电沉积光亮锡锌合金的研究

推荐了一种电沉淀光亮锡锌合金新工艺。其溶液组成及操作条件：Ｎａ３Ｃ６Ｈ５Ｏ７．２Ｈ２Ｏ８０～１００，ＮＨ４ＡＣ４５～５５，ＥＤＴＡ２５～３５，ＳｎＣｌ２．２Ｈ４Ｏ４～５０，ＺｎＣｌ２６０～８０ｇ／Ｌ，稳定剂ＷＤＺ－１８０～１００，光亮剂ＷＤＺ－２５０～８０ｍｌ／Ｌ，ｐＨ＝５～６，５～３５℃，１～３．５Ａ／ｄｍ＾２，在上述条件下，可获得锌含量１％～３０％光亮锡锌合金沉积层。     

理化因子对嗜盐隐杆藻细胞生长及胞外多糖产量的影响

比较不同ＮａＣｌ、Ｃａ２＋、ＰＯ３－４等离子浓度对嗜盐隐杆藻（Ａｐｈａｎｏｔｈｅｃｅｈａｌｏｐｈｙｔｉｃａ）细胞生长及胞外多糖（Ｅｘｏｐｏｌｙｓａｃ－ｃｈａｒｉｄｅＥＰＳ）产量的影响。在各影响因子不同浓度的培养条件下,０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮａＣｌ、１．０ｇ／Ｌ的Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２·４Ｈ２Ｏ、０．１ｇ／Ｌ的ＫＨ２ＰＯ４分别是其最佳生长浓度。ＥＰＳ的产量在０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＣｌ、,０．５ｇ／ＬＣａ（ＮＯ３）２·４Ｈ２Ｏ、０．５ｇ／Ｌ的ＫＨ２ＰＯ４培养条件下最高。在较低的Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋、ＰＯ３－４浓度下可提高ＥＰＳ产率。     

氨碱法蒸馏废液除钙制淡盐水制碱试验

本文阐述用该厂４０余年积存的高盐烧碱渣中的Ｎａ２ＣＯ３、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４与氨碱法的蒸氨废液中的Ｃ２＋ａ反应，控制适宜的兑合比，生成ＣａＳＯ４、ＣａＣＯ３沉淀，以除去清废液中的Ｃ２＋ａ、Ｎ＋ａ、与ＣａＣｌ２中的Ｃｌ－生成ＮａＣｌ，制备成ＮａＣｌ１７０～１９０ｇ／ｌ、ＳＯ２－４２．４ｇ／ｌ的淡盐水，通过补盐至饱和、精制，进入氨碱生产系统。目前该厂４０ｋｔ／ａ纯碱已减少１／３的废液排放，减轻了对黄河的污染，减少４０％的用盐量。本文还探讨了氨碱法最大的母液回收量及消除废液排放的措施     

乙氧基化棉籽油烷酰胺磺基琥珀酸单酯二钠盐的合成研究及性能测定

对题示化合物（ＳＭＣＥ ４）的合成条件进行了研究，对其性能进行了测定。酯化的最佳条件是：ＭＡ／ＣＥ ４＝１．０５（摩尔比）、５５０ｒ／ｍｉｎ、７５℃反应４ｈ。磺化的适宜条件是：Ｎａ２ＳＯ３／ＭＡ＝１．２（摩尔比）、５５０ｒ／ｍｉｎ、８０℃反应１５ｈ。在优化的条件下反应，ＳＭＣＥ ４的摩尔收率可达９７％以上。性能测定表明，它是性能优良的表面活性剂。     

Na^＋和Ti^4＋对CaO—Al2O3—SiO2系玻璃结构和晶化的影响

使用ＲＡＭＡＮ光谱和ＤＴＡ方法研究了含少量Ｎａ＋和Ｔｉ４＋的ＣａＯ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＳｉＯ２系玻璃，发现在纯ＣＡＳ系玻璃（Ｃａ／Ａｌ≥１／２，Ａｌ／Ｓｉ≤１）中，Ａｌ３＋仅有一部分进入玻璃网络，少量Ｎａ＋的引入，有助于Ａｌ３＋进一步进入玻璃网络中，Ｎａ＋起了间接补强玻璃网络的作用，Ｎａ＋和Ｃａ２＋离子对Ａｌ３＋进入玻璃网络结构程度的影响可认为是Ｎａ＋和Ｃａ２＋离子分别以［ＡｌＯ４］Ｎａ和［ＡｌＯ４］Ｃａ［ＡｌＯ４］基团的形式进入玻璃网络中，由于结合几率和体积效应，使［ＡｌＯ４］Ｎａ较［ＡｌＯ４］Ｃａ［ＡｌＯ４］更易进入玻璃网络中。Ｔｉ４＋以［ＴｉＯ４］的形式进入玻璃网络，它对Ａｌ３＋是否能进入玻璃网络无明显影响。Ｎａ＋和Ｔｉ４＋的单独引入，均能使玻璃网络的聚合程度增强，析晶活化能提高；而当Ｎａ＋和Ｔｉ４＋同时引入时，玻璃网络聚合程度和纯ＣＡＳ系玻璃相差不大，析晶活化能有所降低。少量Ｎａ＋的引入，不会影响析出主晶相的种类和数量，而Ｔｉ４＋的引入，则会影响到所析出主晶相的种类和数量。     

液膜法富集镉（Ⅱ）与测定镀液中微量镉

用Ｐ２１５－ＴＯＰＯ－ＳＰＡＮ８０－液体石蜡－煤油－内相（ＨＣｌ溶液）乳状液膜体系研究了Ｃｄ（２＋）的迁移行为，只有Ｃｄ~２能与各种阳离子得到满意的分离。最佳液膜体系为４％Ｐ２１５、２％ＴＯＰＯ、５％　ＳＰＡＮ８０、４％液体石蜡、８５％　煤油和内相（４ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＣｌ）。确定了分离与富集镉（Ⅱ）的最优实验条件，Ｒｏｉ＝１：１（油内比），Ｒｅｗ＝２０：１２０（乳水比）。用此法已成功地测定镀液和工业废水中微量镉，其回收率为９９．４％以上，相对标准偏差在３．７％以下，结果满意。     

水法杀虫双单钠盐原粉结晶工序的工艺探讨

探讨杀虫双原药有效体含量≥３２％，原药中Ｎａ２Ｓ２Ｏ３含量≤４％，结晶ｐＨ值为４．０－５．５。在０℃以下，搅拌结晶，可得杀虫双原粉含量９２．０４％左右，出粉率５８．５９％、ＮａＣｌ含量小于５％，Ｎａ２Ｓ２Ｏ３含量小于１．５％。     

聚烯烃表面氧化处理的研究

研究了以高锰酸钾或重铬酸钾／水／浓硫酸＝５∶８∶１００（质量比）或２０％（质量分数）的过硫酸铵水溶液及氯化铁或硫酸铜作为催化剂对聚烯烃进行的表面氧化处理,并通过熔点和红外光谱及光电子能谱等方法对氧化反应和产品的结构进行了表征。研究表明,最佳氧化温度和时间分别为４５℃～６０℃与４５ｍｉｎ;用ＫＭｎＯ４／Ｈ２ＳＯ４／ＦｅＣｌ３／ＣｕＳＯ４,Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７／Ｈ２ＳＯ４／ＦｅＣｌ３,Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７／Ｈ２ＳＯ４／ＣｕＳＯ４体系对聚乙烯的氧化中,氧化深度依次减小,Ｃ原子的摩尔分数由未氧化时的８０．８０４％,分别降低为３１．９０７％、６９．９０５％和７８．６６９％;在ＦｅＣｌ３催化下,产品中Ｃｌ的含量普遍增加,而以ＫＭｎＯ４／Ｈ２ＳＯ４／ＦｅＣｌ３／ＣｕＳＯ４氧化时增加最多,但对Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７／Ｈ２ＳＯ４／ＦｅＣｌ３氧化体系,Ｏ含量的增加相对较多     

混合电解质体系反渗透膜性能的预测

建立了一种混合电解质体系膜性能的预测方法。依据这种方法，只需一套膜规格化数据，即纯水渗透常数Ａ，氯化钠的渗透参数ＤＡＭ／Ｋδ和传质系数Ｋ，就可预测膜对任意混合电解质体系的分离性能，选用了６种醋酸纤维膜对４种混合体系（ＮａＣｌ－ＣａＣｌ２－Ｈ２Ｏ－，ＮａＣｌ－ＮａＮＯ３－Ｈ２Ｏ，ＫＩ－ＣａＣｌ２－Ｈ２Ｏ，ＮａＢｒ－ＭｇＣｌ２－Ｈ２Ｏ）的分离实验，验证了预测方法的正确性。     

硫代硫酸盐法添加氯化钠和十二烷基磺酸钠浸取金矿

对湖北氧化铁型金矿进行了Ｎａ２Ｓ２Ｏ３法添加ＮａＣｌ而不加Ｃｕ２＋的浸取条件优化研究,当［Ｓ２Ｏ２－３］＝０．８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、［ＮＨ３］＝１～２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、［ＮａＣｌ］＝１．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、浸取温度５０℃、浸取时间为３ｈ时,浸出率达到９８％．对广东河台、山东招远硫化金矿进行了浸取研究,当［Ｓ２Ｏ３２－］＝０．８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、［ＮＨ３］＝２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、［ＮａＣｌ］＝１．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、十二烷基磺酸钠１１．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ、浸取温度５０℃、浸取时间３ｈ时,浸取率分别达到９６％和９３％．     

电纺及疏水改性制备CA/SiNPs-FAS超疏水复合膜及膜蒸馏脱盐研究

以1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮/丙酮为混合溶剂,无纺布为支撑层,采用静电纺丝技术与溶胶-凝胶方法,制备了醋酸纤维素/二氧化硅复合纳米纤维膜,并将其浸渍于全氟烷基硅烷/正己烷分散液中进行疏水化改性。利用场发射扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱仪、孔径分析仪、接触角测量仪器等表征了改性前后复合膜表面形貌、官能团变化、孔径分布及润湿性等膜性能参数并将其应用于连续性直接接触式膜蒸馏盐浓缩过程。结果表明,静电纺丝复合膜呈三维空间网状结构,且利用正硅酸乙酯生成的纳米二氧化硅颗粒内陷于醋酸纤维素纤维内部形成微米-纳米梯级分布。经全氟烷基硅烷修饰后,红外特征峰明显,复合膜水接触角最高可达156°,且对质量分数为5%的十二烷基硫酸钠液滴也同时展示出优良的抗润湿性能（接触角125°）。以60℃、35 g·L^-1的NaCl溶液为进料液进行持续性直接接触式膜蒸馏脱盐实验,当渗透温度为20℃时,各复合膜盐截留率均能达到99.99%以上,其中,CA/SiNPs-FAS膜通量可稳定在11.2 kg·（m²·h）^-1。     

高性能醋酸纤维素正渗透膜的研制

本文以醋酸纤维素(CA)为膜材料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和丙酮作为溶剂体系,聚乙二醇400(PEG400)作为添加剂,聚酯筛网作为支撑层,利用相转化方法制备醋酸纤维素正渗透膜。论文系统研究了CA的含量、DMF与丙酮的比例、添加剂的含量、支撑层的目数以及凝固浴温度对膜性能的影响,结果表明,当CA的质量分数为16%、DMF:丙酮的体积比为1:0.6、PEG400的质量分数为4%、作为支撑层的筛网目数为120mol/L、凝固浴的温度为60℃时,所制备正渗透膜的性能最佳;利用1mol/L NaCl作为驱动液,去离子水作为原料液,在1h的测试时间里,所制备膜的纯水通量可达到15 L/(m2·h)以上,反向盐通量控制在7.5g/(m2·h)以下。     

用原子力显微镜研究聚乙烯醇分离膜的结构

分别用饱和硫酸钠/氢氧化钠溶液和丙酮作为凝固浴制备聚乙烯醇（PVA）分离膜,在原子力显微镜（AFM）下观测发现：前者膜的表面结构与致密膜相似,后者则呈现出平均孔径为53nm的多孔膜结构,但二者都具有球粒状结构.实验证实,选用适当的凝固浴才能制备出聚乙烯醇多孔膜.     

混合溶剂制备醋酸纤维素膜及其性能

以醋酸纤维素、丙酮、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)和聚乙二醇400(PEG-400)为原料,采用相转化法制备醋酸纤维素膜,对其结构和形貌进行了表征;在室温、操作压力0.1 MPa下,用去离子水和500 mg/L PEG-600溶液分别测定膜的水通量和截留率,考察了混合溶剂中丙酮和NMP含量、反应温度和致孔剂PEG-400含量对醋酸纤维素膜性能的影响. 结果表明,NMP含量60%(w)、丙酮含量22.5%(w)、反应温度60℃及PEG-400含量6%(w)条件下,所制醋酸纤维素膜表面光滑,孔径分布均匀,水通量达212.87 L/(m2×h),截留率达87.67%.     

Preparation of blend polyethersulfone/cellulose acetate/polyethylene glycol asymmetric membranes for oil–water separation

Blend PES/CA hydrophilic membranes were prepared via a phase-inversion process for oil–water separation. PEG-400 was introduced into the polymer solution in order to enhance phase-inversion and produce high permeability membranes. A gas permeation test was conducted to estimate mean pore size and surface porosity of the membranes. The membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, overall porosity, water contact angle, water flux and hydraulic resistance. A cross-flow separation system was used to evaluate oil–water separation performance of the membranes. From FESEM examination, the prepared PES/CA membrane presented thinner outer skin layer, higher surface porosity with larger pore sizes. The outer surface water contact angle of the prepared membrane significantly decreased when CA was added into the polymer solution. The higher water flux of the PES/CA membrane was related to the higher hydrophilicity and larger pore sizes of the membrane. From oil–water separation test, the PES/CA membrane showed stable oil rejection of 88 % and water flux of 27 l/m² s after 150 min of the operation. In conclusion, by controlling fabrication parameters a developed membrane structure with high hydrophilicity, high surface porosity and low resistance can be achieved to improve oil rejection and water productivity.     

Preparation of a hydrophobically enhanced antifouling isotactic polypropylene/silicone dioxide flat‐sheet membrane via thermally induced phase separation for vacuum membrane distillation

Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) hydrophobic flat‐sheet membranes were fabricated for use in vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) through a thermally induced phase‐separation process with dispersing hydrophobically modified SiO₂ nanoparticles in the casting solution to achieve a higher hydrophobicity and to sustain a stable flux in VMD. The contact angle (CA) measurements indicated that the incorporation of nano‐SiO₂ into a casting solution mixture containing 20 wt % iPP had a 20.9% higher CA relative to that of SiO₂‐free membranes. The addition of nano‐SiO₂ also induced morphological changes in the membrane structure, including changes in the pore size distribution, porosity, and suppression of macrovoids. The pore size distribution of the iPP–SiO₂ membranes became narrower compared with that of the SiO₂‐free membranes, and the porosity also improved from 35.45 to 59.75% with SiO₂ addition. The average pore size and maximum pore size of the iPP–SiO₂ membranes both decreased. The ability of the membranes to concentrate an astragalus aqueous solution (a type of traditional Chinese medicine) with VMD was investigated. The surface hydrophobicity and antifouling performance of the iPP–SiO₂ membranes improved with nano‐SiO₂ addition to the membrane casting solution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42615.     

Study on the control of pore sizes of membranes using chemical methods: Part III. The performance of carbonates and bicarbonates in the membrane-making process by the chemical reaction

In this paper, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polymethyl acrilate (PMMA)/cellulose acetate (CA) blend UF membranes were prepared by chemical reaction introduced phase-inversion method. The results of the experiment show that: (1) The membrane pore size distribution is more uniform due to the presence of carbonates or bicarbonates in the coagulation bath; (2) No more than the stoichiometric ratio amount of carbonates or bicarbonates in the coagulation bath can effectively improve the membrane pore size distribution and make the pore size of membrane more uniform; (3) The membrane prepared by carbonates solution as a working solution in coagulation bath possess superior performance than that by bicarbonates.     

Effects of Membrane-Making Conditions and Shrinkage Treatment on Morphology and Performance of Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Membranes

Abstract

The functions of additives in cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) membrane casting solution, effect of thermal shrinkage treatment on porous CAB membranes, and the changes of CAB membrane surface morphology during the solvent evaporation step have been investigated. Additives (glycerol and lactic acid) in CAB membrane casting solution function only as pore number promoting agents when used at low concentration and function both as pore number and pore size promoting agents when used at higher concentrations. Triethyl phosphate in CAB membrane casting solution functions both as a pore number promoting agent and as a secondary solvent for CAB. Three distinct phases can be observed in the solvent evaporation step in making CAB membranes. With the increase in solvent evaporation time, the number of pores in the first pore size distribution increases in the initial small pore-forming phase and decreases in the large pore-forming phase, and the number of pores in the second pore size distribution always increases with solvent evaporation time. These changes in pore numbers, pore sizes, and pore number ratio in two pore size distributions as well as the membrane skin layer thickness together govern the ultimate membrane performance and result in a maximum solute separation which, in the case of CAB/ acetone membranes, falls at 60 seconds of solvent evaporation time. Significant improvement of the performance of a porous CAB membrane can be achieved by thermal shrinkage treatment. Equally high CAB membrane performance can also be achieved by using a lower concentration of additives in the membrane casting solution.     

Effect of various additives on pore size of polysulfone membrane by phase‐inversion process

The phase‐inversion process was used to prepare integrally skinned asymmetric polysulfone (PSf) membranes with different pore sizes. Membranes were prepared from a casting solution of PSf; N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent; and 1,4‐dioxane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDE), acetone, and γ‐butyrolactone (GBL) as additives by immersing them in water as a coagulant. The effect of the additives on membrane performance and structure was investigated. The low miscibility of 1,4‐dioxane, DGDE, and acetone with the coagulant resulted in reduced membrane pore size. However, by using GBL as additive pore size of the membrane was slightly increased because of its higher miscibility with the coagulant than NMP. Changing the amount of additives in the casting solution could control the molecular‐weight cutoff values of asymmetric membranes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2562–2566, 2003     

Preparation of mesh-reinforced cellulose acetate forward osmosis membrane with very low surface roughness

Mesh-reinforced cellulose acetate (CA)-based membranes were prepared for forward osmosis (FO) by immersion precipitation. Casting compositions such as CA percent and 1, 4-dioxane/acetone ratio and also preparation conditions such as evaporation time, coagulation bath and annealing temperatures were tested for membranes’ performance. The results were compared with commercially CTA membranes. The best membrane (17.9% polymer and 1, 4-dioxane/acetone ratio of 1.89) showed water flux of 9.3 L/m²h (LMH) and RSF of 0.536 mol NaCl/m²h. Moreover, the membrane structure was reinforced by a polyester mesh, which created micro pores in the back of the membrane. This caused higher water flux and RSF compared to membranes without mesh. FO membrane prepared under best conditions, had a smoother surface than commercial ones. This feature enhances the fouling properties of the membrane, which can be appropriate for wastewater treatment applications.