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1.
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) elicited in response to herbivory serve as cues for parasitic and predatory insects.
Knowledge about quantitative relationships between the extent of herbivore-induced damage and the quantities of VOCs released
is scarce. We studied the kinetics of VOC-emissions from foliage of the deciduous tree Alnus glutinosa induced by feeding activity of larvae of the geometrid moth Cabera pusaria. Quantitative relationships between the intensity of stress and strength of plant response were determined. Intensity of biotic
stress was characterized by herbivore numbers (0–8 larvae) and by the amount of leaf area eaten. The strength of plant response
was characterized by monitoring (i) changes in photosynthesis, (ii) leaf ultrastructure, and (iii) plant volatiles. Net assimilation
rate displayed compensatory responses in herbivore-damaged leaves compared with control leaves. This compensatory response
was associated with an overall increase in chloroplast size. Feeding-induced emissions of products of the lipoxygenase pathway
(LOX products; (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, 1-hexanol, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate) peaked at day 1 after larval feeding started, followed by an increase of emissions of ubiquitous monoterpenes
peaking on days 2 and 3. The emission of the monoterpene (E)-β-ocimene and of the nerolidol-derived homoterpene 4,8-dimethyl-nona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT) peaked on day 3. Furthermore, the
emission kinetics of the sesquiterpene (E,E)-α-farnesene tended to be biphasic with peaks on days 2 and 4 after start of larval feeding. Emission rates of the induced
LOX products, of (E)-β-ocimene and (E,E)-α-farnesene were positively correlated with the number of larvae feeding. In contrast, the emission of DMNT was independent
of the number of feeders. These data show quantitative relationships between the strength of herbivory and the emissions of
LOX products and most of the terpenoids elicited in response to feeding. Thus, herbivory-elicited LOX products and terpenoid
emissions may convey both quantitative and qualitative signals to antagonists of the herbivores. In contrast, our data suggest
that the feeding-induced homoterpene DMNT conveys the information “presence of herbivores” rather than information about the
quantities of herbivores to predators and parasitoids. 相似文献
2.
Carnivorous arthropods use volatile infochemicals emitted from prey-infested plants in their foraging behavior. Although several
volatile components are common among plant species, the compositions differ among prey–plant complexes. Studies showed that
the predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi is attracted only to previously experienced plant volatiles. In this study, we identified the attractant components in prey-induced
plant volatiles of two prey–plant complexes. N. womersleyi reared on Tetranychus kanzawai-infested tea leaves showed significant preference for a mixture of three synthetic compounds [mimics of the T. kanzawai-induced tea leaves volatiles: (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and (E,E)-α-farnesene] at a level comparable to that for T. kanzawai-induced tea plant volatiles. However, mixtures lacking any of these compounds did not attract the predatory mites. Likewise,
N. womersleyi reared on T. urticae-infested kidney bean plants showed a significant preference for a mixture of four synthetic compounds [mimics of the T. urticae-induced kidney bean volatiles: DMNT, methyl salicylate (MeSA), β-caryophyllene, and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene] at a level comparable to that for T. urticae-induced kidney bean volatiles. The absence of any of the four compounds resulted in no attraction. These results indicate
that N. womersleyi can use at least four volatile components to identify prey-infested plants. 相似文献
3.
Iris F. Kappers Francel W. A. Verstappen Ludo L. P. Luckerhoff Harro J. Bouwmeester Marcel Dicke 《Journal of chemical ecology》2010,36(5):500-512
Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) respond to spider–mite (Tetranychus urticae) damage with the release of specific volatiles that are exploited by predatory mites, the natural enemies of the spider mites,
to locate their prey. The production of volatiles also can be induced by exposing plants to the plant hormone jasmonic acid.
We analyzed volatile emissions from 15 cucumber accessions upon herbivory by spider mites and upon exposure to jasmonic acid
using gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Upon induction, cucumber plants emitted over 24 different compounds, and the blend
of induced volatiles consisted predominantly of terpenoids. The total amount of volatiles was higher in plants treated with
jasmonic acid than in those infested with spider mites, with (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and (E)-β-ocimene as the most abundant compounds in all accessions in both treatments. Significant variation among the accessions
was found for the 24 major volatile compounds. The accessions differed strongly in total amount of volatiles emitted, and
displayed very different odor profiles. Principal component analysis performed on the relative quantities of particular compounds
within the blend revealed clusters of highly correlated volatiles, which is suggestive of common metabolic pathways. A number
of cucumber accessions also were tested for their attractiveness to Phytoseiulus persimilis, a specialist predator of spider mites. Differences in the attraction of predatory mites by the various accessions correlated
to differences in the individual chemical profiles of these accessions. The presence of genetic variation in induced plant
volatile emission in cucumber shows that it is possible to breed for cucumber varieties that are more attractive to predatory
mites and other biological control agents. 相似文献
4.
Xiao-Ling Sun Guo-Chang Wang Xiao-Ming Cai Shan Jin Yu Gao Zong-Mao Chen 《Journal of chemical ecology》2010,36(4):388-395
The tea weevil, Myllocerinus aurolineatus (Voss) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a leaf-feeding pest of Camellia sinensis (O.Ktze.) with aggregative behaviors that can seriously reduce tea yield and quality. Although herbivore-induced host plant
volatiles have been shown to attract conspecific individuals of some beetle pests, especially members of the Chrysomelidae
family, little is known about the volatiles emitted from tea plants infested by M. aurolineatus adults and their roles in mediating interactions between conspecifics. The results of behavioral bioassays revealed that
volatile compounds emitted from tea plants infested by M. aurolineatus were attractive to conspecific weevils. Volatile analyses showed that infestations dramatically increased the emission of
volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol, benzyl nitrile, indole, (E, E)-α-farnesene, (E)-nerolidol, and 31 other compounds. Among the induced volatiles, 12 chemicals, including γ-terpinene, benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, benzaldehyde, (Z)-3-hexenal, and (E, E)-α-farnesene, elicited antennal responses from both sexes of the herbivore, whereas (E)-β-ocimene elicited antennal responses only from males. Using a Y-tube olfactometer, we found that six of the 13 chemicals,
γ-terpinene, benzyl alcohol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, benzaldehyde, and (Z)-3-hexenal, were attractive to both males and females; two chemicals, (E/Z)-β-ocimene and (E, E)-α-farnesene, were attractive only to males; and four chemicals, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, phenylethyl alcohol, linalool, and (Z)-3-hexenol, were attractive only to females. The findings
provide new insights into the interactions between tea plants and their herbivores, and may help scientists develop new strategies
for controlling the herbivore. 相似文献
5.
Francesca Frati Keith Chamberlain Michael Birkett Samuel Dufour Patrick Mayon Christine Woodcock Lester Wadhams John Pickett Gianandrea Salerno Eric Conti Ferdinando Bin 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(2):201-208
The profiles of volatile chemicals emitted by Vicia faba plants damaged by Lygus rugulipennis feeding, and by feeding plus oviposition, were shown to be quantitatively different from those released by undamaged plants.
Samples of volatile chemicals collected from healthy plants, plants damaged by males as a consequence of feeding, plants damaged
by females as a consequence of feeding and oviposition, plants damaged by feeding with mated males still present, and plants
damaged by feeding and oviposition with gravid females still present, showed significant differences in the emission of hexyl
acetate, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, and methyl salicylate. In particular, treatments with mated females present on plants had a significant
increase in emission levels of the above compounds, possibly due to eggs laid within plant tissues or active feeding, compared
with undamaged plants and plants damaged by males feeding, with or without insects still present. Furthermore, the pheromonal
blend released by mated L. rugulipennis females, mainly comprising hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal, was enhanced when females were active on broad bean plants, whereas such an increase was not observed in
males. Both sexes gave electroantennogram responses to green leaf volatiles from undamaged plants and to methyl salicylate
and (E)-β-caryophyllene emitted by Lygus-damaged plants, suggesting that these compounds may be involved in colonization of host plants by L. rugulipennis. In addition, mated males and females were responsive to hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal released by mated females on V. faba, indicating that these substances could have a dual function as a possible aggregation pheromone in female–female communication,
and as a sex pheromone in female–male communication.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
6.
Young, gregariously living larvae of the willow leaf beetles Plagiodera versicolora are known to exhibit characteristic aggregation-dispersion-reaggregation behavior and local fidelity to a host tree. In this
study, we investigated whether plant volatiles induced by feeding P. versicolora larvae were involved in the reaggregation behavior. Under laboratory conditions, we conducted dual-choice bioassays and found
that the first and second instars discriminated between volatiles from leaves infested by larvae and volatiles from uninfested
leaves. The discriminative behavior was dependent on both the time leaves were infested and the age of discriminating larvae.
First and second instars preferred odor from 1-d-infested leaves to odor from uninfested leaves, whereas third instars (solitary
stage) did not discriminate between these volatile blends. Odor from 2-d-infested leaves was preferred to odor from 1-d-infested
leaves by first instars, whereas odor from leaves infested for 3 d was not attractive to these very young larvae. Neither
was odor of leaves infested for 1 d and then left uninfested for 1 or 2 d attractive to young larvae. The data suggest that
the first and second instars use volatiles from a leaf newly infested by conspecific larvae as one of the reaggregation cues.
We detected several herbivore-induced compounds in the headspace of the attractive leaves. Among those, a mixture of synthetic
(E)-β-ocimene, (Z)-β-ocimene, allo-ocimene, and linalool was found to attract the larvae. 相似文献
7.
Hare JD 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(11):2028-2043
Many plant species produce volatile organic compounds after being damaged by herbivores. The production of volatiles also
may be induced by exposing plants to the plant hormone, jasmonic acid, or its volatile ester, methyl jasmonate. This study
addresses the induction of the production volatile organic compounds among genetic lines of Datura wrightii. Within populations, some plants produce glandular trichomes, whereas others produce nonglandular trichomes, and trichome
phenotype is controlled by a single dominant gene. Glandular trichomes not only confer resistance to some herbivorous insects,
but they also inhibit many natural enemies of those herbivores. Because of the potential benefit of natural enemies that use
volatile cues to find individuals of the non-glandular phenotype, it is reasonable to ask if plants of D. wrightii that differ in trichome morphology might produce different blends of volatile compounds. Volatile compounds were collected
from eight genetic lines of plants that had been backcrossed for three generations. Volatiles were collected from pairs of
sibling plants before and after insect damage or treatment with methyl jasmonate. Within each pair, one sib expressed glandular
trichomes and the other expressed nonglandular trichomes. Overall, plants produced an array of at least 17 compounds, most
of which were sesquiterpenes. Total production of volatiles increased from 3.9- to 16.2-fold among genetic lines after insect
damage and from 3.6- to 32-fold in plants treated with methyl jasmonate. The most abundant compound was (E)-β-caryophyllene. This single compound comprised from 17 to 59% of the volatiles from insect-damaged plants and from 24 to
88% of the volatiles from plants treated with methyl jasmonate, depending upon genetic line. The production of (E)-β-caryophyllene by the original male parents of the eight genetic lines was significantly related to the mean production
of their third-generation backcross progeny indicating that the variation in the production of (E)-β-caryophyllene was inherited. Blends did not differ qualitatively or quantitatively between sibs expressing glandular or
nonglandular trichomes. 相似文献
8.
Livy WilliamsIII Jacquelyn L. Blackmer Cesar Rodriguez-Saona Su Zhu 《Journal of chemical ecology》2010,36(5):467-478
Previous laboratory studies have shown that the mirid Lygus hesperus is attracted to volatiles emitted from alfalfa; feeding damage increases the amounts of several of these volatiles, and visual
cues can enhance attraction further. The present study tested single plant volatiles in electrophysiological and behavioral
trials with L. hesperus. Electroantennogram (EAG) analyses indicated that antennae responded to most plant volatiles included in the test, and that
when gender differences were observed, males usually were more responsive than females. Antennal responses to the alcohols
((E)-3-hexenol, (Z)-3-hexenol, 1-hexanol), the acetate (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, and the aldehyde (E)-2-hexenal were among the strongest. Moderate responses were observed for (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (±)-linalool, and methyl salicylate. A dose dependent response was not observed for several terpenes (β-myrcene,
β-caryophyllene, (+)-limonene, or both (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-α-pinenes). EAG responses, however, were not always consistent with behavioral assays. In Y-tube bioassays, males did
not exhibit a positive behavioral response to any of the compounds tested. Instead, males were repelled by (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, (±)-linalool, (E,E)-α-farnesene, and methyl salicylate. In contrast, female L. hesperus moved upwind towards (R)-(+)-α-pinene, (E)-β-ocimene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene, and showed a negative response towards (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (S)-(−)-α-pinene, and methyl salicylate. This study emphasizes the use of multiple approaches to better understand host plant
finding in the generalist herbivore L. hesperus. 相似文献
9.
Plant volatiles play an important role in the lives of phytophagous insects, by guiding them to oviposition, feeding and mating
sites. We tested the effects of different host-plant volatiles on attraction of Lobesia botrana males to the female-produced sex pheromone, in a wind tunnel. Addition of volatile emissions from grapevines or individual
plant volatiles to pheromone increased the behavioral responses of L. botrana males over those to pheromone alone. At a low release rate (under-dosed) of pheromone, addition of (E)-β-caryophyllene, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, 1-hexanol, or 1-octen-3-ol increased all behavioral responses, from activation to pheromone source contact,
while addition of (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, (E)-β-farnesene, (Z)-3-hexenol, or methyl salicylate affected only the initial behavioral responses. Dose–response experiments suggested an optimal
release ratio of 1:1000 (sex pheromone: host plant volatile). Our results highlight the role of plant volatiles in the sensory
ecology of L. botrana. 相似文献
10.
In response to herbivory by arthropods, plants emit herbivory-induced volatiles that attract carnivorous enemies of the inducing
herbivores. Here, we compared the attractiveness of eight cucumber varieties (Cucumis sativus L.) to Phytoseiulus persimilis predatory mites after infestation of the plants with herbivorous spider mites (Tetranychus urticae) under greenhouse conditions. Attractiveness differed considerably, with the most attractive variety attracting twice as
many predators as the least attractive variety. Chemical analysis of the volatiles released by the infested plants revealed
significant differences among varieties, both in quantity and quality of the emitted blends. Comparison of the attractiveness
of the varieties with the amounts of volatiles emitted indicated that the quality (composition) of the blend is more important
for attraction than the amount of volatiles emitted. The amount of (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-TMTT, and two other, yet unidentified compounds correlated positively with the attraction of predatory mites. Quantities
of four compounds negatively correlated with carnivore attraction, among them methyl salicylate, which is known to attract
the predatory mite P. persimilis. The emission of methyl salicylate correlated with an unknown compound that had a negative correlation with carnivore attraction
and hence could be masking the attractiveness of methyl salicylate. The results imply that the foraging success of natural
enemies of pests can be enhanced by breeding for crop varieties that release specific volatiles. 相似文献
11.
Jarmo K. Holopainen Juha Heijari Elina Oksanen Giorgio A. Alessio 《Journal of chemical ecology》2010,36(10):1068-1075
Deciduous trees remobilize the nitrogen in leaves during the process of autumn coloration, thus providing a high quality food
source for aphids preparing to lay over-wintering eggs. It has been suggested that aphids may use volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) to: (a) select leaves where nutrient remobilization has started and induced defenses are reduced; and (b) detect the
time of leaf abscission. We analyzed VOCs emitted by the foliage of Betula pendula Roth. during autumn coloration and from leaf litter just after leaf fall. We tested the hypothesis that costly, photosynthesis-related
terpenes and other herbivore-induced VOCs related to attraction of aphid parasitoids and predators are reduced during the
coloration process. We also investigated if the VOC emission profile of abscising leaves is different from that of early stage
yellowing leaves. Enemy-luring compounds (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) were emitted only from the green foliage. Methyl salicylate (MeSa), known to recruit
predatory bugs and attract migrant aphids, was emitted until the first stage of color change. Cis-3-hexenol, an indicator of cellular disintegration, became dominant in the emissions from abscising leaves and from fresh
leaf litter. We discuss the ecological significance of the observed changes in birch leaf VOC profiles during the process
of autumn senescence. 相似文献
12.
Maize roots respond to feeding by larvae of the beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera by releasing (E)-β-caryophyllene. This sesquiterpene, which is not found in healthy maize roots, attracts the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis megidis. In sharp contrast to the emission of virtually only this single compound by damaged roots, maize leaves emit a blend of
numerous volatile organic compounds in response to herbivory. To try to explain this difference between roots and leaves,
we studied the diffusion properties of various maize volatiles in sand and soil. The best diffusing compounds were found to
be terpenes. Only one other sesquiterpene known for maize, α-copaene, diffused better than (E)-β-caryophyllene, but biosynthesis of the former is far more costly for the plant than the latter. The diffusion of (E)-β-caryophyllene occurs through the gaseous rather than the aqueous phase, as it was found to diffuse faster and further
at low moisture level. However, a water layer is needed to prevent complete loss through vertical diffusion, as was found
for totally dry sand. Hence, it appears that maize has adapted to emit a readily diffusing and cost-effective belowground
signal from its insect-damaged roots. 相似文献
13.
Astrid Kännaste Henrik Nordenhem Göran Nordlander Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(10):1262-1271
Induced responses by Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings to feeding damage by two mite species were studied by analyzing the volatiles emitted during infestation. Four
specimens of a Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) clone were infested with mites of Nalepella sp., another four with Oligonychus ununguis, and four were kept mite-free as controls. After a year of infestation, spruce volatiles were collected, analyzed, and identified
using SPME-GC-MS. In addition, enantiomers of chiral limonene and linalool were separated by two-dimensional GC. Methyl salicylate
(MeSA), (-)-linalool, (E)-β-farnesene, and (E,E)-α-farnesene were the main volatiles induced by both species of mites, albeit in different proportions. The ability of the
main compounds emitted by the mite-infested spruces to attract or repel the pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.), was tested. (E)-β-farnesene was found to be attractive in the absence of spruce odor, whereas methyl salicylate had a deterrent effect in
combination with attractive spruce odor. The other tested compounds had no significant effects on the behavior of the weevils. 相似文献
14.
Verheggen FJ Fagel Q Heuskin S Lognay G Francis F Haubruge E 《Journal of chemical ecology》2007,33(11):2148-2155
The role of two volatile sesquiterpenes, (E)-β-farnesene and (−)-β-caryophyllene, in the chemical ecology of the multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, was investigated by using both electrophysiological and behavioral techniques. (E)-β-Farnesene is the major component of the alarm pheromone of most aphid species, which are preyed on by H. axyridis. (−)-β-Caryophyllene was previously isolated from the headspace volatiles above overwintering and aggregated H. axyridis females. These sesquiterpenes elicited significant electroantennogram (EAG) activity from both H. axyridis male and female antennae. In a four-arm olfactometer, male and female H. axyridis were highly attracted toward (E)-β-farnesene, whereas only males were attracted to (−)-β-caryophyllene. In a bioassay technique that used a passively ventilated
plastic box, both male and female H. axyridis aggregated in the (−)-β-caryophyllene-treated side of the box. These results support the potential usefulness of (E)-β-farnesene and (−)-β-caryophyllene in push–pull strategies that use H. axyridis as a biological control agent in aphid-infested sites or to control this new urban pest in residential structures. 相似文献
15.
Robert J. Bartelt Bruce W. Zilkowski Allard A. Cossé C. Dayton Steelman Narinderpal Singh 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(4):422-434
The lesser mealworm beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer), is a widespread serious pest in poultry production facilities and is difficult to control by conventional means.
Although pheromone-based tools have become useful in the management of other beetle pests, no pheromone was known for A. diaperinus, and this study sought to develop basic pheromone information. Volatiles were collected in the laboratory from groups of
male and female A. diaperinus maintained on poultry food (chick starter mash). Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles collected from
feeding males and females revealed five male-specific compounds that were identified as (R)-(+)-limonene, (E)-β-ocimene, (S)-(+)-linalool, (R)-(+)-daucene, and 2-nonanone. Emission of these began 1–2 weeks after adult emergence and could continue for at least 1 year,
ceasing and resuming in response to changes in food availability and quality and other factors. No female-specific compounds
were discovered. A synthetic blend of the five male compounds was attractive to both sexes in poultry production facilities
in Illinois and Arkansas, indicating that the blend functions as an aggregation pheromone, but it is not yet known whether
all five compounds are required for activity. A new pitfall trap is described for field use. 相似文献
16.
Jeyasankar Alagarmalai David Nestel Daniela Dragushich Ester Nemny-Lavy Leonid Anshelevich Anat Zada Victoria Soroker 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(5):542-551
The Ethiopian fruit fly, Dacus ciliatus, is an oligophagous pest of cucurbit crops, particularly melons, cucumbers, and marrows (summer squash). The present study
aimed to identify host attractants for D. ciliatus and was guided by a behavioral bioassay and an electrophysiological assay. We tested volatile compounds from the fruits of
a host plant, ripe and unripe Galia melon, Cucumis melo var. reticulates. Both sexes were attracted to melon volatiles. Those of ripe melon were preferred. Gas chromatography-electroantennographic
detection analysis of the behaviorally active ripe melon volatiles consistently showed that 14 compounds elicited similar
antennal responses from both sexes. Twelve compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using
GC-MS libraries, retention indices (RI), and authentic standards. The electrophysiological activities of the compounds that
were present at sufficient levels for identification, benzyl acetate, hexanyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-octenyl acetate, octanyl acetate, (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, and (E)-β-farnesene, were evaluated at six different dosage levels by using electroantennography (EAG). Benzyl and hexanyl acetates
elicited dose responses only in males, while other tested compounds elicited dose responses in both sexes. The strongest responses
were observed for doses between 100 ng and 10 μg. The dose response, in terms of attractiveness to synthetic compounds within
the active range (as determined by EAG), also was evaluated in the behavioral bioassay. Synthetic acetates were attractive
to both sexes when tested individually. Significant attraction was observed when individual compounds were applied in the
bioassay arena at doses of 0.5–1 μg/dispenser. Blends of compounds in equal proportions also were attractive to the insects.
The most attractive blend was a mixture of four or five identified acetates. The addition of an equal proportion of (E)-β-farnesene to this mixture had a deterrent effect. 相似文献
17.
The chemical ecology of the leafhopper, Cicadulina storeyi China (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), an important vector of Maize Streak Virus (MSV), was studied with a view to developing novel
leafhopper control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Choice tests using a Y-tube olfactometer revealed that odors from uninfested
maize seedlings (Zea mays cv. Delprim) were significantly more attractive to C. storeyi than odors from C. storeyi-infested seedlings. Headspace samples of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from 10 to 12 day-old uninfested seedlings
were more attractive than those collected from infested seedlings. While VOCs collected from uninfested maize seedlings were
attractive, VOCs collected from C. storeyi-infested seedlings were significantly repellent. Analysis of the collected VOCs by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) led to the identification of myrcene, linalool, (E)-2-decen-1-ol, and decanal from uninfested seedlings, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), methyl salicylate, benzyl acetate, indole, geranyl acetate, (E)-caryophyllene, α-bergamotene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene (TMTT) from infested seedlings. Of these, methyl salicylate, (E)-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, and TMTT were identified previously as volatile semiochemicals involved in plant defense against other sucking
insect pests. When tested individually for behavioral activity, all compounds were repellent for C. storeyi. Moreover, when these induced VOCs were added to the blend of VOCs from uninfested maize seedlings, a shift from attraction
to repellency was observed. Addition of methyl salicylate, (E)-β-farnesene, or TMTT resulted in a choice for the solvent control (i.e., repulsion), whereas addition of (E)-caryophyllene resulted in no reduction in host VOC attractiveness. These results show that VOCs induced in maize have the
potential to be exploited in the control of viruliferous leafhoppers in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
18.
The floral scent composition of 32 European and two Asian Salix L. species (Salicaceae) was analyzed. Intra- and interspecific variation was compared for a subset of 8 species. All Salix species are dioecious and floral scent was collected from both male and female individuals by using a dynamic headspace MicroSPE
method, and analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 48 compounds were detected, most of them being isoprenoids and benzenoids. Commonly
occurring compounds included trans-β-ocimene, cis-β-ocimene, benzaldehyde, d-limonene, α-pinene, cis-3-hexenyl aceatate, linalool, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, and β-pinene. Two compounds, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and trans-β-ocimene, were responsible for most of the interspecific variation. In a subset of eight extensively sampled species, six
had a characteristic floral scent composition; half of the pairwise species comparisons confirmed significant differences.
In three of these eight species, intraspecific variability could be explained by sex differences. Variation in Salix floral scent may provide specific signals that guide pollinators and thus contribute to the reproductive isolation of compatible
and cooccurring species. 相似文献
19.
Attraction and Oviposition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tuta absoluta</Emphasis> Females in Response to Tomato Leaf Volatiles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Proffit M Birgersson G Bengtsson M Reis R Witzgall P Lima E 《Journal of chemical ecology》2011,37(6):565-574
The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum throughout South and Central America and Europe. We aimed to characterize the behavioral mechanisms and the chemical cues
involved in host selection of T. absoluta females by chemical analysis of tomato leaf volatiles, wind tunnel attraction assays, and oviposition bioassays. Tomato leaf
odor elicited in mated females upwind orientation flight followed by landing as well as egg-laying, demonstrating the essential
role of plant volatiles in T. absoluta host-finding behavior. In wind tunnel and oviposition choice experiments, T. absoluta females significantly preferred tomato S. lycopersicum over wild tomato Solanum habrochaites, which is resistant to larval feeding. This indicates that leaf volatiles provide information on the suitability of plants
as larval hosts. Mated females also discriminated three cultivars of S. lycopersicum according to their volatile profiles. Headspace collections from leaves of these three cultivars contained large amounts
of β-phellandrene, followed by limonene, 2-carene, and (E)-β-caryophyllene, which together accounted for more than 70% of tomato foliage headspace. Most leaf volatiles were released
by all three cultivars, but they showed significant differences with respect to the presence of a few minor compounds and
blend proportion. This is an initial study of the volatile signatures that mediate attraction and oviposition of tomato leafminer
T. absoluta in response to its main host, tomato. 相似文献
20.
We compared the chemical compositions of the osmeterial secretions of fourth and fifth (last) instars of eight swallowtail species of the tribe Papilionini. Four species (Papilio demoleus, P. polytes, P. paris, and P. macilentus) are Asian Rutaceae-feeding swallowtails. The other four (Chilasa epicydes, C. agestor, P. troilus, and P. glaucus) represent more distant clades within the Papilionini and species with larval hosts in other plant families. We conducted a quantitative analysis for six species, but only qualitative analysis for P. glaucus and C. agestor. In all eight species, regardless of larval host plant, secretions of the fourth instar principally consisted of mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, whereas those of the fifth instar comprised aliphatic acids and their esters. Consistent with earlier findings, our results suggest that this “heterogeneous” pattern of osmeterial chemistry, not seen in other tribes, may characterize the Papilionini as a whole. Unlike those of most Papilio species, the fourth and fifth instars of Chilasa species resemble each other in body coloration. Thus, the heterogeneous osmeterial pattern is not necessarily associated with color change in papilionid larvae. The major terpenoids identified in fourth instar larval secretions from the six species were α-pinene, sabinene, β-myrcene, limonene, β-phellandrene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, p-mentha-1,4(8)-diene, β-elemene, β-caryophyllene, (E)-β-farnesene, (3Z,6E)-α-farnesene, (Z)-α-bisabolene, germacrene-A, (E)-α-bisabolene, and germacrene-B. The profiles for individual species differed both qualitatively and quantitatively from one another, and certain species also secreted methyl 3-hydroxy-n-butyrate and oxygenated sesquiterpenes in relatively large proportions. Secretions from fifth instars were composed of varying proportions of isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, and acetic acids, and methyl and ethyl (minor) esters of both isobutyric and 2-methylbutyric acids. The heterogeneity of osmeterial chemistry in the tribe Papilionini may represent fine-tuning of chemical defense in response to shifting predation pressures as the larvae age and grow. 相似文献