity. Today, a number of ultrahigh strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (more than 6 GPa), and ultrahigh modulus pitch-based (more than 900 GPa) carbon fibers have been commercially available. In the present work, the tensile properties of polyimide-coated PAN-based (T1000GB, T300, and M60JB) and pitch-based (K13D and XN-05) carbon fibers have been investigated using a single-filament tensile test. The pyromellitic dianhydride/4-4′-oxydianiline polyimide coating was deposited on the carbon fiber surface using high-temperature vapor deposition polymerization (VDP_H). The Weibull statistical distributions of the tensile strength were characterized. The results clearly show that the VDP_H polyimide coating improves the tensile strength and the Weibull modulus of PAN- and pitch-based carbon fibers.     

改性碳纳米管处理碳纤维的效果表征

采用浓硫酸/浓硝酸氧化处理多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs),再将氧化后的碳纳米管与硅烷偶联剂(KH560)进行接枝,制备了硅烷偶联剂表面化学修饰的MWCNTs。在此基础上,将改性前后的碳纳米管分散在环氧树脂体系中,涂覆处理碳纤维。研究处理前后碳纤维力学性能和界面性能的变化。通过红外光谱(FTIR)和透射电镜(TEM)分析,表明KH560已成功接枝到多壁碳纳米管上;通过分散性实验证明了改性后的碳纳米管分散性提高;对处理后的碳纤维进行力学性能测试,并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察分析断面形态变化,结果表明,当碳纳米管的含量为0.5%时,改性碳纳米管处理的碳纤维拉伸强度和拉伸模量分别提高23.83%和7.11%,界面性能增强。     

Modeling and mechanical performance of carbon nanotube/epoxy resin composites

The effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) addition on mechanical properties of epoxy resin was investigated to obtain the tensile strength, compressive strength and Young’s modulus from load versus displacement graphs. The result shows that the tensile strength, compressive strength and Young’s modulus of epoxy resin were increased with the addition of MWCNT fillers. The significant improvements in tensile strength, compressive strength and Young’s modulus were obtained due to the excellent dispersion of MWCNT fillers in the epoxy resin. The dispersion of MWCNT fillers in epoxy resin was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis.Also, Halpin–Tsai model was modified by considering the average diameter of internal/external of multi-walled nanotube and orientation factor (α) to calculate the Young’s modulus of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/epoxy resin composite. There was a good correlation between the experimentally obtained Young’s modulus and modified Halpin–Tsai model.     

A comparison of the effect of hot stretching on microstructures and properties of polyacrylonitrile and rayon-based carbon fibers

The effect of a different stretching stress at different heat treatment temperatures (HTT) on the structure and the mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)- and rayon-based carbon fibers was studied. The tensile strength increases first and then decreases with increasing stretching stress, whereas the Young’s modulus of the fibers continuously increases. The behavior of PAN- and rayon-based carbon fibers is similar with increasing stretching stress, but the tensile strength of PAN fiber decreased while that of rayon fiber increased with increasing HTT, what is more, the latter have a considerable lower tensile strength and modulus for equivalent processing conditions. The structure of the fibers was investigated with X-ray diffraction. A continuous change toward a nanostructure with a higher order was observed, which explains the increase in the Young’s modulus. For more complex dependence of the tensile strength on the processing conditions, a quantitative model to describe the effect of stretching stress at different HTT on preferred orientation degree and shear modulus is proposed. From the critical stress fracture of carbon fiber analysis, we can understand the different changes of tensile strength of both type fibers with stretching stress at different HTT.     

水相悬浮聚合制备MWCNTs/PAN复合微球及其电纺纤维

先用Fenton试剂（过氧化氢/硫酸亚铁）对多壁碳纳米管进行改性处理（-fMWCNTs）,再通过水相悬浮聚合法制备了多壁碳纳米管/聚丙烯腈（-fMWCNTs/PAN）复合微球,用静电纺丝技术制备了-fMWCNTs/PAN复合纤维膜。通过扫描电镜（SEM）、热重分析仪（TGA）和万能试验机研究了-fMWCNTs对电纺纤维...     

Tensile properties of elephant grass fiber reinforced polyester composites

Elephant grass stalk fibers were extracted using retting and chemical (NaOH) extraction processes. These fibers were treated with KMnO₄ solution to improve adhesion with matrix. The resulting fibers were incorporated in a polyester matrix and the tensile properties of fiber and composite were determined. The fibers extracted by retting process have a tensile strength of 185 MPa, modulus of 7.4 GPa and an effective density of 817.53 kg/m³. The tensile strength and modulus of chemically extracted elephant grass fibers have increased by 58 and 41%, respectively. After the treatment the tensile strength and modulus of the fiber extracted by retting have decreased by 19, 12% and those of chemically extracted fiber have decreased by 19 and 16%, respectively. The composites were formulated up to a maximum of 31% volume of fiber resulting in a tensile strength of 80.55 MPa and tensile modulus of 1.52 GPa for elephant grass fibers extracted by retting. The tensile strength and the modulus of chemically extracted elephant grass fiber composites have increased by approximately 1.45 times to those of elephant grass fiber composite extracted by retting. The tensile strength of treated fiber composites has decreased and the tensile modulus has shown a mixed trend for the fibers extracted by both the processes. Quantitative results from this study will be useful for further and more accurate design of elephant grass fiber reinforced composite materials.     

Studies on lignocellulosic fibers of Brazil. Part II: Morphology and properties of Brazilian coconut fibers

Stress–strain curves for different diameters, tensile properties and thermal behaviour of Brazilian coir fibers are presented. The tensile strength (TS) and Young’s modulus (YM) of these coir fibers were found to decrease, while the percentage (%) strain at break remained constant as fiber diameter increased. With fibers (mean diameter of 0.225 mm), a decrease in TS and % strain at break but an increase in YM with increasing test length of the fiber, and a considerable increase in TS, constant YM and % strain at break with increasing strain rate were observed. The results are discussed in terms of X-ray diffraction and microscopic observations. Thermal behaviour of the fibers revealed degradation of different constituents in an N₂ or O₂ atmosphere. Thermo-mechanical analysis of the fibers revealed increased modulus and decreased tan δ values.     

Tensile properties of short-glass-fiber- and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites

Composites of polypropylene (PP) reinforced with short glass fibers (SGF) and short carbon fibers (SCF) were prepared with extrusion compounding and injection molding techniques. The tensile properties of these composites were investigated. It was noted that an increase in fiber volume fraction led to a decrease in mean fiber length as observed previously. The relationship between mean fiber length and fiber volume fraction was described by a proper exponential function with an offset. The tensile strength and modulus of SGF/PP and SCF/PP composites were studied taking into account the combined effect of fiber volume fraction and mean fiber length. The results about the composite strength and modulus were interpreted using the modified rule of mixtures equations by introducing two fiber efficiency factors, respectively, for the composite strength and modulus. It was found that for both types of composites the fiber efficiency factors decreased with increasing fiber volume fraction and the more brittle fiber namely carbon fiber corresponded to the lower fiber efficiency factors than glass fiber. Meanwhile, it was noted that the fiber efficiency factor for the composite modulus was much higher than that for the composite strength. Moreover, it was observed that the tensile failure strain of the composites decreased with the increase of fiber volume fraction. An empirical but good relationship of the composite failure strain with fiber volume fraction, fiber length and fiber radius was established.