Design and analysis of multi-mode cluster SAR

Cluster Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system is composed of a group of spaceborne SAR systems. With its agility of combination, this system can work in several different modes. In this letter, the basic configuration and the working mode of the system are presented. The special performance of the system compared with the conventional SAR system is indicated.     

3eam-Switching Antenna Based on Plane Dipole Structure

Abstract A novel method for designing a beam-switching antenna with the plane dipole is presented. The antenna is composed of double dipoles placed at the center of an active square structure that is divided in four equal sectors by metallic sheets. Metallic patches at the outside of the structure are used to enhance the radiation performance of the antenna. In each step, the diodes in one sector are on, whereas other diodes are off. The sector with off-state diodes defines the direction of the radiation pattern. An antenna model is designed on the substrate of FR4. The proposed antenna operates from 4.8 GHz to 5.5 GHz with gain of 6.3 dBi and F/B （front to back ratio） of 13.2 dBi when the operating frequency is 5.2 GHz. The antenna radiation pattern can be swept in the entire azimuth plane in four steps with a 3 dB beamwidth of 90%. The results reveal that the antenna could be used in the base station of the wireless communication systems.     

Coupled-fed Printed PIFA for Internal Eight-Band LTE/GSM/UMTS Mobile Phone

A coupled-fed printed PIFA （Pla- nar Inverted-F antenna） for eight-band operation cov- ering the LTET00/2300/2500 and GSM850/900/1800/ 1900/UMTS2100 bands in the mobile phone is presented. The proposed antenna comprises a driven W-mouopole and two coupled folded-strips. The folded strip which is coplaner with the T-monopole is called strip 1 and the folded-strip on the back of the system circuit board is called strip 2. The strip 1 is short-circuited to the system ground through an inductance and the Strip 2 is short-circuited to the system ground plane of the mobile phone directly. The driven T-monopole and the strip 1 contribute a wide band for the antenna＇s upper band （1710-2690MHz）, whereas the strip 2 generates a resonant mode for the anteuna＇s lower band （698-960MHz）. The antenna＇s two wide op- erating bands are achieved and controlled by tuning the width of the T-monopole, the gap g3 between the strip 1 and the T-monopole, and the dimensions of the strip 2 on the back of the system circuit board. Details of the pro- posed antenna are described, and the obtained results are presented and discussed.     

A fast approximate imaging algorithm for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar

A fast algorithm of azimuth processing for spaceborne aperture radar (SAR), which is called SPECAN algorithm, is proposed. Compared with general frequency algorithms, SPECAN has advantages in computation, memory and structure. SPECAN algorithm is very important for surveying real time processing of spaceborne SAR. The structure and special problems for SPECAN algorithm used in spaceborne SAR are mainly engaged in this paper. Finally, raw data of SEASAT-A satellite is used to verify the feasibility of SPECAN algorithm.     

自适应映射广义空移健控调制(英文)

Generalized Space Shift Keying (GSSK) modulation is a low-complexity spatial multiplexing technique for multiple-antenna wireless systems. However, effective transmit antenna combinations have to be preselected, and there exist redundant antenna combinations which are not used in GSSK. In this paper, a novel adaptive mapping scheme for GSSK modulation, named as Adaptive Mapping Generalized Space Shift Keying (AMGSSK), is presented. Compared with GSSK, the antenna combinations are updated adaptively according to the Channel State Information (CSI) in the proposed AMGSSK system, and the performance of average Symbol Error Rate (SER) is reduced considerably. In the proposed scheme, two algorithms for selecting the optimum antenna combinations are described. The SER performance of AMGSSK is analyzed theoretically, and validated by Monte Carlo simulation. It is shown that the proposed AMGSSK scheme has good performance in SER and spectral efficiency.     

Performance analysis of azimuth electronic beam steering mode spaceborne SAR

Pointing angle and pattern of the antenna can be changed swiftly to actualize the azimuth beam scanning by using electronic beam steering, which makes the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system more flexible and achieve a high resolution or cover a long strip within short time span. When the pointing angle is steered away from boresight, some aberrations may appear on the antenna pattern, e.g., the grating lobe appears, the main lobe gain decrease, and antenna pattern broadens, e.g., the aberrations result in the worsening of system performance, and complicate the corresponding performance analysis method. Conventional computation methods of performance parameters do not account for the rapid change of the antenna pattern. It introduces remarkable errors when the scanning angle is large. In this paper, a method of calculating performance parameters is proposed for the beam steering mode, which achieves the parameters by the energy accumulation in time domain. Actually, the proposed method simulates the working process of SAR and obtains accurate performance parameters. Furthermore, we analyze the effects of the grating lobe on the Azimuth Ambiguity to Signal Ratio (AASR), and present the generic Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) choosing principle which can also prevent the ambiguous area from weighting by the grating lobe. Finally, the effect of the antenna configuration on the performance parameters is analyzed by a system example.     

Spaceborne SAR real-time echo simulation platform based on VPX

To perform the ground test of a spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） system, an echo simulator with the characteristics of multimode, multi-assemblage, and real time is proposed in this paper. A hardware platform of the real-time echo simulator based on the VPX bus is designed. With this platform, real-time multi-point echo generation and scenario targets echo generation can be achieved by the real-time signal processing in Field Programmable Gate Array （FPGA）, utilizing the parameters calculated by the industry computers. Fklrthermore, this platform can output different signals if it is expanded to multi-channels, making it possible for the assignment of echo generation and test in different spaceborne SAR modes. The test results with the actual SAR system show that this platform can satisfy the system requirements and is now used in practice.     

HYBRID MM／MoL APPROACH FOR ANALYZING A COAXIAL FED MONOPOLE ANTENNA

A new hybrid technique is presented, which combines the Mode Matching(MM) method with the Method of Lines (MoL) to analyze a coaxial fed monopole antenna.The monopole antenna is dealt with using the MoL, while the MM method is used to analyze the coaxial feed system.Then, the two sub-problems are combined by enforcing point matching at the common regional interfaces.The input impedance is computed and compared with the measured data reported in literature, and the excellent agreement is observed.     

ON STUDY OF SPACEBORNE SAR SYSTEMS BY SIMULATIONS

The mathematical model of spaceborne SAR systems and its computer simulationsare described. Results of computer simulations about range migration, range migration correction,azimuth weighting and signal generation/processing are given. This software can be used tosimulate the dynamic processes in spaceborne SAR systems, to develop new signal processingtechniques and to evaluate the performance of the designed system.     

Reconfigurable dual-band circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for wireless applications

A new design of reconfigurable single-feed circular patch microstrip antenna for dual-band circular polarization application is proposed. The dual-band functionality is realized through incorporating cross-slots of equal slot length in the circular patch and utilizing two PIN diodes to switch the slots on or off. A pairs of tuning stubs are used to tune the circular polarization performance. The design process is presented and good results were obtained.     

基于自适应遗传算法的星载SAR天线方向图与模糊综合

该文针对改善星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)的模糊特性,提出了一种自适应遗传算法。该算法同时对模糊和方向图进行优化。首先确定模糊区域,然后以天线方向图的主瓣宽度和副瓣电平(包括星载SAR模糊区域的副瓣电平)为目标函数,应用自适应遗传算法对天线方向图进行综合。为了避免早熟的现象,在该算法中,交叉概率、变异概率和变异范围同时进行了自适应的变化。和非自适应遗传算法相比较,该算法迭代步骤少,收敛速度快。仿真结果表明,模糊度得到了很好的抑制,对星载SAR系统设计具有实际意义。     

星载SAR天线方向图在轨测量技术发展现状与趋势

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)天线方向图不确定性是影响SAR 辐射精度的主要误差源,天线方向图在轨测量技术是星载SAR 定标的关键技术之一。该文综述了星载SAR 天线方向图在轨测量技术发展历程,分析了技术发展趋势,并对现有的在轨测量技术进行了分析比较,将为星载SAR 天线方向图在轨测试方案的设计提供重要参考。      

基于遗传算法的星载合成孔径雷达天线方向图与模糊综合

该文针对改善星载合成孔径雷达(星载SAR)的模糊特性,以星载SAR的模糊度为目标函数,以天线方向图的主瓣宽度和副瓣电平为约束条件,应用遗传算法对天线方向图进行综合。仿真结果表明,这种方法很好地抑制了模糊度,同时控制了主瓣宽度和副瓣电平,对星载SAR系统设计具有实际意义。     

亚马逊热带雨林星载SAR辐射定标算法

天线外定标是实现星载SAR天线方向图在轨测试的主要手段。天线方向图的准确测量,对星载SAR图像的应用具有重要作用。分布目标辐射定标在星载SAR天线方向图测试中受到广泛重视。亚马逊热带雨林的后向散射系数呈现大面积的均匀性和稳定性,故成为分布目标定标最主要的定标场。该文在分布目标定标原理的基础上,对基于亚马逊热带雨林的星载SAR天线方向图测量算法进行了研究,提出了采用K．Pearson统计量非参数假设检验的一致性处理算法,并采用Levenberg-Marquard算法（LM算法）估计俯仰向天线方向图模型参数。仿真数据验证了算法的可靠性和准确性。     

The effect of topography on SAR calibration

During normal synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, a flat Earth is assumed when performing radiometric corrections such as antenna pattern and scattering area removal. The authors examine the effects of topographic variations on these corrections. Local slopes will cause the actual scattering area to be different from that calculated using the flat Earth assumption. It is shown that this effect may easily cause calibration errors larger than a decibel. Ignoring the topography during antenna pattern removal may also introduce errors of several decibels in the case of airborne systems. The effect of topography on antenna pattern removal is expected to be negligible for spaceborne SARs. The authors show how these effects can be taken into account if a digital elevation model is available for the imaged area. The errors are quantified for two different types of terrain, a moderate relief area near Tombstone, AZ, and a high relief area near Oetztal in the Austrian Alps. The authors show errors for two well-known radar systems, the C-band ERS-1 spaceborne radar system and the three frequency NASA/JPL airborne SAR system (AIRSAR)     

TerraSAR-X Antenna Calibration and Monitoring Based on a Precise Antenna Model

The high flexibility and tight accuracy requirements of modern spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems require innovative technologies to calibrate and process SAR images. To perform accurate pattern correction during SAR processing, an antenna model can be used to derive the multitude of different antenna beams generated by active antenna steering. The application of such an antenna model could be successfully demonstrated for the TerraSAR-X mission, launched in 2007. The methodology and the results of the in-orbit verification with an achieved accuracy of better than $pm$0.2 dB are reviewed in this paper in detail, showing its outstanding accuracy. Additionally, the results of the antenna pattern long-term monitoring are described, pointing out the high stability of the system.      

基于波束优化赋形方法的斜视星载SAR模糊抑制研究

距离模糊和方位模糊会严重影响星载合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）的成像质量。现有的利用天线波束赋形来抑制模糊的方法在雷达正侧视成像时取得了优异的效果,但并不适用于雷达斜视的情况。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于平面阵列天线波束赋形的星载SAR二维模糊（距离和方位模糊）抑制方法。使用距离-方位模糊综合的模糊比（Ambiguity to Signal Ratio,ASR）指标来替代距离模糊比及方位模糊比,结合对不同斜视情形下天线波束变化的分析,充分考虑包含镜像模糊区在内的所有模糊区,建立了模糊比-天线权重优化模型。以模糊能量为目标函数、天线方向图掩模作为约束确立二次锥（Quadratic Cone Programming,QCP）优化问题,求解得到阵元幅度相位分布。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以通过调节模糊区对应的旁瓣幅值,灵活地抑制SAR斜视成像的距离和方位模糊,进而提高星载SAR的成像质量。     

一种快速星载合成孔径雷达波束优化算法

针对星载合成孔径雷达（SAR）,提出了一种快速的波束优化算法。该方法以快速傅里叶变换（FFT）为基础,对星载SAR的波束进行赋形,并压制了模糊区。利用快速傅里叶逆变换（IFFT）快速计算出方向图,然后和期望的方向图进行比较,对不满足期望方向图的区域,直接用期望方向图的值代替。重复上述操作,直到方向图满足设计要求。和原有的波束优化方法相比,该方法不做各种复杂操作,因而大大节省了优化时间,提高了速度。两个仿真结果都表明该方法实用、高效。     

星载SAR相控阵天线展开误差的模糊性能分析

根据星载SAR天线的特点建立了天线展开误差模型,定义了展开不平直度指标,基于成对回波理论推导了存在展开误差条件下天线方向图函数的表达式,推出单频天线展开误差分量与方位模糊度之间统计关系,给出了天线展开误差影响方位模糊度指标的上界.大量的计算机仿真验证了本文分析方法的正确性.     

一种改善交叉极化距离模糊度的新工作模式

距离模糊度是星载合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR）系统设计考虑的重要指标.传统交替发射的全极化星载SAR系统中,受同极化模糊的影响,交叉极化距离模糊度会不同程度地恶化.针对这一问题,提出了全极化渐进扫描合成孔径雷达(Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans,TOPSAR)工作模式以改善星载全极化SAR系统的交叉极化距离模糊度.按Radarsat2近似的参数设计对比了两种全极化方案,仿真结果说明了全极化TOPSAR系统可以防止同极化模糊对交叉极化信号的影响,有效改善星载全极化SAR的交叉极化模糊度性能.