Magnetisation loss of BSCCO/Ag superconducting tape exposed to applied field with arbitrary angle

Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x/Ag tape superconductors are used in applications like power cables and transformers. In these applications the superconductor is exposed to an alternating magnetic field that has different orientations with respect to the tape surface. In this paper the angle dependency of the magnetisation loss is considered from two points of view. First the measurement technique with pickup coils is analysed theoretically. Measured magnetisation loss in uni-directional magnetic field with various orientations and rotating magnetic field are compared. When the orientation is changed from perpendicular (0°) to parallel (90°) applied magnetic fields, the contribution of the perpendicular field component to the magnetisation loss is dominant up to 60°. A new model to describe the angle dependency of the magnetisation loss, based on the measured loss in perpendicular and parallel magnetic field is developed. Deviations between models and the measured loss are explained with the help of the theoretical analysis of the measurement technique. The new model is not only applicable for the magnetisation loss but also for other AC loss components.     

The angular dependence of AC losses in BSCCO/Ag tapes under AC magnetic fields and AC transport currents

The measurement results of AC transport current losses in BSCCO/Ag tapes caused by AC transport currents and the simultaneously presented AC magnetic fields were reported. The measurements were carried out at 77 K and power frequency (50 Hz) for AC applied magnetic fields of 48, 80 and 120 mT, respectively. The angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the wide side of the tape varied from 0° to 90° with a step of 10°. Analyses on the angular dependency of the AC losses for BSCCO/Ag tapes were given. A theoretical model to describe the angular dependency of AC losses was proposed and compared with the experimental results.     

3D simulation of AC loss in a twisted multi-filamentary superconducting wire

In the AC loss simulation, it is a huge challenge to model the twisted wire at the filament level, due to the complex structure as well as long-time computation consumption. In this paper, we use 3D finite-element method based on H-formulation to study the AC loss in a twisted superconducting wire. The wire is treated as a homogenous material with the anisotropic conductivity in the filament region. We quantitatively simulate the AC loss induced by the AC transport current and magnetic field profile, and the effect of the twist pitch on the AC loss. In the case of AC transport current, larger pitch length leads to higher loss, and the pitch length effect is contrary to the case of applied magnetic field. The influences of the magnetic field direction and non-uniform current distribution subjected to the strand bending are also investigated. It is observed that, the transverse magnetic field has a more significant influence on the AC loss than the longitudinal magnetic field. The non-uniform current distribution can result in a higher AC loss, compared to a corresponding uniform current distribution.     

On the distribution of a transport current inside a multifilamentary superconducting wire in a rapidly changing transverse magnetic field

For the current distribution inside a multifilamentary superconducting wire carring a dc transport current in a rapidly changing transverse magnetic field, inconsistencies with the existing models are shown by the following experimental evidence: when a transverse magnetic field is applied, the distribution of transport current is not unaltered but is forced to concentrate into the inner circular cross section region during a characteristic time constant τ_c, called the coupling time constant. Secondly, the characteristic time constant for the transport current distribution inside the inner region to approach a uniform distribution is not τ_c but a new time constant τ₁ called the ‘uniforming time constant’, though the variation in the distribution does not occur unless the external magnetic field changes with time.It is shown that the model of the current distribution based on the above experimental evidence exhibits a remarkable difference from the existing models, especially for the wires containing very fine superconducting filaments.     

Using magnetic field pulses with a slow sweep rate to produce uniform current distribution in multifilamentary superconducting wire

A detailed discussion is presented on the change in current distribution which takes place in a twisted multifilamentary superconducting wire induced by successive magnetic field pulses with a slow sweep-rate. The number of the field pulses required for a localized current-distribution to become uniform is estimated. Some modification of existing theories is necessary to describe the phenomenon. The results obtained are confirmed by systematic measurements of the net flux penetration into the wire during each cycle of field pulses.     

Losses in a multifilamentary superconducting wire caused by a simultaneous sweep of current and magnetic field

A theoretical discussion is presented on the energy loss in a multi-filamentary superconducting wire when an applied transport current and an external transverse magnetic field are varied simultaneously with a repeating pulsive wave form. In the present calculation, the effects of the ‘uniforming time constant’ which has been introduced by the authors as a characteristic time constant for the change in the transport-current distribution inside the wire is taken into account, together with the field dependence of the critical current density of superconducting filaments.Thus the present analytic expression for the energy loss of multi-filamentary wire is available to the whole range of the external magnetic field. It is shown that the contribution of the dynamic resistance loss to the total loss is strongly dependent on the position of the wire inside a coil.     

Transport ac loss of a superconducting cylinder with field dependent critical current density

The transport ac loss per cycle per unit length of a hard superconducting cylinder is calculated from the critical state model assuming a Kim-type and an exponential field dependent critical current density. Without such dependence, the results are consistent with Norris’ equations for an ellipse bar, in which the critical current density is assumed not to depend on the flux density. Based on Norris’ equations, the expressions of the loss are derived for a finite length cylinder. It is shown that the field dependence decreases and increases the loss at low and high ac currents, respectively, and the effects of the parameter p on the loss are related to the magnetization process. Compared to Norris’ prediction, the results for the Kim and exponential model show the same trend with respect to the external transport current.     

Uncertainty considerations in AC loss measurement of multifilamentary superconducting wires performed via a pickup coil method

The uncertainty of AC loss measurements for multifilamentary superconducting wires by a pickup coil method is evaluated on the basis of the law of propagation of uncertainty. In this evaluation, the effects of measurement conditions, signal processing, and the division of the AC loss into its components (hysteresis loss and coupling loss) are taken into account as elements of uncertainty. The effect of the measurement conditions is evaluated using theoretical expressions of the two main components. Additionally, the effect of signal processing is considered in accordance with the actual processes of the AC loss measurement using experimental outputs. The main factors that contribute to the uncertainty in the propagation process are discussed. The estimated resultant uncertainties are compared to experimental ones for round robin tests of AC loss measurement of Nb-Ti multifilamentary wires exposed to an alternating transverse magnetic field.     

Numerical simulations of electromagnetic behavior and AC loss in rectangular bulk superconductor with an elliptical flaw under AC magnetic fields

This paper presents a finite element model based on the H-formulation to solve the electromagnetic behavior and AC loss in rectangular bulk superconductor with an elliptical flaw in AC external field condition. Both the interior flaw and the edge flaw are considered. A modified E–J power law which is valid for an arbitrary current density range is adopted in order to predict the strong local enhancement of the current density in the vicinity of the flaw tip. The results for the usual E–J power law are calculated for comparison as well. The simulation results show that the existence of the flaw significantly blocks the flow of the induced current and forces the current to redistribute around it. Meanwhile, the strong local enhancement of the current density is observed in the vicinity of the flaw tip. Furthermore, the influences of the size and position of the flaw on the local enhancement of the current density in the vicinity of the flaw tip are investigated. In addition, it is found that the influence of the flaw on the AC loss of the sample is slight for both cases of the interior flaw and the edge flaw.     

Study on magnetic field deviation due to manufacturing errors of the SIS100 superconducting dipole magnet

An international accelerator project, Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Europe (FAIR), is being constructed at Darmstadt, Germany. Central part of the accelerator chain is a superconducting heavy ion synchrotron SIS100, which accelerates injected particles from existing synchrotron SIS18, and provides them to experiment sites and further accelerators. Superconducting magnets in SIS100 are mainly superferric magnet with a Nuclotron cable. After R&D, the First of Series (FoS) main dipole magnet has been manufactured and tested successfully. However, magnetic field quality is unsatisfactory. We report on the investigation of the magnetic field quality by means of magnetic field measurements, geometrical measurements, and electromagnetic simulations.     

Effect of twist on the longitudinal field loss for an in situ superconductor

The effect of twist on the full penetration loss of an in situ superconductor is calculated for the case of a longitudinal applied magnetic field. An increase in hysteresis with increasing twist is predicted due to a large anisotropy in the critical current density. The anisotropy results from the fact that the critical current density along the length of a filament in the in situ material is determined by the filament, while along the thickness it is determined by the proximity effect in the matrix surrounding the filament. From the measurements of Braginski and Wagner the ratio of these critical current densities is calculated to be about 70, which is in order of magnitude agreement with the value previously found from transverse field measurement.     

Evolution of magnetic domain structure and magnetic properties of Fe-based nanocrystalline powder cores during transverse magnetic field annealing

In this work, transverse magnetic field annealing (TA) was performed to FeSiBNbCu nanocrystalline powder cores (NPCs), and the magnetic properties, microstructure, and magnetic domain structure were in detail studied comparing with those after normal annealing (NA), and the mechanism of the improvement of soft magnetic properties by TA was elucidated. The experimental results show that the core loss of the sample is reduced by 14 % and the coercivity is reduced by 38 % after TA at 450 °C compared to the NA sample. The direct current bias performance of the TA sample is maintained at 67 % under a 100 Oe bias field. TA optimizes the soft magnetic properties of NPCs by optimizing the domain structure, reducing the formation of micro-vortex dots and broadening the size of the domain. These results can provide a good guide for optimizing the performance of NPCs with low core loss at high frequency.     

Measurement of fatigue crack growth in large compact tension specimens using an AC magnetic field method

Fatigue crack growth rate data are required in order to carry out a numerical analysis of the fatigue performance of complex structural components. These data are obtained by measuring crack growth in standard fracture mechanics specimens. A new method for measuring fatigue crack growth in compact tension specimens has been developed. The technique is based on the measurement of the surface magnetic fields produced when passing a high-frequency alternating current through the specimen. Fatigue crack growth data recorded using this method indicated an accuracy of ±0.02 mm when compared with optical measurements. The technique is suitable for computer-controlled operation and could easily be applied to other standard specimen geometries.     

磁场诱导组装磁性钴纳米球链状结构及其磁性能

通过简单的水热反应,分别在无外加诱导磁场和有外加磁场条件下合成了不同结构的磁性Co纳米材料.用XRD、SEM、TEM和PPMS分别表征了样品的晶相、形貌和磁性能.结果显示,无磁场下的样品(ZF样品)为单分散Co纳米球,而磁场下的样品(AF样品)为Co纳米球组装形成的一维链状结构,二者有相近的饱和磁化强度(分别为30.98、31.96A·m2/kg),但其矫顽力和剩磁比却明显不同(ZF样品:901.87A/m、0.096;AF样品:8436.8A/m,0.047),认为这主要磁场诱导形成特殊一维链状结构的形状各向异性造成的.     

DC performance, AC loss and transient field stability of five medium size NbTi cable-in-conduit conductors with parametric variations

Five medium size NbTi cable-in-conduit conductors with parametric variations in the cable layout were fabricated of three different strands to investigate their DC performance, AC loss behaviour and transient stability by means of the SULTAN facility. A comparison of measured strand data and the cable performances at the same background field indicates that the current carrying capacity of the conductors is limited by the total magnetic field on the high field side. Due to the self-field contribution the total magnetic field on the high field side is considerably larger than the background field at high currents. The take-off electric fields were found to decrease with increasing quench currents, resulting in sudden take-offs for large overall current densities. Effective self-field factors are used to describe the DC performance in the current range, where the critical current and the current sharing temperature are accessible. The quench behaviour of the conductors is discussed in the framework of a model based on peak-field-induced quenches. Differences in the DC performance of the conductors are related to the variation in the transverse resistance determining the ability of the conductors to redistribute the current in the case of a current imbalance originated at the joints. This aspect was studied in more detail by modifying one of the joints allowing a defined number of subcables to be disconnected. The voltage-current characteristics of strands and cable-in-conduit conductors are compared. The reasons for cable n values deviating from the strand n values are discussed. Moreover, the effect of different transverse resistances on the AC loss behaviour and the transient field stability was investigated. Ni coating of the strands was found to be sufficient to eliminate the interstrand coupling current loss. Thus, additional subcable wraps provided no significant further loss reduction.     

磁场对Ni/硅橡胶复合材料交流电导率及介电性质的影响

采用硅橡胶（110型）与金属（镍粉）按质量比为1∶2.7进行配料, 应用室温二次固化合成Ni/硅橡胶压敏复合材料样品。室温下测量了样品的压阻效应, 比较了外加0.024 T磁场前后样品的介电性质。结果表明, 当压强从3.75kPa到312.5kPa时, 样品直流电阻率下降了8个数量级。与加磁场前相比, 0.024T的磁场使得低频(40~104Hz)交流电导率提高了2.46倍, 介电常数提高了20%, 介电损耗提高了2倍, 这主要是由复合材料中铁磁绝缘体铁磁颗粒膜的隧道磁电阻效应以及磁电耦合引起的。撤去磁场后交流电导率、介电常数和介电损耗均不能回到加磁场前的初始值, 这与Ni粉的铁磁性有关。Ni/硅橡胶压敏复合材料的压阻、 磁电阻效应及磁电耦合等物理性质在磁传感器件、 信息储存等领域有潜在的应用价值。      

横向常磁场中铁磁圆板的主共振特性与静载效应

针对横向常磁场中铁磁圆板的主共振问题进行研究.基于电磁基本理论,得到薄板在常磁场中所受的磁体力和洛伦兹力,应用哈密顿变分原理,推导出磁场中铁磁圆板磁弹性耦合横向振动微分方程.常磁场中铁磁圆板受到的磁体力为静载荷,根据伽辽金法得到周边夹支边界条件下铁磁圆板在静载荷作用下的初挠度,进一步应用多尺度法对周期载荷作用下的非线性...     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Zn alloy under a low-voltage pulsed magnetic field

Effect of a low-voltage pulsed magnetic field on the solidified microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Al-Zn alloy has been investigated. When the low-voltage pulsed magnetic field is applied during solidification, the as-cast microstructure is significantly refined and α-Mg is modified from developed dendrite to fine rosette. This morphology modification is caused by the accumulation of Joule heat on the dendrite tip. The yield strength is improved with the application of the low-voltage pulsed magnetic field under normal casting and semi-continuous casting conditions. The ultimate tensile strength is decreased slightly under normal casting condition due to the occurrence of plenty of shrinkage under the low-voltage pulsed magnetic field. The shrinkages are removed and the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength are increased under semi-continuous casting condition with low-voltage pulsed magnetic field.     

The low magnetic field properties of superconducting bulk yttrium barium copper oxide-sintered versus partially melted material

A comparison of the low magnetic field properties of sintered (990°C) and partially melted samples (1050°C) has been performed. Changes in the microstructure produced by recrystallization from the melt result in a significant increase in flux pinning at 77 K. Low-frequency (10–100 Hz), low-a.c. magnetic field (0.01–9.0 Oe) a.c. susceptibility data show that gross changes in the a.c. loss component accompanies the observed changes in microstructure. The effects of applied d.c. magnetic fields (10–220 Oe) on the a.c. responses of these microstructures have also been probed. Data are analyzed and critically discussed in terms of current models appropriate for granular superconductors and in terms of older models appropriate for metallic alloys and compounds. Particular attention is given to published interpretations of the in-phase or loss component of the a.c. magnetic susceptibility and to the possible roles which minority phases and sample inhomogeneities may play in determining the detailed a.c. responses of these high-T _coxides.     

AC loss properties of some Bi:2212/Ag Rutherford cables and a comparison with those of cables wound with NbTi and Nb3Sn

Calorimetric measurements of AC loss have been performed on Rutherford cables wound with NbTi, Nb₃Sn, and Bi:2212/Ag strands, respectively. For the NbTi cables, various strand coatings had been applied, while for the Nb₃Sn and Bi:2212/Ag cables the strand surfaces were just bare Cu or Ag, respectively. Most of the cables contained resistive cores: ribbons of kapton or titanium (NbTi cables), stainless steel (NbTi and Nb₃Sn cables), and nichrome-80 (Bi:2212/Ag cables). In all cases the cores were found to lead to a strong suppression of the face-on (field normal to the broad cable face) coupling current loss; to such an extent that even the Bi:2212/Ag cables, which would otherwise be severely cross-sintered, evinced acceptable coupling loss. For most of the cables side-by-side interstrand contact resistances have been calculated. An `effective interstrand contact resistance', R<sub>⊥,eff</sub>, has been defined, and an expression devised to enable its value in different-size cables to be converted to that of a `standard reference cable', R_{⊥,eff.,ref.}, for the purpose of intercomparison.