中扬子区南华纪以来盆地演化与油气响应特征

分析了中扬子区南华纪以来的盆地演化史,指出其先后经历了加里东期、海西期—早燕山期、晚燕山期—喜山期3个大的盆山演化旋回,每个旋回都经历了早期的盆地初始沉降、盆地大规模发育到最后闭合造山的过程.结合盆地演化分析,探讨了不同时期油气的响应特征,重点分析了烃源岩、储集岩的发育特征、控制因素以及古隆起对于油气成藏的控制作用,指出早印支期以前油气运移基本受古隆起控制,以侧向运移为主,是油气藏的建设时期;晚印支—早喜山期油气藏以调整、破坏为主,小范围内的垂向运移是主要的运移方式;晚喜山期是油气成藏定型时期.     

中国主要海相残留盆地油气成藏系统特征

对鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、塔里木盆地、渤海湾盆地、中下扬子区及滇黔桂地区海相残留盆地的油气成藏系统特征进行了讨论,据此总结出中国主要海相残留盆地油气成藏系统的诸要素与盆地所处大地构造位置、所经历的构造演化历史密切相关,具有以下特征:原型盆地的构造沉降作用控制主力烃源岩的类型与分布;受原型盆地构造演化旋回控制形成三类有效生储盖组合;后期构造作用控制残留盆地晚期生烃中心;加里东期、海西期、印支期形成的继承性大型古隆起是主要油气运移指向区;古生界生烃区的生烃高峰期与圈闭形成期必须形成有机的配置;后期构造改造适中,既要有适当挤压隆升,形成必要的储集空间、圈闭和运移动力,使油气富集,又要不破坏油气藏;在经历后期构造改造后,盆地的晚期生烃及晚期油气运移受改造后的构造格局控制。     

中国海相残留盆地油气成藏系统特征

该文从鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地、塔里木盆地、渤海湾盆地、中下扬子地区、滇黔桂地区等海相残留盆地的油气成藏系统特征研究出发,总结出中国主要海相残留盆地油气成藏系统的诸要素与盆地所处的大地构造位置及所经历的构造演化历史密切相关。这些盆地具有以下特征:a)原型盆地的构造沉降作用控制主力烃源岩的类型与分布;b)受原型盆地构造演化旋回控制形成3类有效生储盖组合;c)后期构造作用控制残留盆地晚期生烃中心;d)加里东期、海西期、印支期形成的继承性大型古隆起是主要油气运移指向区;e)古生界生烃区的生烃高峰期与圈闭形成期必须形成有机的配置;f)后期构造改造适中,既要有适当挤压隆升,形成必要的储集空间、圈闭和运移动力,使油气富集,又要不破坏油气藏;g)在经历后期构造改造后,盆地的晚期生烃及晚期油气运移受改造后的构造格局控制。     

江汉盆地印支—喜马拉雅期构造演化与海相地层油气成藏模式及勘探方向

江汉盆地自晚元古代统一的变质基底形成后,先后经历了加里东、海西—早印支,晚印支—早燕山以及晚燕山—喜马拉雅期四次大的构造运动,从而形成前印支期的地台型广海盆地、印支期间的前陆湖沼盆地和晚燕山以来的内陆断陷盐湖盆地叠置的“三层楼”构造格局。江汉盆地构造的复杂演化过程表明,江汉盆地具有改造盆地的特点,同时也决定了该区的成藏基本地质要素动态演化的复杂性。构造演化对油气的运移、聚集与保存起到了至关重要的控制作用,从而赋予江汉盆地平原海相地层油气运聚时间长、跨度大而且聚集规律复杂的特点。根据构造对油气运聚的控制,推测具有早期生烃早期成藏、早期生烃晚期成藏、晚期生烃晚期成藏和次生混源成藏4种成藏模式。同时,油气勘探的难易程度也受控于构造演化,早期生烃早期成藏模式油藏的有利发育区是油气勘探的首选勘探领域。     

焉耆改造型盆地特征及其油气勘探方向预测

焉耆盆地是中、新生代的叠合、改造型盆地，中生代为类前陆盆地，之后虽经历了燕山运动中晚期的冲断、隆升剥蚀和喜山期的长期改造，但盆地构造格局并没有发生改变。烃源岩以煤系地层为主，主生烃期为燕山期末，喜山期生烃贡献不明显；圈闭类型多样．多与冲断活动有关，形成于燕山期。定型于喜山期；燕山期末已存在的圈闭成藏条件较好，但控制圈闭的断层在喜山期活动与否及其活动强度，决定着燕山期形成的油气藏能否保存；喜山期形成的构造圈闭及地层圈闭的油气来源有限，盖层条件较差,油气成藏条件欠理想。下步勘探方向应以与燕山期末主生烃期相配置的构造圈闭和岩性圈闭为重点。     

塔里木盆地多旋回构造演化与复合含油气系统

塔里木克拉通多旋回构造演化控制了塔里木叠合盆地的形成及石油地质条件和复合含油气系统特征,进而决定了油气的分布和资源潜力。受古亚洲构造域和特提斯构造域演化控制,塔里木盆地经历了3个伸展-聚敛旋回、6个演化阶段,发育了多期不同类型的原型盆地,其间还发生了加里东晚期、海西早期、海西末期、印支期、燕山晚期和喜马拉雅晚期6次规模较大的构造运动,使先前形成的盆地遭受隆升、剥蚀、褶皱、断裂等改造作用。经历多旋回构造演化形成的塔里木叠合盆地,具有发育多套烃源岩和多个生烃灶,有多类储集层和多套储盖组合,多期生烃与成藏及多期调整、改造乃至破坏等油气地质特征。按照生烃灶分布及其所形成的油气藏关系,可以划分出10个复合含油气系统。古生界含油气系统有加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期和喜马拉雅期3个关键时刻,不同关键时刻油气系统内的油气分布受有效生烃灶和古隆起匹配关系控制,多期油气系统叠加最终控制油气的分布。     

中国中西部海相碳酸盐盆地油气资源

中国陆上海相油气盆地主要分布在特提斯构造域中，自晚元古代到中生代，具克拉通基底的塔里木、鄂尔多斯和四川三大海相盆地，具有巨大的资源潜力，是当前我国重要的油气勘探，开发区，中国古大陆沉积－构造演化在加里东运动期和海西－早印支运动期，发育两个构造层次的海相盆地，早古生代海相盆地的演化与洋－陆转换共耦，沉积了海侵和海退序列的烃源岩；晚古生代－旱印支运动期，早期海侵序列以储集层为主，烃源岩次之，海平面下降期的盆地具生储双重性，油气勘探开发的实践证明，三大海相盆地在生烃，聚集－成藏上具有三个共性；原型盆地演化和沉积序列相同，具五个层系的烃源岩（Z2，E1，O1，O2＝3，S1），加里东构造运动形成夭折前陆盆地，造就了古隆起和构造掀斜，形成深水盆和多期古暴露面，古岩溶碳酸盐与上覆晚古生代组成聚集成藏体系，盆地古地理迁移和构造演化的时序差决定了南、北盆地的特殊性。     

江汉平原区构造演化对中、古生界油气系统的影响

江汉平原区中、古生界经历了加里东、海西-早印支、晚印支-早燕山、晚燕山-喜山期等多旋回沉积构造发展阶段,纵向上构成了震旦系-志留系及志留系-侏罗系两套油气系统。每一个构造运动期都是一次油气的大规模运聚期。构造运动所产生的构造裂缝对区内储层的储集性能具有明显的改善作用,构造运动形成的风化壳是储层发育的有利层段。加里东、海西-早印支、晚印支-早燕山以及晚燕山-喜山期4次主要构造活动,使得4套油气保存单元经历了形成-改造、破坏-残存或重铸的演变过程。印支期以来的构造运动是江汉平原区中、古生界油气系统形成和演化的主要动力和影响因素。印支期区内构造格局以大隆大坳为特征,是区内烃源岩的生烃高峰期,形成了隆起区早期的油气富集。早燕山期是区内中、古生界内幕构造的主要形成期,同时,也是油气运聚和油气藏形成的主要时期。晚燕山-喜山期则是油气藏改造和调整期,不同类型的油气藏最终定型于喜山期。区内仙桃-戴家场和当阳次级深坳陷是原生改造型油气藏勘探的有利地区,沉湖-土地堂复向斜北部麻洋潭构造带是晚期生烃型油气藏勘探的有利地区,丫新和万城潜山带是次生多源型油气藏勘探的最有利地区。     

中国中西部前陆盆地成藏特征的初步分析

通过讨论川西(四川盆地西部)、柴北缘(柴达木盆地北缘)和准南缘(准噶尔盆地南缘)前陆盆地的成藏过程,指出我国中西部前陆盆地具有多期聚集、晚期聚气的成藏特征,认为我国中西部前陆盆地具有最重要的两大成藏期,一是燕山期及其之前的油气成藏期,主要是中部周缘前陆盆地和西部再生前陆盆地二叠系烃源岩和三叠系烃源岩的油气聚集期;二是喜山晚期,主要是受新构造运动影响,西部再生前陆盆地中、新生界烃源岩的油气成藏和中部周缘前陆盆地的油气调整期,其中中生界煤系烃源岩是中西部前陆盆地主要的烃源岩,而喜山晚期冲断作用形成的断层相关褶皱圈闭与前陆发育时巨厚沉积造成的中生界煤系烃源岩排烃过程相匹配。此外还讨论了前陆盆地中的古构造(背景)在油气聚集中的重要作用和早期前陆盆地成藏体系、再生前陆盆地成藏体系在油气相态及成因类型的平面分布特征上的控制作用。     

中国中西部燕山期构造特征及其油气地质意义

中国中西部地区燕山期构造运动具有普遍性,首先表现在白垩系与侏罗系呈不整合接触,甚至第三系直接与侏罗系呈不整合接触;其次,中西部地区各盆地均具有燕山期的古构造;再次,晚侏罗世到早白垩世,拉萨地体和羌塘地体沿班公湖-怒江缝合带发生碰撞挤压,地壳抬升,在羌塘盆地和拉萨地块沉积了一套红色磨拉石建造,白垩系与侏罗系形成明显的角度不整合。燕山期构造运动的特征为:区域性构造抬升,盆地沉积范围收缩,构造变形相对较为微弱;在造山带前缘普遍发育大套的砂砾岩粗粒沉积;以及造山带内部局部地区的岩浆活动。燕山期构造运动对油气成藏的意义主要是①加速烃源岩热演化作用,致使中、西部地区发育的晚古生界和上三叠统-早中侏罗统两套主要的煤系烃源岩,分别在燕山晚期进入生、排烃高峰期,或开始生烃;②燕山期古构造与烃源岩生、排烃适时配置,有利于油气早期聚集成藏;③经喜山期构造运动对油气重新调整后,在邻近燕山期古油(气)藏的新圈闭中利于重新聚集成藏,形成次生油气藏;④燕山期的构造抬升,以低水位体系域沉积的粗粒碎屑物质形成良好的储集砂体,有利于油气聚集成藏。     

往复式空气压缩机常见故障及处理

介绍了往复式空气压缩机运行中常见故障,分析了产生故障的主要原因,提出了处理方法。     

Clothianidin dissipation in tomato and soil, and distribution in tomato peel and flesh

Clothianidin, a new neonicotinoid insecticide, was systematically evaluated. An analytical method using gas chromatography with electron capture detection was developed. Recoveries were between 92% and 102%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 5% at three fortified levels. The decrease of clothianidin in tomato and soil samples under field conditions at Beijing, Shandong, and Anhui were determined. The dissipation rates of clothianidin fit first-order kinetics. Its half-lives ranged from 6.7 to 12.7 days in soil, and 7.0 to 11.9 days in tomato. On the suggested pre-harvest interval of 7 days, the distribution of clothianidin in tomato peel and flesh was studied. Most residues were found on the peel. Hence, removing the tomato peel before consumption is advisable. The stability of clothianidin fortified at 0.3 or 3 mg/kg in frozen green and red ripe tomatoes was also determined. The half-life mainly depended on the spiked levels of this pesticide.     

中国致密砂岩气及在勘探开发上的重要意义

致密砂岩气藏系指聚集工业天然气的致密砂岩场晕或圈闭,根据其储集层特征、储量大小及所处区域构造位置高低,可将致密砂岩气藏分为两类:"连续型"致密砂岩气藏和"圈闭型"致密砂岩气藏,前者通常位于构造低部位,圈闭界限模糊,无统一气水界面,往往气水倒置,储源一体或近源;后者位于圈闭高处,上气下水,储量规模较小但产量相对较高。中国致密砂岩气都是煤成气,组分以烷烃气(C1 4)为主,甲烷含量最高,烷烃气具正碳同位素系列;非烃气(主要是CO2和N2)含量低。截至2010年底,中国致密砂岩气的储量和年产量分别占全国天然气储量和产量的39.2%和24.6%,预计将来比例还会提高。与页岩气、煤层气等非常规气相比,中国近期在非常规气勘探开发中应以致密砂岩气为先。     

Aflatoxins and fumonisins in rice and maize staple cereals in Northern Vietnam and dietary exposure in different ethnic groups

Mycotoxins in food are increasingly a food safety hazard concern in particular in developing countries. This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure among ethnic minority groups in northern Vietnam. A total of 111 rice and 102 maize samples, were tested for occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins, i.e. aflatoxins (AF’s) and fuminisin B (FB). Results showed that 107 (96.4%) rice and 84 (82.4%) maize samples were contaminated by fungi. Aspergillus flavus was found in 68 (61.3%) rice and 30 (29.4%) maize samples, Aspergilus parasiticus in 40 (36.0%) rice and 27 (26.7%) maize samples. AF’s - were detected in 27 rice (24.3%) and 27 maize samples (26.4%) at minimum and maximum levels in rice of 2.06 and 77.8 ng/g and 20.5 and 110 ng/g in maize, respectively. Nine (8.1%) rice and 24 (23.5%) maize samples contained FB at ranges of 2.3–624 ng/g in rice and 5.6–89.8 ng/g in maize. Data collected through interviews and observations in households showed that type of crop, storage duration and presence of fungi, particularly mycotoxigenic fungi were important risk factors for AF’s and FB contamination. Based on daily food consumption data, the estimated average exposure dose of aflatoxin B₁(AFB₁) from rice was 21.7 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 33.7 ng/kg bw/day for children. For FB, the rice based average exposure amounted to 536 ng/kg bw/day for adults and 1019 ng/kg bw/day for children. The calculated excess risk of liver cancer incidence by ingestion of cereals containing AFB₁ was 1.5 per 100,000 adults and 2.3 per 100,000 children per year. The average intake of FB was calculated to be lower than the tolerable diet intake (TDI). Our findings highlight that rice and maize are contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals. Proper drying and storage conditions in households are likely to reduce the mycotoxin contamination.     

Aflatoxin M1 in raw and UHT cow milk collected in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) concentrations were determined in raw and UHT cow milk samples collected in different regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia during the autumn months of 2014. The mean AFM1 levels in the raw milk samples were (ng/kg): 6.22 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 5.65 in Croatia. In all except one milk sample, AMF1 levels were below the LOQ value of 34.2 ng/kg (ELISA method). In four milk samples, AFM1 concentrations exceeded the EU MRL of 50 ng/kg. Samples were subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis which confirmed elevated values determined by ELISA. Elevated levels were in the range 56.6–132.6 ng/kg. Two positive milk samples from Bosnia and Herzegovina originated from Una Sana Canton, two from Croatia from eastern Croatia. The highest AFM1 levels of 132.6 ng/kg was measured in milk from eastern Croatia. In 214 samples of processed UHT milk from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, AFM1 ranged from 2.29 ng/kg to 21.4 ng/kg, all below the LOQ value. AFM1 exceeded the EU MRL value in only 0.62% of milk samples, indicating the sporadic use of contaminated feedstuff at farms in both countries.     

改进中加强 创新中发展——改革开放30年企业思想政治工作的实践与探索

改革开放30年来，企业思想政治工作随着形势的不断变化，曾经面临着诸多新问题。企业思想政治工作正是在解决这些问题的实践中不断探索，创新思路和方法，提升效果和水平，成为企业改革、发展、进步的动力源泉。     

Aflatoxigenic fungi and aflatoxins occurrence in sultanas and dried figs commercialized in Brazil

The presence of aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in dried fruits was investigated. A total of 62 dried fruit samples were analyzed (24 black sultanas, 19 white sultanas and 19 dried figs). A total of 10 A. flavus isolates were found, nine in one white sultana sample (corresponding to 18% infection) and one isolate in dried figs (2%), and all of them were aflatoxin B₁ and B₂ producers. A. parasiticus was not found. Aflatoxins were detected in 3 of 19 (16%) white sultana samples analyzed and, the limits were not higher than 2.0 μg/kg. In dried figs 11 of 19 (58%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxins and, with exception of one sample that was contaminated with 1500 μg/kg of B₁ aflatoxin, the others had less than 2.0 μg/kg. Neither aflatoxigenic or aflatoxins contaminated black sultanas.     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in dried chestnuts and chestnut flour produced in Italy

The occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in chestnut products made in Italy was surveyed. Thirty-seven samples of chestnut flour and fourteen of dried chestnuts were collected from retail outlets located in northern Italy. After extraction and purification through an immunoaffinity column, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were analysed using both HPLC-FLD and HPLC-MS/MS. The mycotoxin contamination found in this survey was widespread and remarkable. As regards aflatoxins, the incidence of aflatoxin B₁ was 62.2 and 21.4% in chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively; in the same products, the percentage of samples exceeding the value of 2.0 μg kg⁻¹ for aflatoxin B₁ (maximum limit fixed by EC Regulation 165/2010 in dried fruits) was 24.3% and 7.1%. A widespread and high incidence of AFG₁ was also found (40.5%). The maximum values for aflatoxin B₁ and total aflatoxins were 67.88 and 188.78 μg kg⁻¹, respectively (chestnut flour sample). Ochratoxin A occurred in all samples, showing very high values (mean 12.38 and 13.63 μg kg⁻¹ for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively); the percentages of samples exceeding the limit of 10 μg kg⁻¹ (EU limits for dried vine fruit) were 64.9 and 42.8% for chestnut flour and dried chestnuts, respectively. The maximum value was 65.84 μg kg⁻¹ (dried chestnut sample).