硅橡胶膜生物反应器中乙醇发酵与渗透汽化的耦合

用硅橡胶膜生物反应器(SMBR)实验研究连续发酵-渗透汽化的耦合性能。发酵微生物采用酿酒干酵母,所用碳源为工业级葡萄糖。发酵过程由于产物抑制作用,在乙醇质量浓度达到73 g/L时趋于停滞,而耦合渗透汽化膜后,发酵罐内的乙醇质量浓度降低并维持在40 g/L,使发酵可以连续稳定地进行。在SMBR运行达到稳态后,乙醇的体积产率为4.02 g/(L.h)。发酵液中乙醇质量浓度维持在20~63 g/L,聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)膜的总渗透通量为1 220~800 g/(m2.h),分离因子为5~9.2。与传统发酵和分离相同进料质量分数的乙醇溶液相比,乙醇发酵和渗透汽化在硅橡胶膜生物反应器中能相互耦合并得到强化。与较小规模耦合系统(发酵体积1 L和2 L)比较,性能稳定良好。     

硅橡胶膜生物反应器封闭循环连续发酵制造乙醇放大实验及该发酵系统的基本性能

设计构建了发酵罐体积为5 L,单张膜有效面积为0.08 m2的平板硅橡胶膜生物反应器封闭循环连续发酵系统,实验研究了该系统在长期运行过程中的发酵反应动力学参数和膜传质动力学参数等基本性能.当发酵罐中乙醇浓度在30～60 g·L-1时,得质量浓度为17% ～28%的冷凝渗透液.在连续运行中,细胞浓度维持在10～24.8 g·L-1,料液罐中葡萄糖浓度大约为30～50 g·L-1,乙醇的体积产率为2.33～3.99 g·L-1·h-1,膜的渗透通量和分离因子分别为800～1050 g·m-2·h-1和5.1～8.6. 在连续269 h运行中,得到乙醇1999 g,基质转化率为87.2%,碳回收率为89.5%,产生的废液量大约为传统间歇发酵过程的22.2%左右.     

壳聚糖复合正渗透膜及其分离乳化油废水研究

研究以壳聚糖(CS)为正渗透(FO)膜成膜材料,以聚酯筛网为支撑材料,经过交联、碱液浸泡得到CS复合FO膜(CS-FO膜)。并将其用于石油醚乳化油废水的分离。结果表明,该CS-FO膜分离层为单一均质膜,具有良好的热稳定性和亲水性;该膜具有良好的渗透性能,以NaCl为驱动液时,其平均渗透水通量可达30 L/(m~2·h),截盐率可达到97%。分离乳化油废水时,膜面流速和乳化油废水含量均会影响膜的分离性能,膜面流速越大膜的渗透通量越大;废水乳化油含量越高,膜的通量越低。对质量浓度1.0 g/L的乳化油废水连续分离5 h后其水通量可维持在12L/(m~2·h),对乳化油的截留率可达到96.8%,这说明该FO膜在分离乳化油废水方面具有一定的应用前景。     

PDMS膜在ABE连续发酵中的渗透汽化性能研究

构建了膜生物反应器封闭循环ABE连续发酵系统,研究了系统中PDMS膜的渗透汽化性能.实验共进行2轮,第一轮进行274 h,采用发酵-渗透汽化间歇耦合的方式;第二轮进行312 h,前196 h采用发酵-渗透汽化连续耦合,之后实行间歇耦合.间歇耦合操作模式下,2轮的丁醇分离因子分别为11.00和12.94,总通量分别为711.07和579.98 g/(m2·h);连续耦合操作模式下,第二轮丁醇分离因子为5.54,总通量为555.80g/(m2·h).实验中膜性能稳定,分离性能良好,未出现膜堵塞和膜破损现象.     

用离子交换膜的乙醇-水连续等温透过汽化分离过程研究

本文报告了用200×400mm的脂肪族季胺膜进行醇水连续等温透过汽化分离过程的研究。该膜在343K、4.8kPa、85.7％乙醇浓度下测定,具有1810g/m~2·h的通量和11.9的分离系数。连续等温透过汽化在343K、4.9kPa条件下进行。当加料乙醇浓度为68.2％时,可得98.9％的乙醇产品,回收率为61％,当加料乙醇浓度为92.6％时,可得99.4％的乙醇产品,回收率为59.4％,膜生产能力为1000g/m~2·h。     

鼓气减压膜蒸馏过程研究

设计了新型鼓气减压膜蒸馏(AVMD)过程,在原水进入疏水膜组件前鼓入低压压缩空气,形成气液混合流进入疏水膜组件,在疏水膜组件的产汽出口外接负压系统,构成AVMD系统.采用疏水性聚偏氟乙烯中空纤维微孔膜,以自来水为测试液,研究了鼓气强度、进料温度、流速、冷侧真空度对AVMD过程性能的影响,考察了AVMD对不同NaCl含量溶液的分离性能.结果表明,随着鼓气量、进料液温度、流速,真空度的提高,AVMD过程通量有明显的增加,而产水电导率始终低于0.3 mS·m~(-1).当进料液温度70℃,冷侧真空度85 kPa,进料流速1.33 m·s~(-1)时,AVMD过程膜通量可高达45 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),而相同实验条件下减压膜蒸馏(VMD)过程的通量约为30 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1).     

γ-(2,3环氧丙氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷改性壳聚糖渗透蒸发杂化膜的制备及乙醇脱水性能研究

通过γ-缩水甘油醚氧丙基三甲氧基硅(KH-560)对壳聚糖进行交联改性制备乙醇脱水渗透蒸发杂化膜.实验结果表明偶联剂的加入能有效提高壳聚糖膜的分离效果,随着偶联剂含量的增加,杂化膜的对水的选择性先增加后下降,在2％(质量分数)时有最好的选择性.膜的分离因子随着进料温度的增大而降低,随着乙醇浓度的增大而增大;通量随着进料温度的增大而增大,随着乙醇浓度增大而减小.硅烷偶联剂/壳聚糖杂化膜呈现出良好的渗透蒸发分离性能,当进料乙醇浓度为95％(质量分数),温度为35℃时,通量和分离因子分别为134g/(h·m2)和97214.     

活性炭填充PEG/PVDF杂化膜的脱硫性能

制备了不同活性炭(AC)填充量的AC-PEG/PVDF杂化膜,并对其形貌与结构进行了相应的表征。以噻吩/正庚烷混合物作为模拟汽油体系,研究了所制备AC-PEG杂化膜的渗透汽化脱硫性能。研究表明,填充活性炭后,膜的脱硫性能明显提高。当活性炭填充量为5%,温度为85℃时,与未填充的PEG膜相比,AC-PEG/PVDF杂化膜的渗透通量由0.43 kg·(m~2·h)~(-1)提高至1.14 kg·(m~2·h)~(-1),富硫因子由7.29提高至9.47。     

无机杂化海藻酸钠渗透汽化膜的制备与分离性能对比

为提高海藻酸钠(SA)膜的渗透汽化分离性能,分别采用纳米氧化铝、纳米氧化锆和纳米氧化钛对SA膜进行改性,对比分析了3种不同杂化膜渗透汽化分离性能的差异,并将分离性能较好的杂化膜应用到乙酸与乙醇酯化反应脱水的体系中。系统考察了无机纳米粒子含量对SA膜渗透汽化分离性能的影响,对杂化膜进行了接触角、傅里叶红外(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重/差示扫描量热(TG/DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)和拉伸强度等表征与分析。结果表明,无机纳米粒子能提高SA膜的热稳定性、机械强度和渗透通量,当无机纳米粒子与SA质量比为0.3时,掺杂TiO_2、ZrO_2和Al_2O_3的杂化膜二碘甲烷的接触角依次升高,同时渗透通量也依次升高。SA-0.3Al_2O_3杂化膜亲水性较好,然而SA-0.3ZrO_2杂化膜分离性能最优,50℃下分离水含量10%的乙醇-水溶液,膜渗透通量达到336 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),渗透侧水含量99.97%,分离因子29990。酯化反应脱水实验表明,在80℃时,酯化反应脱水实验乙酸转化率均高于无脱水实验乙酸转化率,平衡转化率不断被打破,反应12 h后,转化率由平衡时的79.3%提高到93.9%。     

PI/ZIF-8杂化膜的制备及渗透汽化分离性能研究

针对渗透汽化分离非质子溶剂/水体系过程中渗透性和选择性之间此升彼降的矛盾关系(trade-off效应),提出制备有机/无机杂化膜的方法。以均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA)和2,2'-双[4-4(氨基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPP)为聚酰亚胺(PI)单体,2-甲基咪唑锌(ZIF-8)为无机杂化粒子,采用两步法制备PI/ZIF-8杂化膜,并对杂化膜进行表征和渗透汽化分离性能测试。研究结果表明:ZIF-8可以为水分子提供额外的运输通道,并且引入ZIF-8增强了PI膜的耐溶剂性。当ZIF-8质量分数w(ZF-8)为2%时,杂化膜对于DMF质量分数w(DMF)为90%的体系,通量为242.2 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),分离因子为17.8;对于DMAC质量分数w(DMAC)为90%的体系,通量为126.2 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),分离因子为55.2。相比于未改性PI膜,分离DMF/H_2O和DMAc/H_2O体系中,PI/ZIF-8杂化膜的渗透通量分别提高了60%和40%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。