通信系统中的信道均衡问题研究

针对通信系统中的信道均衡问题进行了研究,设计了一种基于MLP多层感知器的信道均衡系统。首先,对传统线性均衡器存在的问题进行了描述;其次,针对传统线性均衡器存在的问题构建了基于MLP多层感知器的信道均衡系统模型,即以MLP均衡器为核心,增加训练模块与判决模块;然后引入一种快速学习算法对模型进行训练,即通过学习率和动量项优化后的BP算法,减少了模型训练的时间;最后,对快速学习算法进行测试,通过星座图。均方误差折线图以及误码率折线图三种方式对传统线性均衡器与基于MLP多层感知器的信道均衡系统进行测试与对比。结果表明：在复杂环境下,传统线性均衡器对星座图的校正会出现模糊和偏移的现象,而基于MLP多层感知器的信道均衡器对星座图的校正更为精准有效;均方误差折线图显示,在整体上,MLP结构的均衡器比传统LSM均衡器降低了5 dB;误码率折线图显示,在信噪比达到16 dB之后,MLP结构的均衡器误码率更低。综上可知,本研究提出的MLP结构的均衡器性能更佳且稳定性更好。     

一种新的双模式神经网络盲均衡器设计与仿真

在通信系统设计中,常采用盲均衡器来抑制带限信道导致的码间干扰。但传统的常数模算法(CMA)以及基于CMA的双模式算法对于多进制正交调幅信号(QAM)存在较大的误判,收敛后QAM系统性能较差等不足之处。在修正常模算法(MCMA)的基础上,针对QAM信号为多模信号的特点,采用多模算法(MMA)与修正判决引导算法(MDD)结合的双模式算法,并引入可准确模拟信道逆系统的多层感知机结构,得到了一种新的基于双模式算法的多层感知机结构神经网络盲均衡器,利用新算法调整神经网络参数,并且利用重置模块跟踪信道变化。仿真结果表明,新算法调整的神经网络盲均衡器双模式盲均衡器在稳态MSE、收敛性方面都有所提高,并具有抵抗信道突变的能力,为通信系统设计提供参考。     

基于卷积神经网络的信道均衡算法

在现代无线通信系统中,为了克服由传输信道的非线性以及多径效应引起的符号间干扰,解决传统信道均衡算法难以适应的时变信号均衡问题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络的信道均衡算法。通过采集实际通信系统中发送端的相位偏移调制QPSK(quadrature phase shift keying)发送符号序列及接收端的接收符号序列,并将其分割为训练集和测试集来训练及测试卷积神经网络均衡器。实验结果验证了在相同信噪比条件下,基于卷积神经网络的信道均衡算法对QPSK恢复的误符号率相比RLS算法和MLP算法分别降低了20%和5%。     

Legendre神经网络非线性信道均衡

在分析Chebyshev正交多项式神经网络非线性滤波器的基础上，利用Legendre正交多项式快速逼近的优良特性以及判决反馈均衡器的结构特点，提出了两种新型结构的非线性均衡器，并利用NLMS算法，推导出自适应算法．仿真表明，无论通信信道是线性还是非线性，Legendre神经网络自适应均衡器与Chebyshev神经网络均衡器的各项性能均接近，而Legendre神经网络判决反馈自适应均衡器能够更有效地消除码间干扰和非线性干扰，误码性能也得到较好的改善．     

一种改进的DMT系统频域均衡器

在多载波DMT通信系统中,同时采用时域均衡器和频域均衡器来补偿各个子信道的幅度和相位失真。基于该原理,文章提出了一种优化结构设计的DMT系统频域均衡器,其采用了资源共享的折叠结构,流水线结构,同时CU(Computing Unit)设计也有一些特色,并且根据多载波传输特点,对LMS算法进行修改,与传统均衡器相比,能有效降低系统传输的误码率。该文介绍的频域均衡器针对256个子信道,数据32bit位长的信道均衡。目前,该频域均衡器已在FPGA上验证通过。     

基于小波神经网络的混沌时间序列分析与相空间重构

探讨了小波神经网络在混沌时间序列分析与相空间重构中的应用,通过混沌时间序列单步预测与多步预测的例子,比较了小波神经网络与MLP的逼近和收敛性能,对最近提出的一种多分辨率学习策略进行了改进,利用连续3次样条小和正交Daubechies小波代替Haar小波对时间序列做小波分解;用改进的学习算法训练网络并应用到混沌序列相空间重构中,实验结果表明,小波神经网络比MLP和ARMA模型具有更强大的逼近能力,因而十分适合应用于时间序列分析中;多分辨率学习算法可作为分析复杂混沌时间序列的一种重要工具。     

基于判决反馈结构的自适应均衡算法仿真研究

在数字通信中,接收信号通常会受到码间干扰的影响,尤其是在多径衰落无线信道环境中,这种现象更为严重。采用自适应均衡技术可以对信道响应进行补偿。由于在数字通信系统中,信道往往为非最小相位系统,此时线性均衡器性能不佳,因此该文对比研究了非线性结构的自适应波特间隔判决反馈均衡器和自适应分数间隔判决反馈均衡器,并对其性能进行了计算机仿真。仿真结果表明,对于非最小相位信道,自适应分数间隔判决反馈均衡器的性能优于波特间隔判决反馈均衡器。     

基于RBF神经网络与RLS算法的均衡器

将径向基函数神经网络与横向均衡器相结合,采用递推最小二乘算法更新权值。将最小二乘误差作为代价函数以及与误差相关的变步长,使输出误差较传统的神经网络均衡器进一步减小,收敛速度得到提高。仿真结果表明,该均衡器对线性信道和非线性信道都表现出较好的性能,在较严重的非线性情况下其优越性更明显。     

基于深度神经网络的高速信道自适应均衡器

高速串行接口是提高高性能互连网络带宽的关键技术,而信道均衡器则是提高信号完整性的核心部件。利用现代数字信号处理(DSP)结构,提出了基于深度神经网络(DNN)的高速信道均衡研究方法,此方法在面向未来50 GB以上的高速信道时,克服了传统判决反馈均衡器(DFE)的判决速度受限于反馈回路的固有缺陷问题。仿真结果表明,在采用PAM4编码方式,高速信道波特率为28 GB,信道损耗为15 dB,或者波特率为56 GB,信道损耗为30 dB时,与传统的15阶FFE组合2阶DFE的均衡器结构相比,本文所提出的3层DNN结构,具有更好的均衡效果,以及更快的均衡收敛速度。     

ADSL-DMT系统的子信道均衡算法仿真

在采用离散多载波调制(DMT)的ADSL中,需要使用均衡技术来缩短信道的响应时间,从而使系统发端可以采用长度较短的循环前缀来消除码间干扰。但传统的均衡算法复杂度高且对所有子信道做统一处理,限制了系统性能。针对这一问题,该文介绍了一种改进的结构———每个子音频信道上使用一个多抽头的频域均衡器,并通过仿真分析得到,该均衡器能够实现各个子信道的信噪比最大化,从而在相同传输条件下提高了系统容量,降低了系统对同步时延的敏感度,最后分析总结了该均衡器的简单初始化方法。     

Robust nonlinear channel equalization using WNN trained by symbiotic organism search algorithm

In the present world of ‘Big Data,’ the communication channels are always remaining busy and overloaded to transfer quintillion bytes of information. To design an effective equalizer to prevent the inter-symbol interference in such scenario is a challenging task. In this paper, we develop equalizers based on a nonlinear neural structure (wavelet neural network (WNN)) and train it's weighted by a recently developed meta-heuristic (symbiotic organisms search algorithm). The performance of the proposed equalizer is compared with WNN trained by cat swarm optimization (CSO) and clonal selection algorithm (CLONAL), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and least mean square algorithm (LMS). The performance is also compared with other equalizers with structure based on functional link artificial neural network (trigonometric FLANN), radial basis function network (RBF) and finite impulse response filter (FIR). The superior performance is demonstrated on equalization of two non-linear three taps channels and a linear twenty-three taps telephonic channel. It is observed that the performance of the gradient algorithm based equalizers fails in the presence of burst error. The robustness in the performance of the proposed equalizers to handle the burst error conditions is also demonstrated.     

Data storage channel equalization using neural networks

Unlike in many communication channels, the read signals in thin-film magnetic recording channels are corrupted by non-Gaussian, data-dependent noise and nonlinear distortions. In this work we use feedforward neural networks-a multilayer perceptron and its simplified variations-to equalize these signals. We demonstrate that they improve the performance of data recovery schemes in comparison with conventional equalizers. The variations of the MLP equalizer are suitable for the low complexity VLSI implementation required in data storage systems. We also present a novel training criterion designed to reduce the probability of error for the recovered digital data. The results were obtained both from experimental data and from a software recording channel simulator using thin-film disk and magnetoresistive head models.     

Using recurrent neural networks for adaptive communication channelequalization

Nonlinear adaptive filters based on a variety of neural network models have been used successfully for system identification and noise-cancellation in a wide class of applications. An important problem in data communications is that of channel equalization, i.e., the removal of interferences introduced by linear or nonlinear message corrupting mechanisms, so that the originally transmitted symbols can be recovered correctly at the receiver. In this paper we introduce an adaptive recurrent neural network (RNN) based equalizer whose small size and high performance makes it suitable for high-speed channel equalization. We propose RNN based structures for both trained adaptation and blind equalization, and we evaluate their performance via extensive simulations for a variety of signal modulations and communication channel models. It is shown that the RNN equalizers have comparable performance with traditional linear filter based equalizers when the channel interferences are relatively mild, and that they outperform them by several orders of magnitude when either the channel's transfer function has spectral nulls or severe nonlinear distortion is present. In addition, the small-size RNN equalizers, being essentially generalized IIR filters, are shown to outperform multilayer perceptron equalizers of larger computational complexity in linear and nonlinear channel equalization cases.     

Pipelined functional link artificial recurrent neural network with the decision feedback structure for nonlinear channel equalization

This paper presents a computationally efficient nonlinear adaptive filter by a pipelined functional link artificial decision feedback recurrent neural network (PFLADFRNN) for the design of a nonlinear channel equalizer. It aims to reduce computational burden and improve nonlinear processing capabilities of the functional link artificial recurrent neural network (FLANN). The proposed equalizer consists of several simple small-scale functional link artificial decision feedback recurrent neural network (FLADFRNN) modules with less computational complexity. Since it is a module nesting architecture comprising a number of modules that are interconnected in a chained form, its performance can be further improved. Moreover, the equalizer with a decision feedback recurrent structure overcomes the unstableness thanks to its nature of infinite impulse response structure. Finally, the performance of the PFLADFRNN modules is evaluated by a modified real-time recurrent learning algorithm via extensive simulations for different linear and nonlinear channel models in digital communication systems. The comparisons of multilayer perceptron, FLANN and reduced decision feedback FLANN equalizers have clearly indicated the convergence rate, bit error rate, steady-state error and computational complexity, respectively, for nonlinear channel equalization.     

Multilayer perceptron-based DFE with lattice structure

The severely distorting channels limit the use of linear equalizers and the use of the nonlinear equalizers then becomes justifiable. Neural-network-based equalizers, especially the multilayer perceptron (MLP)-based equalizers, are computationally efficient alternative to currently used nonlinear filter realizations, e.g., the Volterra type. The drawback of the MLP-based equalizers is, however, their slow rate of convergence, which limit their use in practical systems. In this work, the effect of whitening the input data in a multilayer perceptron-based decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is evaluated. It is shown from computer simulations that whitening the received data employing adaptive lattice channel equalization algorithms improves the convergence rate and bit error rate performances of multilayer perceptron-based DFE. The adaptive lattice algorithm is a modification to the one developed by Ling and Proakis (1985). The consistency in performance is observed in both time-invariant and time-varying channels. Finally, it is found in this work that, for time-invariant channels, the MLP DFE outperforms the least mean squares (LMS)-based DFE. However, for time-varying channels comparable performance is obtained for the two configurations.     

采用LMS算法的频域均衡技术研究

LMS(最小均方)算法是一种经典自适应算法,最初应用于时域均衡.本文采用LMS算法,根据信道的特性来更新频域均衡器的均衡系数,实验结果表明该算法可明显改善频域均衡系统的性能.     

Communication channel equalization using wavelet network

Wavelet network (WN) based on wavelet decomposition principle is applied to channel equalization for both linear and non-linear channels. The WN is trained by extended Kalman filter (EKF) based recursive algorithm and is compared with EKF based multi-layered perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). Exhaustive simulation study reveals the superiority of the WN based equalizer in terms of bit error rate performance, compared to the above equalizer scheme.     

Two efficient adaptively varying modulus blind equalizers: AVMA and DM/AVMA

Among the blind channel equalization schemes, constant modulus algorithm (CMA), due to its robustness and easy implementation, is an excellent choice to correct the distortions caused by transmission channels. In two-dimensional communication systems, phase recovery is a subject of grave concern which cannot be handled by conventional CMA due to its phase blind nature. In this paper, an adaptively varying modulus algorithm (AVMA) is presented that accomplishes blind equalization and phase correction simultaneously in case of light distorted channels. In order to equalize the channel with higher distortion levels, DM/AVMA, a hybrid of MCMA and AVMA is also presented. Both of these equalizers outperform the conventional CMA and some other existing schemes under certain environments. Analysis and simulation results indicate that the AVMA blind equalizer has faster convergence rate and better steady state performance than those of the conventional CMA & MCMA equalizers in light distorted channels, while, the DM/AVMA equalizer outperforms all the above-mentioned equalizers significantly in channels with higher distortion levels.     

Nonlinear channel equalization for QAM signal constellation usingartificial neural networks

Application of artificial neural networks (ANN's) to adaptive channel equalization in a digital communication system with 4-QAM signal constellation is reported in this paper. A novel computationally efficient single layer functional link ANN (FLANN) is proposed for this purpose. This network has a simple structure in which the nonlinearity is introduced by functional expansion of the input pattern by trigonometric polynomials. Because of input pattern enhancement, the FLANN is capable of forming arbitrarily nonlinear decision boundaries and can perform complex pattern classification tasks. Considering channel equalization as a nonlinear classification problem, the FLANN has been utilized for nonlinear channel equalization. The performance of the FLANN is compared with two other ANN structures [a multilayer perceptron (MLP) and a polynomial perceptron network (PPN)] along with a conventional linear LMS-based equalizer for different linear and nonlinear channel models. The effect of eigenvalue ratio (EVR) of input correlation matrix on the equalizer performance has been studied. The comparison of computational complexity involved for the three ANN structures is also provided.