焦糖色素生产及应用的进展

综述了国内外焦糖色素发展的现状、分类、生产方法、理化性质及在食品中的应用;着重介绍了焦糖色素制备中的反应机制、美拉德反应、焦糖化反应。     

焦糖色素生产及应用的进展

综述了国内外焦糖色素发展的现状、分类、生产方法、理化性质及在食品中的应用;着重介绍了焦糖色素制备中的反应机制、美拉德反应、焦糖化反应。      

毛细管气相色谱法测定焦糖色素中的4-甲基咪唑

研究了焦糖色素中4-甲基咪唑含量的气相色谱分析方法。样品在层析柱中用二氯甲烷洗脱，洗脱液浓缩直接进行气相色谱分析。采用HP-5毛细管柱分离样品，NP检测器测定4-甲基咪唑的含量。方法的线性范围为0．025～0.3mg／L；最低检测浓度为0.01mg／L；加样平均回收率为92．5％～99．0％；相对标准偏差为0．6％～1．1％。结果表明：该方法具有操作简便、快速、准确等优点。     

低4-甲基咪唑焦糖色素制备工艺优化

为研究减少焦糖色素中4-甲基咪唑(4-Methylimidazole,4-MeI)生成的工艺,以葡萄糖为原料,碳酸铵为催化剂,利用高压反应制备4-甲基咪唑含量低、色率及红色素指数高的焦糖色素。采用正交试验设计考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂添加量(以NH₄⁺计)、葡萄糖液质量浓度四个因素对焦糖色素的色率、红色指数、4-甲基咪唑含量的影响。结果表明,利用综合平衡法确定生产参数为135 ℃、80 min、3% NH₄⁺及500 g/L 葡萄糖浓度,制备得到的氨法焦糖色素色率6.73×10⁴ EBC,红色素指数5.21,4-甲基咪唑的含量198.34 μg/mL。通过对焦糖色素的生产工艺进行优化,得到了4-MeI明显降低的焦糖色素,为其生产提供了理论依据。     

低4-甲基眯唑含量的焦糖色素制备工艺的研究

本文以精炼糖糖蜜为原料,采用氨法成功制备出低4-甲基咪唑含量的焦糖色素。通过单因素试验研究,确定了影响焦糖色素中4-甲基咪唑含量的主要因素及其合理的正交实验水平范围,再以正交实验确定制备低4-甲基咪唑含量焦糖色素的工艺为：反应温度115℃,反应时间90min,在反应过程中逐滴加入铵盐,铵盐添加量为6％。     

高效液相色谱法测定焦糖色素中的4-甲基咪唑

建立了高效液相色谱测焦糖色素中4-甲基咪唑的方法。样品经碱性条件下三氯甲烷-无水乙醇萃取和硫酸水溶液反萃取后,用反向色谱柱HypersilBDSC18(4.6mmi.d.×250mm,5um)分离,以体积比为5∶95的甲醇-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(含0.005mol/L庚烷磺酸钠,pH3.5)为流动相,在UV215nm波长条件下检测了自制及几种市售焦糖色素中的4-甲基咪唑的含量。并试验了不同流动相pH值和甲醇浓度对4-甲基咪唑分离的影响。本法平均加标回收率为94.7%,检出限为0.7ng。     

利用玉米粉加压生产焦糖色素

本文研究了利用玉米粉加压生产焦糖色素生产工艺，讨论了条件对产品质量和产率的影响，选择了最佳的工艺条件。     

气相色谱法同时检测焦糖色素中的2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑

建立了顶空进样毛细管气相色谱法同时测定焦糖色素中2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑含量的方法。采用HP-5毛细管柱,氮磷检测器,溶剂为二氯甲烷,内标N,N-二甲基苯胺。2-甲基咪唑和4-甲基咪唑的线性范围分别为0.0125～0.150μg/mL和0.025～0.295μg/mL,最低检测浓度分别为0.001μg/mL和0.002μg/mL;回收率在99%以上,相对标准偏差在2%之内。该方法重现性好、简单、快速、准确,能满足对分析检测的需要,适合对焦糖色素的质量进行控制。     

顶空进样-毛细管气相色谱法检测饮料用焦糖色素中的4-甲基咪唑

建立了顶空进样-毛细管气相色谱法测定饮料用焦糖色素中4-甲基咪唑含量的方法。采用HP-5毛细管柱、氮磷检测器,溶剂为二氯甲烷,内标为N,N-二甲基苯胺。方法的线性范围为0．025μg／ml-0．295μg／ml,最低检测浓度为0．01μg/ml;回收率在99％以上,相对标准偏差在2％之内。该方法重现性好、简单、快速、准确,能满足分析检测的需要。     

焦糖色素过量可致癌台湾将出台限量标准

近日,台湾证实天然色素焦糖色素（Caramel）可产生化学物质“4-甲基咪唑”（4-MethylimidazoIe,简称4-MEI）,并已证实过量有致痛风险。     

焦糖色素使用过程中的亮度问题

列举了焦糖色素使用过程中表述亮度的五种类型，并从澄明度、水溶性、耐盐性、抗氧化性等方面对影响亮度的因素进行了阐述，为合理选用焦糖色素提供了经验和理论参考。     

焦糖色的特性和在黄酒中的作用

简述了焦糖色的制作、特性、分类和产品质量指标，并提出了焦糖色在黄酒中的应用、添加量、作用和对黄酒胶体稳定性的影响及质量控制要求。     

焦糖色素的生产现状及其在食品工业中的应用

随着焦糖色素使用范围扩大，对焦糖色素的原料来源、质量、生产方式要求也逐步提高。应用淀粉类、废蜜类等传统和新开发的焦糖色素生产原料可以以不同的生产方式生产焦糖色素。焦糖色素在软饮料类、酒类、调味品类食品领域中的应用不断扩大，其发展方向也是品种更多样，食用更安全。     

Development of caramel colour with improved colour stability and reduced 4-methylimidazole

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of chemical substances, such as Mg²⁺ (as magnesium sulphate), Zn²⁺ (as zinc sulphate), Fe²⁺ (as iron sulphate), ascorbic acid, and citric acid, on the formation of 4-methylimidazole (4-MI) and colour stability of caramel colour. The 4-MI concentration in the caramel colour without chemical substances was 963.10 μg/g, and this decreased the most (67.7%) with the addition of 0.1 molar ratio of citric acid. Colour stability was evaluated by measuring the total colour change (ΔE) after storage, and heating in pH 2, 4, and 7 solutions and 50% solution in ethyl alcohol. Among the chemical substances added to reduce 4-MI in the caramel colour, Mg²⁺ (0.1 molar ratio) and ascorbic acid improved the colour stability more than the others.     

A U.S. population dietary exposure assessment for 4-methylimidazole (4-MEI) from foods containing caramel colour and from formation of 4-MEI through the thermal treatment of food

ABSTRACT

4-Methylimidazole (4-MEI) is formed in caramel colours produced using ammonium compounds (Class III and Class IV caramel colours). 4-MEI can also form in food through Maillard reactions between reducing sugars and amino acids during cooking, roasting or dry-heating. The USFDA has analysed over 700 food and beverage samples collected from 2013 to 2015 for the presence of 4-MEI. These samples include foods containing added caramel colour and foods that are not labelled as containing added caramel colour, but which may contain 4-MEI resulting from thermal treatment. The 4-MEI levels in all food samples were quantified using LC-MS/MS. These data were used to develop a comprehensive dietary exposure assessment for 4-MEI for the U.S. population aged 2 years or more and several sub-populations, using two non-consecutive days of food consumption data from the combined 2009–2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and 10–14-day food consumption survey data for 2009–2012 from the NPD Group, Inc. National Eating Trends–Nutrient Intake Database. Dietary exposure estimates were prepared for each category of foods labelled as containing added caramel colour and of foods not labelled as containing added caramel colour, but which may contain 4-MEI from thermal treatment. Exposure to 4-MEI from consumption of foods containing added caramel colour was higher than that from foods that contain 4-MEI from thermal treatment for all population groups. Cola-type carbonated beverages were the highest contributors for most populations from foods containing added caramel colour. Coffee was the highest contributor for most populations from foods in which 4-MEI could be formed from thermal treatment. An overall combined exposure to 4-MEI was also estimated that included all foods identified as containing added caramel colour and foods in which 4-MEI could be formed by thermal treatment.     

挤压生产焦糖色素的研究--挤压机种类和有关结构参数对产品质量的影响

研究了直接以淀粉为原料挤压生产固体焦糖色素时，挤压机种类和有关结构参数对产品质量的影响。结果表明：双螺杆挤压机更适合于生产焦糖色素；螺杆元件理想的组合方式、增大螺杆长径比、减小模孔直径，可提高产品质量。     

我国鲜食玉米标准体系及营养标准研究

近年来我国鲜食玉米产业发展迅猛, 但同时也暴露出诸多产业乱象。梳理现有鲜食玉米标准体系是促进产业标准化、规范化的重要举措。本文通过对我国现行鲜食玉米标准进行梳理, 总结出目前我国鲜食玉米标准体系中抽样及一般性检测标准较完善、技术规程体系成熟、标准体系框架已建立的特点; 同时提出我国鲜食玉米标准体系存在技术规程标准内容重复、品质分级标准混乱、缺乏营养评价指标相关标准、感官评价标准混乱、缺乏甜糯玉米和笋玉米的相关标准、标准体系结构不合理等的问题; 并针对上述问题提出对应应统一技术规程标准, 建立营养评价体系, 统一品质分级标准, 统一感官评价指标, 完善甜糯玉米和笋玉米相关标准的解决办法。为鲜食玉米标准体系的建设及规范化提供参考和建议。     

餐饮企业自制鲜榨果汁卫生质量的调查与分析

目的 了解苏州市姑苏区餐饮单位自制鲜榨果汁卫生微生物污染情况。 方法 2013至2014年抽取区内餐饮企业现售的鲜榨果汁及加工用具共117件（份）,检测菌落总数、大肠菌群、致病菌。 结果 鲜榨果汁中检出霉菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,菌落总数、大肠菌群和致病菌合格率分别为93.0%、68.4%、84.2%。2014年鲜榨果汁卫生指标合格率高于2013年,两年分别为73.3%、48.2%。一次性杯子卫生指标合格率均为100%。榨汁机菌落总数、致病菌合格率均为100%,大肠菌群合格率为86.7%。 结论 鲜榨果汁容易受卫生微生物污染,需加强对鲜榨果汁制售单位监督和管理。     

Shelf-life of fresh noodles as affected by chitosan and its Maillard reaction products

The effects of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) prepared from chitosan and xylose on the shelf-life of fresh noodles were studied. A model system consisting of chitosan and xylose (1:1.5, w/w) dispersed in distilled water with pH values of 5, 6, 7, 9 was used. The systems were heated to 95 °C for up to 60 h. The development of brown color was more pronounced in the model system with a higher initial pH of the water. The antibacterial activity of chitosan increased at the beginning of the Maillard reaction, and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of chitosan against Bacillus subtilis CCRC 10258 decreased to 50 μg/ml of medium from 250 μg as a result of the Maillard reaction. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to chitosan or its MRPs than Gram-negative bacteria. MRP of chitosan/xylose showed a bactericidal effect against Bacillus subtilis CCRC 10258, while chitosan showed a bacteriostatic effect prior to the occurrence of the Maillard reaction. Addition of 0.05 g/100 ml chitosan (in 0.5 ml/100 ml acetic acid) to fresh noodle formulation resulted in an extension of its shelf-life for 6 more days when stored at 4 °C. However, addition of MRP resulted in the longer shelf-life lasting 14 days when stored at 4 °C.     

热协同高压处理对鲜榨苹果汁中酚类和VC的影响

探讨热协同高压对鲜榨苹果汁酚类和Vc的影响。结果表明：400MPa时，处理后酚类物质相比处理前的有所减少，差异显著（P〈0．05）。600MPa处理后各种酚类略有减少，但没有显著差异。压力为800MPa时，各种酚类物质的含量增加。40℃协同500MPa的处理后，果汁中酚类物质的含量与处理前相比没有显著差异（P〉0．05），50℃和60℃协同500MPa处理后，除了聚原花色素外、其他酚类比处理前显著增高外，果汁的L值显著升高，果汁色泽改善，但还原型Vc的损失明显大于单独压力处理的。