基于多叉树的梯形图向指令表转换算法

针对目前可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)编辑软件中梯形图向指令表转化算法的缺陷,通过对梯形图语言的分析与研究,并考虑到梯形图和指令表在实际应用时的优劣点,提出了一种借助多叉树来实现PLC梯形图向指令表转换的算法;该算法采取从左至右,从上至下的扫描原则将梯形图构建成多叉树,借助多叉树来反应图符间的逻辑关系,然后通过后序遍历多叉树来得到指令表程序;此算法在处理多重串并联结构梯形图时具有更高的效率,同时适用于堆栈指令,使得该算法具有更好的通用性。     

PLC梯形图转化为指令表算法及实现

针对目前PLC梯形图编辑软件的缺陷和不足,基于面向对象的设计思想,提出了一种全新的将梯形图转化为指令表的优化算法。介绍了语法检查、构造逻辑树结构和遍历树结构得到相应指令集三个具体过程的解决方案。结合灵活的类管理机制,将该算法应用于编辑软件,成功地解决了图形语言向文本语言的转化。由于指令程序比较接近于机器语言,将带形图转换成指令表以后,通过指令解释器对指令表的解释得出程序的逻辑,可以在PC机上执行程序。使用该算法开发出来的PLC编辑软件,作为一个编写PLC程序的通用开发平台,它功能强大、操作简单、使用方便。     

TC-PLC可编程序控制器的典型控制方式（一）——使用梯形图及指令系统编程完成控制功能

虽然使用TC-PLC时间状态表格驱动软件进行工业控制非常简单,但是具体的工业项目千差万别。对于复杂的项目,可以使用TC—PLC的梯形图语言,TC—PLC的梯形图语言从内核上满足IEC 61131—3国际标准,形式上与三菱FX系列PLC编程语言相同。梯形图是通过连线把PLC指令的梯形图符号连接在一起的连通图,用以表达所使用的PLC指令及其前后顺序,它与电气原理图很相似。它的连线有两种:一为母线,另一为内部横竖线。内部横竖线把一个个梯形图符号指令连成一个指令组,这个指令组一般总是从装载(LD)指令开始,必要时再继以若干个输入指令(含LD指令),以建立逻辑条件。最后为输出类指令,实现输出控制,以进行相应的工作。母线是用来连接指令组的。指令系统由指令操作码和操作数组成,指令规定了运算功能,由反映其功能的英文简写组成,易于理解和记忆;操作数为明确的变量常数:由用户填入,如:K12,T10等。PLC中的变量和常数以及其取值范围有明确规定,由产品型号决定,可查阅产品目录手册。     

基于块生长观点的PLC指令表向梯形图转化算法

为了实现PLC指令表语句向梯形图自动转换,该文首先提出了指令表语句向梯形图转化需要的限制条件,同时,根据指令表语句本身的意义,以及梯形图绘图的结构,提出了基于块生长的观点的算法,实现这一自动转换。本算法已经成功应用于上海研翔自动化有限公司的PLC编程软件当中。     

OMRON系列PLC基本指令系统介绍

上期我们介绍了OMRON CPM2AH系列PLC基本指令中的基本逻辑指令(串联、并联等),本期我们将具体介绍其微分指令、置位／复位指令,定时器／计数器指令,详情如下所述。一、上升沿微分指令[DIFU(13)]和下降沿微分指令[DIFD(14)]上升沿微分指令[DIFU(13)]和下降沿微分指令[DIFD(14)]的功能号、操作码、名称、功能、梯形图及指令表、     

软件PLC中梯形图编译的C 实现研究

研究了软件PLC中梯形图的逻辑化表达以及编译为指令表的实现方法,对梯形图元素之间的串并联关系进行了深入探讨,在此基础上给出了基于C 的梯形图逻辑表达模型,实现了梯形图到指令表的转换。该实现在可扩展性以及支持复杂梯形图转换方面具有一定优势。     

一种梯形图编程系统的研究与实现方法

详细阐述了一种梯形图编程系统的数据结构与实现方法.该系统选用Visual C 作为开发语言,实现了梯形图语言向指令表语言的转换、显示、编辑、以及语法、逻辑错误检测与处理以及程序传输等功能.该梯形图编程系统可用于多种现场测控设备如PLC、RTU等.     

软PLC梯形图到语句表转换新策略的研究

提出了一种用于实现软PLC梯形图到语句表转换的新策略。首先将梯形图映射为AOV图,然后对每级的AOV图进行扫描以确定各顶点之间的不同层次的串并联关系,扫描的同时自底向上建立一棵逻辑树以保存扫描结果,最后通过遍历这棵树生成语句表。通过实例说明此策略能清晰地表达出梯形图各元件的逻辑关系,语句表转换过程准确快速。执行过程中还能对梯形图进行逻辑查错和规范检查。     

PLC梯形图可视化开发工具的设计与实现

PLC梯形图可视化开发工具是一个集梯形图的编辑、编译功能于一体的集成开发环境．是一款能够提供梯形图的编辑、元件参数的设置功能,并且能够将梯形图语言翻译成的助记符指令表的系统软件。本文含绍了系统用到的数据结构及实现的算法。     

PLC梯形图的一种数据结构描述方法

针对目前PLC梯形图编辑软件中梯形图存储结构的复杂和不足,本文基于面向对象的方法,采用二叉树和双向链表相结合的数据结构来描述梯形图功能单元及其拓扑关系,并提出了相应的转换算法,然后简化为只含有功能单元的模型,使后续的指令表转换得到简化。这种模型结构简单、通用性强、易于用C++语言实现,在PLC梯形图编辑软件中应用效果良好。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.