Moiré Interferometry Analysis of Fiber Debonding

Progressive fiber debonding in steel fiber∕cementitious matrix composites has been studied using a single fiber pullout test that permits simultaneous measurements of the load versus crack opening displacement relationship and Moiré interferometry fringe patterns. Analysis of Moiré interferometry patterns allows the fiber axial and interfacial shear stresses to be calculated along the entire fiber length. The interfacial shear stress distribution along the debonded length of the fiber indicates a steep decrease in shear stress with interfacial slip, from 6 to 1 MPa for 7 μm of fiber slip and a crack opening displacement of 22 μm. These results suggest that improvements in the toughness of cement-based composites could be achieved by developing materials in which the decrease in shear stress is less severe.     

东芝时尚Portégé T210

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Social characteristics of urban café guests in Norway

Which factors may influence the number of hours spent per week in cafés, and the amount of alcohol consumed in licensed premises, by urban café guests in Norway? In 1991 a comprehensive questionnaire survey was undertaken among 1053 visitors to 41 licensed cafés in Oslo, Norway. The five most important predictors of time spent in cafés were: household situation (beta = 0.20), occupation (beta = 0.18), personal economic resources and sex (both beta = 0.15) and age (beta = 0.11). These factors were also significant predictors of the number of days during the past 4 weeks the respondents had drunk four glasses or more of alcohol in cafés. Men, people living with others, people with poor economic resources and people not engaged in paid employment or education were the ones who reported spending the most hours per week and the most episodes of "heavy" drinking in cafés during a 4-week period. Visiting and drinking in cafés may be a way of structuring everyday life.     

Experimental R-curve behavior in partially stabilized zirconia using moiré interferometry

Moiré interferometry is employed to study toughening in partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ). Energy to fracture as a function of crack growth curves (R-curves) is derived from mode I compliance calculations and from near tip fitting of the moiré fringes. The effect of the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation in the zirconia is found by comparing the bulk compliance R-curves to the locally derived moiré R-curve. Localized strain field plots are produced from the moiré data for the PSZ zirconia. The observed transformation zone height compares favorably with that predicted by Okada et al. [Acta metall. mater.40, 1421 (1992)] in a companion paper, as does the qualitative nature of the R-curve with predictions by Stump and Budiansky [Acta metall.37, 3297 (1989)].     

Cancer incidence among active female workers at Electricité de France-Gaz de France

Our aim was to draw up a first general view of cancer pathology among the EDF-GDF women thanks to the cancer register among active employees created by the social security department of the French national electric and gas company EDF-GDF. Between 1978 and 1992, 764 cases of cancer were diagnosed. Breast cancer was the most common (52.4%), followed by gynaecological cancers: uterus (8.6%) and ovary (6.2%), and colon and rectum cancers (5.4%). The age-standardized breast cancer incidence using the 1978-1982 period as a basis increased over time. A higher incidence for breast cancer and a lower incidence for uterus cancer were observed among the EDF-GDF women during the 1978-1982 and 1983-1987 periods, compared to French women of same age. The study of the relationship between breast cancer risk and socioeconomic status, by means of indirect standardization, showed that the breast cancer risk increased with increasing socioeconomic status. Thus manual workers had a lower breast cancer risk than the EDF-GDF woman cohort (SIR = 0.72), foremen had the same risk (SIR = 1.05) and managers had a significantly higher risk (SIR = 1.64). Moreover a case-control study showed that the change in socioeconomic status between the beginning (20 years old) and the middle of a career (35 years old) was important but it was essentially the socioeconomic status at the beginning which determined the breast cancer risk. The results support the hypothesis of a "social class" effect through risk factors during the first part of the life.     

Properties of Na2O–SiO2 slags in Doré smelting

Solubilities of metals in sodium silicate slags have been studied at 1000–1300°C in oxygen pressures of P(O₂) = 10^?4 to 0.5 atm, in Doré alloy smelting of copper anode slimes. The boundary conditions for the slags were silica saturation, magnesia saturation with about 10 wt% and without BaO. The trace elements studied were copper, gold, palladium, rhodium, and tellurium. The analytical methods used in the phase composition analyses of equilibrated samples, quenched in brine, were electron probe X-ray microanalysis and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Thermodynamic features of the slags, trace element solubilities with the given constraints, and their oxidation mechanisms were determined. The data allow optimizing the anode slime-smelting for the metals’ maximum recovery in sodium silicate fluxing.     

Difficulté des jeunes enfants à comprendre la dissimulation des émotions.

The authors investigated the understanding of emotion dissimulation in school-age children. Sixty participants were read short stories in which a main character expressed an emotion or hid an emotion from other characters. The participants were asked to identify the emotion felt by the main characters and to indicate the facial expressions they would display. Then they were asked what emotions the main characters felt while they were displaying these expressions, and what the beliefs of the other story characters would be as to the emotion felt by the main characters. The results revealed that children from 5 to 6 years of age have a partial understanding of emotion dissimulation. They were accurate in finding the emotion felt by the main characters when questioned the first time. They were also accurate in choosing the expressions the main characters would display to hide their emotions. However, they were often inaccurate as to the felt emotions of the main characters when questioned the second time. Compared with 9- and 10-year-olds, the younger children had more difficulty understanding the simultaneous character of felt and displayed emotions. Five- and 6-year-olds were also less accurate than the older children when asked to indicate the beliefs of the other characters in stories where felt emotions were hidden. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A homosexual militant at the beginning of the century: Marc André Raffalovich

This work is based on my thesis from Aix en Provence on French Civilisation and Letters (1984). The head of the examinations was the writer Raymond Jean. My idea is to show how the decadent writer and poet Marc André Raffalovich fought against the personalities in science concerning homosexuality with a new point of view and with great difficulty, shedding new light on this subject in a review from 1886 to 1914 under the direction of Dr. Alexandre Lacassagne Les Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle de Médecine Légale et de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique published in 1886, edited by the director A. Lacassagne, professor and chairman of legal medicine, Lyon, and author of the article "Pederastie," Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales, volume XXII published in 1886. In 1893, he wrote an introduction for l'Inversion Sexuelle of Dr. Julien Chevalier (Paris: Masson-Lyon Storck). This monthly review "d'au moins 80 pages" was called L'Ecole Lyonnaise, and so to say, l'Ecole Francaise d'Anthropologie Criminelle, which defends against l'Ecole Italienne of Lombroso, the culturalist theory of the birth of the criminal; according to this école du milieu social: "La Société a les criminels qu'elle merite" (The society has criminals it deserves). After the first world war, it was to be overridden by the Marxist analysis.     

Crack Progression during Sustained-Peak Low-Cycle Fatigue in Single-Crystal Ni-Base Superalloy René N5

Crack progression during compressive sustained-peak low-cycle fatigue (SPLCF) was examined in vapor phase aluminide coated single-crystal Ni-base superalloy René N5. Strain-controlled tests with a 120-second hold at compression were conducted at 1366 K (1093 °C) with A = –1 (R = –∞) and 0.35 pct total strain range, and were terminated at selected fractions of predicted life. Crack lengths on the surface and crack depth in longitudinal sections were examined for each specimen. All cracks appeared to have initiated at the coating surface. Failed specimens showed that cracks initially grew on (001), perpendicular to the stress axis, and then deflected to other crystallographic planes. Interrupted test specimens showed crevices initiated on the coating surface at less than 10 pct of the predicted life. The depths of crevices into the coating increased with cyclic exposure, but they did not penetrate into the substrate through the interdiffusion zone (IDZ) until about 80 pct of predicted life. Stress relaxation during compressive hold results in residual tension upon unloading. These results suggest that improving creep resistance of the substrate alloy and developing a coating system that can delay crack penetration into the substrate are keys for improved SPLCF life.     

Pour une approche de santé publique dans les programmes de soutien parental factuels.

A public health perspective to the delivery of parenting programs has the potential to greatly increase the impact of evidence-based psychological interventions targeting parents and families. However, a population-level benefit is unlikely to be achieved unless sustained programmatic efforts are undertaken to further increase the reach of efficacious interventions. In addition, such programs need to be adapted to local circumstances, be delivered in a culturally relevant manner, and be used in a sustained way by adoptee organisations if the potential benefits of these interventions are to be realised. The multilevel Triple P system of parenting interventions is used as an example to illustrate the benefits and challenges involved in delivering a comprehensive system of parenting interventions, services, and programs. Practical implications for large-scale implementation and possible future directions for research are identified. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Extraction du nickel d'un concentré de pentlandite par HNO3/H2SO4

Abstract

The sulphuric and nitric acid leaching of natural and synthetic nickel sulphides has been investigated. Optimum leaching conditions of the factors influencing the extraction of metals (Ni, Cu, Co) from a pentlandite bearing-concentrate have been determined. These factors are: temperature, time concentration and sulphuric and nitric acids and pulp density. The activation energies of the process are 4.6 ± 0.1 Kcal/mole for the copper and cobalt and 4.7 ± 0.1 Kcal/mole for the nickel. These values indicate that the rate of metal extraction is controlled by the diffusion phenomena through the precipitate layer which is deposited on the mineral surface during the leaching. This layer is composed of elemental sulphur and basic ferric sulphate. A schematical flowsheet of the process is presented.

Résumé

La lixiviation par les acides sulfurique et nitrique des sulfures naturels et synthétiques de nickel a été etudiée en vue de l'optimisation des facteurs qui influencent la mise en solution des métaux (Ni, Cu, Co) à partir d'un concentre de pentlandite. Ces facteurs sont: la température, le temps, la concentration des acides sulfurique et nitrique et la densité de la pulpe. Les energies d'activation du procede sont 4.6 ± 0.1 Kcal/mole pour le cuivre et le cobalt et 4.7 ± 0.1 Kcal/mole pour Ie nickel. Ces valeurs indiquent que la vitesse d'extraction des métaux est contrôlée par les phenomenes de diffusion s'établissant à travers la couche de précipité qui se depose sur la surface minérale au cours de la lixiviation. Cette couche est composée de soufre élémentaire et de sulfate basique de fer ferrique. Le rhéogramme schématique du prócédé est présenté.     

Direction des effets entre le tempérament de l'enfant et la sensibilité maternelle.

This study aims to examine the potential direction of effects between infant temperament and maternal sensitivity between 15 and 18 months, while considering five different temperament dimensions (activity level, pleasure, social fearfulness, anger proneness and interest/persistence). More specifically, it aims to verify if the direction of effects and the strength of the relation between these two variables vary as a function of the level of psychosocial risk infants are exposed to and infant gender. Fifty low-risk and 98 high-risk mother-infant dyads (defined as a function of mother status: adult or adolescent) were evaluated twice during home visits. At 15 and 18 months, mothers completed a French-Canadian version of the Toddler Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire (TBAQ; Goldsmith, 1996), the Questionnaire d'évaluation du comportement de l'enfant (QéCE; Lemelin, Tarabulsy, Provost, Fournier, Robitaille, Hémond & Tessier, 2007), and observers completed the Maternal Behaviour Q-Sort (MBQS, Pederson & Moran, 1995). Results obtained in the study show that the strength of the relation, and the direction of effects, between infant temperament and maternal sensitivity vary as a function of the temperament dimension taken into account. In addition, the direction of effects also sometimes varies as a function of the level of psychosocial risk and infant gender. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

étude exploratoire des attitudes envers l'activité physique chez les sujets souffrant d'un trouble panique.

The aim of this study was to assess the attitude of panic disorder patients with and without agoraphobia (PD/A) concerning physical activities. Self-report instruments were used to compare 141 PD/A subjects (68 being in remission of their symptoms) to 172 control subjects. Results indicated that PD/A subjects are more prone to apprehend physical sensations related to the practise of physical activities, more specifically tachycardia, vertigo and hot flushes. They also tend to fear that those symptoms could generate negative consequences. In comparison with control subjects, PD/A subjects find the practise of aerobic physical activities harder and less pleasurable. PD/A subjects considered in remission could present a cognitive style likely to maintain a vulnerability to recurrence of symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed and future directions are delineated. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of elastic distortions caused by Orowan loops in an infinite anisotropic medium on Moiré fringes

The effect of the elastic distortions caused by the discrete Orowan loops surrounding α-Fe particle embedded in a Cu matrix on the rotation angles of the dislocation loop plane and Moiré fringes was examined in terms of the anisotropic elasticity by using the numerical methods. For both isotropic and anisotropic cases, these angles were calculated depending on the shape of the dislocation loops. We arrived at the conclusion that, in order to explain the experimental rotation angles of Moiré fringes, the anisotropic properties and the shape of the discrete Orowan loops should be taken into account.     

The role of mentor trust and protégé internal locus of control in formal mentoring relationships.

This study examined the relationship between mentor trust, protégé internal locus of control, and the mentoring functions reported by protégés. The matched mentor–protégé sample came from a formal mentoring program in China. We found a positive relationship between protégés’ internal locus of control and the extent of mentoring functions they reported receiving. Mentors’ affect-based trust was positively related to the extent of mentoring functions protégés reported receiving regardless of their internal locus of control. However, mentors’ cognition-based trust was positively related to protégés’ report of the extent of mentoring functions only for protégés who were lower in internal locus of control. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structure factorielle et fidélité du questionnaire d’excès aux loteries vidéo.

Pathological gambling carries high economic and social cost. It is therefore important to develop questionnaires for the early screening of gamblers at risk of developing pathological gambling. This study analyses the factorial structure (exploratory factor analysis) of the questionnaire d`excès aux loteries video (QELVI, video lotteries excess scale). A sample of 290 video lottery gamblers completed the QELVI (20 items). The QELVI’s convergent validity with the obsessive passion subscale of Rousseau, Vallerand, Ratelle, Mageau, and Provencher (2002) and its temporal stability (1 month) was examined. The QELVI has a unifactorial structure that explains 71% of common variance, an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = .97) and temporal stability (Intraclass correlation = .92). Pathological gamblers’ mean QELVI score is higher than that of at-risk gamblers and the mean score of at-risk gamblers is higher than that of nonproblem gamblers. The questionnaire’s psychometric properties are discussed along with suggestions for future development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gleno-humeral arthroscopic arthrolysis for shoulder stiffness. Apropos of 26 cases. Société Fran?aise d'Arthroscopie

Shoulder stiffness is a problem which covers many different conditions. In fact there is still a semantic and pathogenetic confusion. The words: capsulite retractile, frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, stiff shoulder contracture have been successively used and this ambiguity renders the literature difficult to interpret. Moreover the cause of the stiffness which depends on the aetiology, is not always clearly known: capsular contraction, capsular adhesion, capsular scarring following trauma or surgery, extra capsular phenomenons in the subacromial bursa, muscles or tendons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 26 shoulders (25 patients) were reviewed with a follow up of 21 months using the Constant's scoring system. Patients had an average duration of symptoms for 13 months (1 to 27). Pre op passive motion was: abduction: 74 degrees, external rotation: 6 degrees, forward flexion: 84 degrees. The average motion core was 12.9/40. We distinguished three groups: primary frozen shoulder (13 cases) ; bipolar stiffness (3 cases) due to rotator cuff disease ; acquired "surgical" stiffness, (10 cases). The capsular release was performed, at the anterior rim of the glenoid fossa, purely anterior or anterior and inferior, followed by gentle manipulation. If external rotation was not improved the coraco-humeral ligament was detached from its coracoid attachment. Additional procedures were performed:acromioplasty (5 cases), bursectomy (3 cases), SLAP lesion debridement (1 case). Only 2 out 13 primary shoulders required an additional procedure. RESULTS: 1-There were no intra-operative complications (vascular or neural). 2-Range of Motion: the average gain under anesthesia was: abduction: 72 degrees, external rotation: 34 degrees, forward flexion: 86 degrees. Final result was obtained with a mean duration of seven months. There was no difference according to the aetiology. Gain was more important in the primary group (9.69 to 34.9 vs 15.8 to 30.6). 3-Subjective results were better in the primary group. 4-Objective results demonstrated an absolute Constant's score of 70.3, that is to say 83.4 per cent of the contralateral supposed healthy shoulder. There were 3 excellent, 5 very good, 7 good, but 11 fair or poor results. The relative Constant's score was 91 per cent in the primary group and only 76 per cent in the acquired group. The difference was due to the pain and strength which were greatly improved in the primary group. DISCUSSION: Arthroscopic release of shoulder contracture is feasible, safe and effective. For primary frozen shoulder, there is usually spontaneous recovery. Indications for surgery are very few. There is no evidence that arthroscopic release shortens spontaneous evolution. Therefore, we propose it in very selected cases of dramatically limited motion. One year of evolution is an acceptable time. For bipolar stiffnesses, arthroscopy allows one to recognize the exact cause of the stiffness and to treat it, especially the subacromial pathology. In this occurrence, buroscopy must be performed and cuff pathology treated. For acquired surgical stiffnesses, gain of motion is significant. Subjective and objective results are less satisfactory than those of primary frozen shoulder, due to persistance of pain and lack of strength. The alternative is open release, but arthroscopic release has less morbidity. It can be proposed early as soon as capsular tissue has healed (for instance 6 months).