非晶态Se薄膜晶化过程中微裂纹产生的研究

薄膜在热处理过程中存微晶结构的变化。利用光学显微镜对非晶态Ｓｅ薄膜在晶化过程中微裂纹的产生做了详细的分析和研究，利用位形坐标解释了非晶薄膜室温下的转为的原因。并对三层结构的ＳｉＯ／Ｓｅ／ＳｉＯ的晶化做了进一步研究，结果表明微裂纹产生与晶化过程中砂揶重新排序，原子迁移导致晶界的产生和体积收缩产生的应力有关，裂纹的产生还同薄膜与衬底间的热失配有关。     

砷化镓单晶中微晶和非晶的形成机制

利用高分辨电子显微镜对0.0049N和0.049N荷载Vickers压痕锈发砷化镓单晶的相转变进行了观察和研究,结果表明,在大小压痕作用下分别发生了单晶向和微晶的转变,微晶的结构由小于10nm,取向各异的纳米晶和非晶组成,在完全非晶化的结构中存在少量由几个原子组成的原子簇,在非晶和晶体的交界区能观察到许多晶体缺陷以及沿这些缺陷产生的晶格扭曲和非晶相岛,对这种非晶化现象提出了两种可能的诱发机制,高压力诱导非晶化和剪切诱导非晶化。     

Fe43Cr16Mo16C18B5Y2大块非晶合金的晶化行为及力学性能研究

采用铜模吸铸法制备出Fe43Cr16Mo16C18B5Y2块体非晶合金,并用XRD、SEM、DSC、硬度和压痕实验分别研究了该合金的结构、压缩断口形貌、晶化特征、硬度和断裂韧度.由热分析曲线得到玻璃转变温度(Tg)、晶化起始温度(Tx)和晶化峰值温度(Tp),这些特征温度具有明显的动力学效应.用Kissinger方法计算出不同升温速率下该Fe基块体非晶合金的玻璃转变激活能Eg、晶化激活能Ex、激活能Ep,结果表明该合金具有较高的热稳定性.力学实验结果表明,该块体非晶合金的硬度高达1178kg/mm2,断裂韧度为7.614MPa·m1/2,呈典型的脆性断裂,通过压缩断口形貌的观察发现该块体非晶合金的断裂呈现剪切断裂模式.     

镍基单晶高温合金热机疲劳断裂特征

为了进一步提高镍基单晶高温合金的热机疲劳性能,通过微观结构解析研究了合金热机疲劳断裂特征.通过金相和扫描电子显微镜研究了热机疲劳断裂的断口特征和微观结构.研究表明:裂纹起源于形变孪晶与试样外表面的交截处,过程中的氧化有助于裂纹的长大;裂纹尖端的应力场诱发出大量形变孪晶,而形变孪晶的存在为裂纹进一步沿着孪晶界扩展提供了便利条件;镍基单晶高温合金的疲劳断裂主要是由于形变孪晶的形成以及裂纹沿孪晶界的扩展造成的.形变孪晶与高温合金疲劳断裂密切相关.     

Zr-Al-Cu-Ni-Ag非晶复合材料的显微硬度和剪切带形貌

使用差氏扫描量热仪、维氏显微硬度计和扫描电子显微镜研究了过冷液相区内不同温度等温退火处理对Zr-Al-CuNi-Ag块体非晶合金的显微硬度和剪切带形核、扩展的影响。结果表明,等温退火处理后非晶合金的初晶相为二十面体准晶相(I-相),其体积分数随着退火温度的升高呈现上升的趋势;复合材料的显微硬度随着晶化体积分数的升高呈现增大的趋势;界面压痕下方剪切带密度随着晶化体积分数的升高则呈现下降的趋势。这是等温退火导致非晶合金发生结构弛豫和第二相析出综合作用的结果。     

分子动力学模拟金属玻璃Cu应力晶化的应变率效应

采用Mishin镶嵌原子势，通过分子动力学方法模拟了零温下非晶金属Cu在不同应变率条件下的拉伸变形过程和应力晶化行为，分析了此过程中原子体系应力与结构组态的变化．结果表明：在应变率10^8s^-1-10^9s^-1范围内，金属玻璃Cu的塑性流动应力随着应变率的提高而增大，弹性模量约为55GPa．在塑性流动过程中发生应力晶化现象，伴随着明显的晶核形成与生长过程，晶化程度随着应变率的增加而加剧．应力效应和温度效应都是导致金属玻璃晶化的重要途径，形成的少量纳米晶粒是导致剪切带的形成和扩展的可能因素．     

SHS纳米/微米块体复相陶瓷微观结构与断裂

通过在(CrO3 Al)燃烧体系中添加一定量的ZrO2(2Y)粉末,利用SHS冶金技术直接制备出Al2O3-35vol%ZrO2纳米/微米结构块体复相陶瓷,研究该复相陶瓷的微观结构与断裂行为.研究发现:该复相陶瓷基体主要由纳米/微米相晶内型结构共晶体组织构成;Vickers压痕试验显示引发陶瓷裂纹扩展的压痕压制临界载荷为30 kg;ZrO2相所具有的应力诱发相变增韧机制和微裂纹增韧机制均很微弱;裂纹扩展主要受纳米/微米相晶内型结构共晶体控制,使该复相陶瓷在断裂过程中呈现出强烈的裂纹偏转绕过机制.     

化学镀Ni-P镀层晶化过程研究

化学镀Ni-P镀层的显微组织对其服役性能有重要影响.通过SEM、TEM、XRD和DTA等分析手段,研究了压铸镁合金表面Ni-P镀层的晶化过程.结果表明,初始化学镀层不仅有非晶,还有亚稳态纳米晶;镀层的初始晶化温度大约为300 ℃,450 ℃晶化过程完成;升温过程中的原子扩散和纳米晶的长大导致有新的亚稳态相析出和转变;有序畴和析出物一起长大最终产生晶界.     

纳米/微米结构Al2O3-ZrO2复相陶瓷韧化力学

通过对纳米/微米结构A12O3-ZrO2共晶复相陶瓷的Vickers压痕测试、SEM观察与XRD分析,发现该陶瓷裂纹属于中位裂纹系统,诱发该复相陶瓷中位裂纹扩展的压痕压制载荷临界值为30 kg,复相陶瓷的裂纹扩展主要受纳米/微米相晶内型结构所控制,纳米/微米相增韧机制决定着该陶瓷的韧化力学.     

非晶软磁合金Co_(65)Fe_4Ni_2Si_(15)B_(14)的纳米晶化动力学研究

采用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)和X射线衍射技术(XRD)研究了非晶态合金Co_(65)Fe_4Ni_2Si_(15)B_(14)的非等温晶化动力学.结果表明,初始晶化的晶化峰值温度T_p与升温速率β呈线性关系:T_p=11.49lnβ+795.43.采用Kissinger和Doyle-Ozawa方法计算了表观晶化激活能E_a,分别为471.68kJ/mol和461.50kJ/mol.进一步研究发现,该非晶合金的晶化为多阶段的连续形核直至饱和的过程;当进入稳定晶化阶段时,剩余非晶的局域晶化激活能逐渐下降,非晶基体的热稳定性降低,这是由B原子的高温扩散导致的.同时,局域Avrami指数n(α)也反映了不同晶化阶段的形核长大机制.     

Effect of silane flow rate on structural,electrical and optical properties of silicon thin films grown by VHF PECVD technique

Hydrogenated silicon thin films deposited by VHF PECVD process for various silane flow rates have been investigated. The silane flow rate was varied from 5 sccm to 30 sccm, maintaining all other parameters constant. The electrical, structural and optical properties of these films were systematically studied as a function of silane flow rate. These films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. Different crystalline volume fraction (22%–60%) and band gap (∼1.58 eV–∼1.96 eV) were achieved for silicon thin films by varying the silane concentration. A transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline silicon has been confirmed by Raman and FTIR analysis. The film grown at this transition region shows the high conductivity in the order of 10⁻⁴ Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹.     

Raman scattering studies of InP nanostructures created by MeV Sb ion implantation

We have investigated the nanostructures created via MeV implantations by utilizing the techniques of Raman scattering and scanning probe microscope (SPM). SPM demonstrates that a large number of nanostructures are smaller than 100 nm in size and lower than 4 nm in height. SPM and Raman scattering techniques have been combined to show that although InP surfaces initially become rougher with increasing fluence, they become smoother after critical fluence when the crystalline/amorphous phase transition takes place. Raman spectroscopy further suggests an increase in tensile stress on the InP surface with increasing ion fluences. Phonon confinement model (PCM) has been applied to investigate the correlation length of the crystalline nano-zones in the InP lattice. Results indicate that crystalline nano-zones of 35 A may be embedded in the InP lattice at high fluences.     

On molecular and textural reorientations in polyethylene caused by applied stress

Biaxially oriented branched polyethylene was used as a model material for an investigation of crystalline polymer structure and deformation mechanisms. Within the prepared form of this material were regions with a morphology consisting of alternate crystalline lamellae and amorphous layers. X-ray methods were used to assess the reorientations of the crystalline texture, and also of the chains of which the crystals were composed, when a uniaxial stress was applied at constant temperature. The initial orientation and the compressive stress system were such that rotation of undeformed lamellae took place, in accordance with an interlamellar slip mechanism, as previously observed. A transition to an intralamellar slip mode occurred when the lamellae became normal to the stress axis, and the X-ray long spacing then decreased with further compression. With simple geometric assumptions the angular rotation of chain directions is related to the above change in interlamellar separation; a quantitative explanation of the total deformation, however, requires the existence of amorphous polymer other than that between the lamellae, a finding which supports a structural suggestion made earlier.     

Atomistic insights into Li-ion diffusion in amorphous silicon

Silicon has been critically examined for its potential use as an electrode material for Li-ion batteries. Diffusive transport of Li-ions in the crystalline silicon anode is one of the key mechanisms that controls the deformation during lithiation, the rate of the charge–discharge cycle, and eventual mechanical failure. The use of amorphous silicon, instead of its crystalline counterpart, is considered to offer several advantages. The atomistic mechanisms underpinning diffusive transport of Li-ions in amorphous silicon are, however, poorly understood. Conventional molecular dynamics, if used to obtain atomistic insights into the Li-ion transport mechanism, suffers from several disadvantages: the relaxation times of Li ion diffusion in many of the diffusion pathways in amorphous Si are well beyond the short time scales of conventional molecular dynamics. In this work we utilize a sequence of approaches that involve the employment of a novel and recently developed potential energy surface sampling method, kinetic Monte Carlo, and the transition state theory to obtain a realistic evaluation of Li-ion diffusion pathways in amorphous Si. Diffusive pathways are not a priori set but rather emerge naturally as part of our computation. We elucidate the comparative differences between Li-ion diffusion in amorphous and crystalline Si as well as compare our results with past studies based on other methods.     

Nutzung von Low‐Transformation‐Temperature‐Werkstoffen (LTT) zur Eigenspannungsreduzierung im Elektronenstrahlschweißprozess

Low‐Transformation‐Temperature materials (LTT) were designed to reduce delay as well as residual tensile stress in welds on carbon‐manganese steels. Using the volume expansion effect during a martensitic transformation these materials counteract the volume shrinkage during cooling. While this positive effects on residual stress relief by Low‐Transformation‐Temperature‐alloys has been proven in various studies, these alloys have always been used in large volumes as additional filler material in electric arc welding processes. Modular heat fields initiated by an electron‐beam‐welding‐process offers the potential of a time‐activated initiation of compressive stresses triggered by phase transformation of Low‐Transformation‐Temperature‐alloys. Developing a technology able to reduce residual stress and thus the deformation of complex welded components is the aim. The first approach of Low‐Transformation‐Temperature‐material used in the electron beam process and its behaviour is presented here.     

Photonic band gaps in quasicrystal-related approximant structures

Abstract

We propose a method for a systematic investigation of quasicrystal-related approximant structures in view of photonic bandgap applications. A detailed study is presented in the case of approximants formed by dielectric cylinders and constructed from a two-dimensional quasiperiodic lattice with octagonal symmetry. We show that isotropic photonic bandgaps are obtained even for the lowest order approximants generated by successive hyperspace shear. The main Fourier components of the dielectric function, responsible for the first photonic bandgap opening, are derived from the main component set of the quasiperiodic lattice. The magnitudes of the corresponding Brillouin zone vectors are shown to be directly related to the average distance between the planes passing by the dielectric cylinders. In other words, the approximant gap position is rather determined by the fundamental lattice parameters common to the quasiperiodic and approximant structures than by the approximant period. We also show that structure point symmetry is not indispensable for the band gap opening.     

The nature of amorphization in crystalline systems

The conditions of the transition from the crystalline to amorphous state and the process of amorphization of crystalline systems under cold plastic deformation have been studied. Two concepts of crystalline system amorphization are considered. Fusion and amorphization in the solid state are analysed, particularly in terms of the thermodynamics of reversible processes of the transition from the crystalline to the amorphous state. The mechanism of amorphization of a crystalline alloy is considered when it undergoes deformation or low-temperature annealing. The emphasis is on the system of Fe-B alloys.     

Raman microprobe investigation of the calcium phosphate phases of three commercially available plasma-flame-sprayed hydroxyapatite-coated dental implants

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the crystallographic properties of three commercially plasma-flame-sprayed hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings on dental implants. For this purpose a Raman microprobe (MOLE U1000) was used. No preparation of the surfaces was necessary to examine the thin ceramic surface layers. Microspectra (5 µm) and macrospectra (100 µm) have been measured and compared to the spectra of crystalline and amorphous HAp as well as to the spectra of tricalciumphosphate. All implants showed spectra that were more like that of the amorphous phase of HAp than any of the other examined reference materials. However, the implant spectra exhibited an extra band that as yet has not been identified. This band is probably indicative of some structure within the sprayed amorphous phase. Such structural effects would result either directly from quenching from the plasma state or by incorporation of titanium into the lattice during plasma treatment.     

Thermal conductivity of Tecamax® SRP from millikelvin temperatures to room temperature

Tecamax® SRP (self-reinforced polyphenylene) is a new commercially available amorphous polymer which is suitable for use at cryogenic temperatures. It has a high tensile strength (210 MPa at room temperature), resulting from the molecular structure of the polymer rather than by the addition of reinforcing materials. We have measured the thermal conductivity between 60 mK and 280 K. We find that the conductivity below 10 K is similar to, but lower than, most amorphous materials, and the material offers a good combination of low conductivity at low temperatures and high tensile strength. Our results suggest that the material may in fact have a small crystalline component, which may be a partial explanation for the low conductivity. Above 10 K, the temperature dependence of the conductivity is different from most amorphous materials. We are unaware of previous measurements of the thermal conductivity of this material, even at room temperature.     

Crystallization of polylactide and its stereocomplex investigated by two-dimensional fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy employing carbonyl overtones

The band origins and transitions of weak vibrational modes developed in the 3500 cm(-1) region of polylactide (PLA) spectra during crystallization are investigated. The band assignment to the OH stretching mode of terminal hydroxyls is unlikely because the trace amount of chain-ends is negligible considering the long chain of high molecular weight polymer. The band intensity can be enhanced for quantitative study by increasing the sample film thickness. The results show that the transition patterns of these bands mimic those of C=O stretching modes. Therefore, these are assigned to C=O overtones. Two bands associated with crystalline and amorphous characteristics are revealed during cold crystallization. The crystalline C=O bands of PDLA and its stereocomplex counterpart are located at 3510 cm(-1) and 3482 cm(-1), respectively, indicating a weaker C=O bond in the latter crystal structure. Two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared (2D-FT-IR) correlation spectroscopy is then applied to study the correlation between C=O overtones and the crystalline characteristic band located near 900 cm(-1). The transitions of the two vibrational modes observed in crystallization of the stereocomplex are in-phase with each other. This reflects an involvement of short-range hydrogen bonding in the stereocomplex crystal structure. In contrast, crystallization of PDLA shows that the C=O overtone varies prior to that of the C-H character, indicating that dipole-dipole force is a crystal-induced interaction.