红外光谱分析技术在皮革及人工革鉴别中的应用

分析了皮革、再生革、PU革、PVC革和半PU革等各种皮革及人工革材料的红外光谱特征,并利用红外光谱分析法,结合现有的文献和标准,设计出一套同时涵盖天然皮革和人工革鉴别的系统性测试方案。经过验证,此方案可在实际应用中方便使用。     

显微红外光谱法鉴别全粒面革和头层修面革

使用Micro-FTIR对牛头层皮革材料进行分析,结果发现天然皮革中的全粒面头层皮革、修饰面头层皮革具有明显差异的显微红外光谱特征,根据显微红外光谱特征谱图能够鉴定全粒面头层皮革和修饰面头层皮革,并总结出这两类革类材料的显微红外光谱特征。     

皮革的红外光谱与拉曼光谱鉴别方法

皮革的材质鉴别是皮革及皮革制品检测中的基础项目,现行标准中鉴别皮革类别的主要方法有感官法、显微镜法和扫描电镜法,研究中的方法还有红外光谱法、DNA鉴别法等。研究使用红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法鉴别人工革和天然皮革,结果表明红外光谱可用来区分天然皮革、聚氯乙烯人工革和聚氨酯人工革,使用ATR附件采集样品的红外光谱法方便快捷;拉曼光谱也可用来区分天然皮革、聚氯乙烯人工革和聚氨酯人工革,采集谱图过程方便快捷且不受样品中水分的影响,谱峰尖锐,易于识别。     

红外光谱和光学显微镜两步法鉴别皮革的研究

建立了一种红外光谱-超景深光学显微镜"两步法"鉴别皮革材质的方法。首先建立皮革标准红外光谱库,并对样品进行红外光谱检测,通过与标准红外光谱库中谱图的对比,对样品的材质进行分析;其次采用超景深光学显微镜观察样品的粒面和截面,通过分析比较样品粒面和截面的特征,进一步确定样品的材质。结果表明,红外谱图的相似度分析能够初步鉴别出样品的纤维类别,超景深光学显微镜能够最终鉴别出天然皮革和人工革。     

ATR-FTIR结合化学计量学鉴别猪牛羊革的研究

利用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)技术采集猪、牛、羊革样品的红外光谱信息,分析皮革红外光谱特征。通过化学计量学对光谱数据进行处理,选择合适的光谱区域和预处理方法,建立定性鉴别皮革种类的判别分析模型(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)及方法。根据计算得到的马氏距离,由模型I对样品"牛/羊"和"猪"革种类进行判别,然后由模型Ⅱ进一步对"牛"和"羊"革种类进行判别。通过验证集样品对模型性能进行评价,结果表明模型Ⅰ对猪革判别正确率为100%;由于牛、羊革的光谱信息极为相似,模型Ⅱ判别正确率有所降低。     

再生革水份问题的探讨

再生革是部分或全部用皮革废料粉碎成的革纤维做纤维原料,加入粘合剂等材料加工成具有类似皮革性能的材料。再生革是天然皮革的重要的代用材料之一,能部分代替天然皮革制造革制品,例如制造内底、半托底和主跟等皮鞋另部件。制造和使用再生革     

真皮和人造革的红外光谱和扫描电镜鉴定方法

针对真皮与人造革使用红外光谱与扫描电竞发进行观察和坚定,坚定天然皮革材料中的牛、羊、猪皮等。在红外光谱方式的使用中天然皮革与人造革有非常显著的差别,并且可使用红外光谱图对其进行分析和鉴别,但是在实际鉴别过程中一定要注意操作的规范性以及测试的条件。使用扫描电镜鉴定法可基于样品的横截面对真皮以及人造革的类别进行清晰鉴定。     

真皮和人造革的红外光谱和扫描电镜鉴定方法研究

本研究主要采用红外光谱法对真皮和人造革进行鉴定,然后用扫描电镜对样品的横截面进行观察,鉴定出天然皮革中猪、牛、羊皮等。实验结果表明:天然皮革和人造革的红外光谱图有明显的差别,可以通过红外光谱图很容易对它们进行分析鉴别,但在测定时应该注意测试条件和规范操作;而用扫描电镜法通过观察样品的横截面的显微结构可以很清楚地鉴定出各种真皮和人造革的种类。     

再生革的特征与鉴别

再生革是天然皮革的替代品之一,是用皮革废料的纤维经粘合剂粘联而成的片状革材,所以,有人也称之为胶原纤维革或皮革纤维橡胶板。按用途可制成各种厚度的革材。在革胚的表面上,可进行表面修饰,从而形成一层各种颜色的修饰层,在修饰层表面可压上各式仿天然皮革的花纹,故而制成多式花色革种。一般来讲,再生革分板型和软质型     

仿皮革材料的发展及定性检测现状分析

简要介绍了人工革、再生革、超厚移膜革、涂层仿皮革织物4大类仿皮革材料的性能和发展情况,同时分析和讨论了仿皮革材料与天然革的定性检测现状,并给出了相关建议。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the