高功率密度柴油机的喷油时刻对燃烧排放的研究

运用AVL FIRE软件,建立某台单缸高功率密度柴油机模型,研究喷油时刻对该柴油机燃烧排放的影响规律,并用柴油机台架试验验证模型的合理性。着重仿真分析了不同喷油时刻对柴油机缸内压力、温度、放热率、功率、燃油消耗率以及排放的影响。分析结果表明:喷油时刻每提前3°曲轴转角,缸内压力和温度分别升高6.55%和2.8%;放热速率快,放热相对集中;NO_x排放增加,碳烟排放降低;功率下降,燃油消耗率升高;当喷油时刻为上止点前16°曲轴转角时,NO_x和碳烟排放都能满足排放法规要求,且动力性和经济性能较好。     

柴油喷射参数对高废气再循环(EGR)率下生物质气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧的影响

通过调节柴油主喷正时以及预喷比,对高EGR率下双燃料燃烧模式优化,探究主喷正时、预喷比对高EGR率下生物质气/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧模式的影响。首先改变主喷正时进行对比试验,选取4个主喷正时,分别为上止点前3°、5°、7°和9°曲轴转角,预喷比取40%;然后选取40%、50%和60%3个预喷比进行对比试验,主喷正时取上止点前5°曲轴转角。研究表明随着主喷正时的提前,燃烧相位提前,热效率提高,碳氢(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)排放降低,而氮氧化物(NOx)升高;预喷比增大时燃烧提前,热效率略有升高,并且在大预喷比条件下碳烟排放较高。     

非同步气门正时对高速汽油机进气及燃烧过程的影响

结合某高速进气道喷射五气门汽油机,采用CFD技术和台架试验手段研究了同步与非同步气门正时对高速汽油机进气和燃烧过程的影响。CFD分析结果表明:非同步气门正时能够加强缸内气体流动,提高点火时刻的缸内湍动能,有利于火焰的快速传播,提高燃烧速率。试验结果表明:进气门2提前20°开启,比其他进气门开启时刻的扭矩提高了约3.1%,燃油消耗率降低了约4.2%;进气门2推迟20°开启燃油消耗率降低了约2.6%,发动机扭矩略微降低。非同步气门正时下,发动机HC和CO排放量均降低,进气门2提前20°开启由于缸内温度较高,NO_x排放量增加了约11.3%。进气门2推迟20°开启由于缸内进气量较低,NO_x排放量降低了约6.7%。     

喷雾引导分层燃烧部分负荷喷油点火策略研究

在一台中置多孔喷油器的直喷汽油机上进行试验,研究了喷雾引导分层燃烧技术在部分负荷(n=2 000r/min、BMEP=0.2MPa)下,喷油点火策略对发动机油耗和排放的影响。研究结果表明:点火(IGN)时刻处于喷油结束(EOI)时刻附近时,可以实现稳定的分层稀薄燃烧。在IGN时刻与EOI时刻等高线图中,THC排放与NOx排放呈现矛盾折中关系,CO排放随EOI时刻的推迟而逐渐降低。有效燃油消耗率受到燃烧效率和燃烧相位两个矛盾因素的共同影响,在EOI为上止点前34°的曲轴转角而IGN为上止点前35°的曲轴转角时获得最低值(329g/(kW·h))。采用两次喷射策略时,小的喷射间隔下,喷射比例对分层燃烧的燃烧稳定性和排放影响较小。     

进气加湿结合废气再循环技术对高压直喷双燃料低速机燃烧及排放的影响

基于CONVERGE软件建立了高压直喷双燃料船用发动机三维仿真模型,研究了空气加湿技术和废气再循环(exhaust gas recirculation,EGR)对发动机燃烧过程及排放的影响,并通过耦合进气加湿、EGR和天然气喷射策略等技术,最终得到满足TierⅢ排放法规的可行性技术路线。结果表明,进气加湿降低NOx排放潜力较大(约55%),且对燃料经济性恶化程度较小(约1.6%);单独采用进气加湿技术难以满足TierⅢ排放标准,60%进气加湿程度结合较低程度EGR率(20%)可进一步提高降低NOx排放的潜力(78%);为降低进气加湿和EGR带来的功率损失,在20%EGR率耦合60%进气加湿氛围下,提前2°曲轴转角喷射天然气可使天然气消耗率可降低约1g/(kW·h),同时NOx排放满足TierⅢ排放法规要求。     

LP-EGR对增程器GDI汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为进一步降低燃油消耗率和有害排放,开发增程器专用发动机,在一台缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机上选取增程器的3个运行工况点,开展了当量比燃烧模式下的低压废气再循环(LP-EGR)试验研究.结果表明:随着废气再循环(EGR)率的增加、点火时刻的推迟,缸内压力和放热率峰值降低且推迟,燃烧持续期延长,缸内燃烧由爆震逐渐过渡到失火,NOx排放降低.随着EGR率的增加,HC排放升高,CO和PM排放降低.点火时刻对HC、CO和颗粒物(PM)排放的影响规律随EGR率的变化而不同.引入EGR前、后的颗粒物总数量(PN)浓度值均在较低的数量级(105/cm^3).3个工况点综合优化后的最低有效燃油消耗率为219.1 g/(kW·h),较原机降低了7.75%.     

复合EGR对增压柴油机性能和排放影响的试验研究

在一台两级增压高压共轨柴油机上,在B25和B50工况进行了高压、低压及复合EGR三种EGR方式的试验研究。研究结果表明:在试验研究工况,低压EGR能够保持充足进气量,实现较高EGR率,获得低NOx排放,并在较大EGR率范围保持低碳烟比排放,但是其泵气损失较高,燃油经济性较差。高压EGR在一定EGR率范围内可以有效降低泵气损失,但其对增压器工作能力影响较大,EGR引入能力受到限制;采用进气节流的方法,可以提升其EGR引入能力,但是会造成比油耗明显上升,同时碳烟比排放迅速增大。对高、低压EGR比例进行优化后的复合EGR方式能够有效降低泵气损失,在宽广EGR范围内保持良好的燃油经济性。同时,由于复合EGR一方面增强了EGR引入能力,同时具有较高的进气量,在B25工况复合EGR的EGR率在47%时,此时其NOx比排放为0.67g/(kW·h),碳烟比排放为0.016g/(kW·h);B50工况复合EGR率为33%时,NOx比排放为1.27g/(kW·h),碳烟比排放为0.080g/(kW·h)。复合EGR在较大EGR率下可以同时实现低NOx和碳烟比排放。     

米勒循环在小型增压汽油机典型工况的应用研究

针对某3缸增压小型化汽油机,基于一维和三维发动机循环仿真,分别研究了进气门早关(EIVC)和进气门晚关(LIVC)两种米勒循环形式对发动机油耗、爆震及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:两种米勒循环形式均能有效降低全工况范围的燃油消耗率,平均降幅约为8%。与LIVC相比,低负荷时EIVC具有更大的节气门开度和进气压力,故泵气损失相对较小,具有更好的燃油经济性;而在高负荷区域,EIVC会显著降低缸内滚流和压缩终了时的湍动能,导致燃烧变慢,CA50相比LIVC滞后2.5°曲轴转角,燃油经济性和爆震抑制作用较差。     

VVT相位及初始火核对高压缩比汽油机燃烧特性的影响

在一台高压缩比自然吸气汽油机上,通过台架实验研究了进排气相位、初始火核对燃烧参数及燃油消耗率(BSFC)的影响。结果表明,合理设置进气门晚关相位是实现发动机较高热效率的关键技术。相对原机型,应用进气门晚关策略及高压缩技术后,发动机BSFC降低了7%～11%。进气门晚关策略可提高缸内工质压力,降低泵气损失和增大燃烧定容度,在200kPa、 2000r/min工况下比进气门早开策略的BSFC低了5g/(kW·h)。优化初始火核成长空间后,在300kPa、 2000r/min工况下BSFC降低了6g/(kW·h)。     

柴油深度混合改善均质引燃排放的试验研究

在一台六缸柴油机上使用汽、柴油两种燃料实现均质引燃,通过将柴油主喷时刻大幅提前,研究柴油深度混合对均质引燃的影响。试验结果表明:柴油深度混合可以优化均质引燃模式的燃烧状况,柴油主喷时刻提前至上止点前40°曲轴转角时,缸内燃烧近似均质压燃,在保持高有效热效率的同时,最大压升率也控制在0.59MPa/(°)的合适水平;柴油深度混合可以显著改善均质引燃模式的排放,柴油主喷时刻提前至上止点前40°曲轴转角时,NOx排放低至0.39 g/(k W·h),同时炭烟(Soot)则近零排放。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.