构形冗余概念及传感器系统冗余综合评估与配置

复杂控制系统中存在大量不同机理和作用方式的功能和硬件冗余,主动开发和配置这 种冗余是控制系统设计的重要课题.本文提出新的"构形冗余"概念,对不同的系统冗余提供了统 一的理解角度和通用冗余指标,可以综合评价系统中蕴涵的各种冗余,因而指导对这些冗余的统 一配置,提供新的系统主动生存性设计依据.构形冗余概念被具体用于传感器系统,给出了其构 形冗余指标的具体计算方法,并通过若干实例验证了上述方法在冗余综合评估与配置中的应用 效果.     

ControlNet冗余网络控制系统的设计与优化

通过分析ControlNet网络的原理,采用ControlLogix 5561控制器设计了一套ControlNet冗余网络控制系统;同时,总结ControlNet的工程优化方法,对设计的控制系统网络进行了优化,并对优化结果进行了分析.结果表明,优化后的网络更新时间NuT更短,对Con-trolNet网络冗余网络控制系统的设计和优化具有一定的参考价值.     

基于RTnet实时以太网的PAS200冗余控制系统设计

针对工业自动化领域中控制系统对可靠性、稳定性越来越高的需求,设计了以RS485总线通信为基础的PAS200冗余控制系统。文中介绍了PAS200冗余控制系统的整体架构,详细论述热备硬件控制器基于RTnet实时以太网完成任务、IEC程序、数据、时钟同步和软件冗余程序设计PAS200控制系统冗余。系统测试结果表明PAS200冗余控制系统具有较高的可靠性和实时性。     

集散型控制系统冗余方式的探讨

介绍了ＤＣ中冗余设计的几种方法,其中涉及电源,控制器,Ｉ／Ｏ模块,通信电缆以及整个控制系统的冗余问题,并对冗余方式的可靠性进行了分析。     

轨道车辆人机界面软件冗余设计与可靠性分析

人机界面软件的可靠性直接影响轨道车辆控制系统,甚至轨道车辆的可靠运行。为了提高人机界面软件的可靠性,对人机界面软件进行了冗余设计,在一些重要的功能模块中加入了冗余机制。综合考虑功能模块的可靠性要求、其自身的复杂度、实施冗余的代价等因素,采用了N-版本程序设计、恢复块技术等冗余技术。对进行冗余设计后的人机界面软件,使用基于场景的可靠性评估方法,分析了它的可靠性,并与冗余设计前进行对比。     

大屏幕显示系统双主机冗余控制设计与应用

为了提高计算机软件系统稳定性、通讯可靠性通常采用计算机双主机冗余设计来降低系统崩溃、通讯故障的几率。在工程应用中,大屏幕显示屏冗余显示控制系统的设计与实现显得尤为重要,本文主要描述了该系统的一种设计和实现方法。     

基于ControlNet现场总线的高炉水站控制冗余控制系统

在对ControlLogix冗余系统硬件配置进行分析的基础上,设计了由ControlNet构成的冗余网络控制系统,并成功应用在某高炉水站控制系统中,并介绍了控制系统的硬件组成及软件编程。     

基于Petri网的冗余控制系统建模与仿真

针对冗余控制系统在冗余处理方面存在的缺陷,对冗余软件进行建模分析,以便设计可靠的冗余软件.本文首先按照层次对冗余控制系统进行划分,指出冗余控制层两台工业控制机的状态转移方式;然后应用Petri网,按照层次对冗余软件进行建模,设计了冗余软件分层模型和整体模型;最后利用ExSpect仿真软件对模型进行仿真和正确性分析,给出仿真界面和仿真流程.经过仿真和分析可知,该模型是正确的、可行的,对冗余软件设计,具有一定的指导意义和实用性.     

基于RockwellControlLogix的烧结机烟气脱硫装置自动控制系统设计与实现

本文介绍了以罗克韦尔ControlLogix冗余PAC为核心的攀钢钒烧结机烟气脱硫装置自动控制系统。简述了烟气脱硫装置曲工艺流程及控制要求,着重描述了基于冗余PAC的该烟气脱硫控制系统的设计,主要包括系统硬件架构、采用RSView32组态软件的人机界面画面设计和采用RSLogix5000软件的PAC应用程序设计以及相关...     

高可靠性水厂综合自动化控制系统

为实现对自来水厂的高可靠性、综合自动化控制,根据冗余设计理论,设计了一套高可靠性水厂综合自动化控制系统。采用组态王监控软件、S7-400冗余PLC、GPRS和Profibus DP现场总线等技术,并根据工艺流程,设计了生产管理级和生产控制级的冗余控制系统。具体介绍了控制网络的具体组成和系统主要部件的工作基本原理。实际运行表明,该系统具有较高的自动化程度和可靠性,实现了自来水厂的管理控制一体化,且效果显著。     

Integration | Innovation | Inclusion: Values,Variables and the Design of Human Environments

Complexity, complication, contradiction, consumption, confusion, delusion, depression. Opportunity, inspiration, ingenuity, compassion, wisdom. Our world is perplexing, our times are fast moving, and our choices are many. To find an appropriate path is a daunting yet vital challenge that confronts us as individuals, as communities, and as a civilization. How sustainable is our world? How reasonable are our behaviors? The present article is a collection of thoughts on a series of intertwined issues related to the contemporary world, its environmental dimensions, and their present-day problems. The goal is to survey the landscape through a lens of Environmental Design, to provide some perspectives, to raise some questions, and to explore systems, beliefs, and values informing and influencing actions. It is important to consider how people's belief systems influence, inform, and shape actions. This holds true in realms political, spiritual, and cultural. It also proves relevant in the ways in which we imagine, design, develop, and construct our buildings, cities, spaces, and places.

Appropriate solutions to some of our most daunting problems will arise through the concerted efforts, open dialogue, and collective wisdom of the wide array of stakeholders, professionals, politicians, decision makers, and citizens (both engaged and disenfranchised) who have the will and wherewithal to make a difference and to make the world safer, healthier, and better. It seems vital for us to critically examine, and question, our belief systems and their connections to the ways we define, refine, and realize progress. Architecture and Environmental Design, in both a philosophical and a practical sense, reflect as well as form greater aspirations, directions, and events of our times.     

An LMI approach to robust reduced-order H ∞ filter design for polytopic uncertain systems

This paper proposes a method for robust reduced-order H _∞ filter design for polytopic uncertain systems, using linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Sufficient LMI conditions for both robust full- and reduced-order H _∞ filter design are derived. Convex optimization problems are formulated and solved to obtain optimal H _∞ filters by using the resulting LMI conditions. The resulting conditions do not involve any non-convex rank constraints, and thus the proposed method for H _∞ filter design guarantees global optimum solutions. Numerical examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Recommended by Editorial Board member Huanshui Zhang under the direction of Editor Young Il Lee. This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 Project and the Basic Research Program of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation under grant R01-2006-000-11373-0. Hyoun-Chul Choi received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Control and Instrumentation Engineering from Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, in 1995, 1997, and 2006, respectively. He was a Visiting Researcher at Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, from 2001 to 2002, and a Postdoctoral researcher at Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, from 2006 to 2007. Since 2008, he has been with ASRI, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, where he is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher. His research interests include LMI-based control, optimal and robust control, network-based control, and mechatronics. Dongkyoung Chwa received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from the Department of Control and Instrumentation Engineering in 1995 and 1997, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2001, all from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea. From 2001 to 2003, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher with Seoul National University. In 2003, he was a Visiting Research Fellow at The University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, and was the Honorary Visiting Academic at the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. In 2004, he was a BK21 Assistant Professor with Seoul National University. Since 2005, he has been an Assistant Professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea. His research interests are nonlinear, robust, and adaptive control theories and their applications to the robotics, underactuated systems including wheeled mobile robots, underactuated ships, cranes, and guidance and control of flight systems. Suk-Kyo Hong received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1971, 1973, and 1981, respectively. His major graduate research works were centered on speed control of induction motors. He was an Exchange Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, from 1982 to 1983, and at the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, France, from 1988 to 1989. He has been with the faculty of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea, since 1976, and was a Visiting Professor at Griffith University, Australia, in 2001 and 2002. His current research interests include robust robot control, microprocessor applications, factory automation, and computer integrated manufacturing.     

基于RGB-D信息的移动机器人SLAM和路径规划方法研究与实现

移动机器人在各种辅助任务中需具备自主定位、建图、路径规划与运动控制的能力。本文利用RGB-D信息和ORB-SLAM算法进行自主定位,结合点云数据和GMapping算法建立环境栅格地图,基于二次规划方法进行平滑可解析的路径规划,并设计非线性控制器,实现了由一个运动底盘、一个RGB-D传感器和一个运算平台组成的自主移动机器人系统。经实验验证,这一系统实现了复杂室内环境下的实时定位与建图、自主移动和障碍物规避。由此,为移动机器人的推广应用提供了一个硬件结构简单、性能良好、易扩展、经济性好、开发维护方便的解决方案。     

Remote sensing of soil salinity: potentials and constraints

Soil salinity caused by natural or human-induced processes is a major environmental hazard. The global extent of primary salt-affected soils is about 955 M ha, while secondary salinization affects some 77 M ha, with 58% of these in irrigated areas. Nearly 20% of all irrigated land is salt-affected, and this proportion tends to increase in spite of considerable efforts dedicated to land reclamation. This requires careful monitoring of the soil salinity status and variation to curb degradation trends, and secure sustainable land use and management. Multitemporal optical and microwave remote sensing can significantly contribute to detecting temporal changes of salt-related surface features. Airborne geophysics and ground-based electromagnetic induction meters, combined with ground data, have shown potential for mapping depth of salinity occurrence. This paper reviews various sensors (e.g. aerial photographs, satellite- and airborne multispectral sensors, microwave sensors, video imagery, airborne geophysics, hyperspectral sensors, and electromagnetic induction meters) and approaches used for remote identification and mapping of salt-affected areas. Constraints on the use of remote sensing data for mapping salt-affected areas are shown related to the spectral behaviour of salt types, spatial distribution of salts on the terrain surface, temporal changes on salinity, interference of vegetation, and spectral confusions with other terrain surfaces.As raw remote sensing data need substantial transformation for proper feature recognition and mapping, techniques such as spectral unmixing, maximum likelihood classification, fuzzy classification, band ratioing, principal components analysis, and correlation equations are discussed. Lastly, the paper presents modelling of temporal and spatial changes of salinity using combined approaches that incorporate different data fusion and data integration techniques.     

The national coal-resources data system of the U.S. geological survey

The National Coal Resources Data System (NCRDS) was designed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to meet the increasing demands for rapid retrieval of information on coal location, quantity, quality, and accessibility. An interactive conversational query system devised by the USGS retrieves information from the data bank through a standard computer terminal. The system is being developed in two phases.Phase I, which currently is available on a limited basis, contains published areal resource and chemical data. The primary objective of this phase is to retrieve, calculate, and tabulate coal-resource data by area on a local, regional, or national scale. Factors available for retrieval include: state, county, quadrangle, township, coal field, coal bed, formation, geologic age, source and reliability of data, and coal-bed rank, thickness, overburden, and tonnage, or any combinations of variables. In addition, the chemical data items include individual values for proximate and ultimate analyses, BTU value, and several other physical and chemical tests. Information will be validated and deleted or updated as needed.Phase II is being developed to store, retrieve, and manipulate basic point source coal data (e.g., field observations, drill-hole logs), including geodetic location; bed thickness; depth of burial; moisture; ash; sulfur; major-, minor-, and trace-element content; heat value; and characteristics of overburden, roof rocks, and floor rocks. The computer system may be used to generate interactively structure-contour or isoline maps of the physical and chemical characteristics of a coal bed or to calculate coal resources.     

State of the art in damage information modeling for RC bridges – A literature review

In Germany, bridges have an average age of 40 years. A bridge consumes between 0.4% and 2% of its construction cost per year over its entire life cycle. This means that up to 80% of the construction cost are additionally needed for operation, inspection, maintenance, and destruction. Current practices rely either on paper-based inspections or on abstract specialist software. Every application in the inspection and maintenance sector uses its own data model for structures, inspections, defects, and maintenance. Due to this, data and properties have to be transferred manually, otherwise a converter is necessary for every data exchange between two applications. To overcome this issue, an adequate model standard for inspections, damage, and maintenance is necessary. Modern 3D models may serve as a single source of truth, which has been suggested in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) concept. Further, these models offer a clear visualization of the built infrastructure, and improve not only the planning and construction phases, but also the operation phase of construction projects. BIM is established mostly in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector to plan and construct new buildings. Currently, BIM does not cover the whole life cycle of a building, especially not inspection and maintenance. Creating damage models needs the building model first, because a defect is dependent on the building component, its properties and material. Hence, a building information model is necessary to obtain meaningful conclusions from damage information. This paper analyzes the requirements, which arise from practice, and the research that has been done in modeling damage and related information for bridges. With a look at damage categories and use cases related to inspection and maintenance, scientific literature is discussed and synthesized. Finally, research gaps and needs are identified and discussed.     

面向大尺寸货物运送的吊车控制方法综述

随着现代化工业和基础设施建设的飞速发展,面向大尺寸货物运送的吊车系统以其高负载能力、低成本的显著优势广泛应用于集装箱搬运、风机安装、飞机机翼机身移动、水轮发电机转子安装、海上钻井平台搭建等诸多重要领域。然而,相对于传统的点质量单摆吊车系统,面向大尺寸货物运送的吊车系统具有更高的欠驱动程度、更强的状态耦合性和更加复杂的非线性,给大尺寸货物高效、安全的运送控制带来严峻挑战。本文首先简单阐述了面向大尺寸货物运送吊车系统不同吊装形式的建模、优势和缺点;然后,详细介绍了点质量双摆吊车系统、分布式质量双摆吊车系统和多吊车协同运送系统控制的研究现状;最后,对面向大尺寸货物运送吊车系统控制的研究现状进行概括,并对可能存在的关键问题和未来的研究方向进行了讨论和展望。     

Expert system verification and validation: a survey and tutorial

Assuring the quality of an expert system is critical. A poor quality system may make costly errors resulting in considerable damage to the user or owner of the system, such as financial loss or human suffering. Hence verification and validation, methods and techniques aimed at ensuring quality, are fundamentally important. This paper surveys the issues, methods and techniques for verifying and validating expert systems. Approaches to defining the quality of a system are discussed, drawing upon work in both computing and the model building disciplines, which leads to definitions of verification and validation and the associated concepts of credibility, assessment and evaluation. An approach to verification based upon the detection of anomalies is presented, and related to the concepts of consistency, completeness, correctness and redundancy. Automated tools for expert system verification are reviewed. Considerable attention is then given to the issues in structuring the validation process, particularly the establishment of the criteria by which the system is judged, the need to maintain objectivity, and the concept of reliability. This is followed by a review of validation methods for validating both the components of a system and the system as a whole, and includes examples of some useful statistical methods. Management of the verification and validation process is then considered, and it is seen that the location of methods for verification and validation in the development life-cycle is of prime importance.