哈氏C-2000合金在等温氧化时第二相沉淀析出行为（英文）

研究了哈氏C-2000合金在800℃/100 h空气中等温氧化后合金基体中第二相的沉淀行为。氧化后基体中析出了富Mo相,可确定该富Mo相为具有金刚石结构的Mo3Ni3C型碳化物。富Mo相沿晶界和晶内分别呈现出非连续和连续条状形貌特征。然而,经深腐蚀后,晶内和晶界处形貌均发生了变化,即,沿晶界出现了大量白色絮状物,晶内则出现了具有金刚石结构的腐蚀坑。由于富Ni和富Cr区域具有更负的电极电位,因而使得这些区域在深腐蚀后更易被侵蚀。     

Ni3Al-Mo合金1100℃初期高温氧化行为研究

研究了Ni3Al-Mo合金在1100℃下暴露时间为1h的氧化行为,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量衍射谱(EDS)和X射线衍射等手段观察分析了氧化层的表面形貌、微观组织结构成分,并结合氧化动力学曲线分析,探明了Ni3Al-Mo合金1100℃高温氧化初期的氧化机理。研究结果表明,在1100℃氧化初期(1 h内),Ni3Al-Mo合金表面氧化层中存在一个富Mo层,并随着时间延长而增厚,表明合金中Mo元素没有发生氧化挥发。1100℃时Ni3Al-Mo合金试样表面形成NiO+富Mo层+NiAl2O4多层结构氧化层。随着氧化时间的增长,形成NiO层的颗粒逐渐增大,氧化层孔隙增多变得疏松,与基体结合力减弱,试样从炉中取出,在冷却过程中由于NiO氧化层热膨胀系数大,致使氧化层翘曲并剥落。     

哈氏C-2000合金在800°C和1000°C的氧化行为(英文)

研究哈氏C-2000合金在(800°C,1000 h)和(1000°C,100 h)时的氧化行为。分别利用增重法、SEM、XRD和XPS表征氧化动力学和氧化膜的形貌特征。合金在800°C和1000°C时均基本满足抛物线速率规律。此外,由于退火孪晶提高了合金化元素及氧原子的扩散速率,因此,降低了合金的高温抗氧化性能。在800°C时,氧化膜微观结构主要是由NiO和Cr1.3Fe0.7O6组成。此外,初始退火孪晶结构在氧化后依然可见,且临近氧化膜附近出现了富Mo相。然而,在1000°C时,氧化膜的微观结构由细小的铬氧化物和粗大的镍氧化物颗粒通过相互镶嵌而构成,同时,在临近氧化膜处几乎无富Mo相出现。     

电弧离子镀NiCrAlY涂层对镍基单晶合金热腐蚀行为的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在镍基单晶合金表面沉积Ni28Cr11Al0.5Y涂层,研究镍基单晶合金及其Ni28Cr11Al0.5Y涂层在900℃的75%Na2SO4+25%K2SO4(质量分数)熔盐中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:镍基单晶合金受到了严重的热腐蚀,镍基单晶合金内部出现了严重的内硫化和内氧化现象,且内硫化物区域和内氧化物区域出现明显分层结构,与外腐蚀层相邻的区域为内氧化区域,远离外腐蚀层的基体内部形成内硫化区域;而Ni28Cr11Al0.5Y涂层在热腐蚀过程中,表面生成连续的Al2O3氧化膜,且随腐蚀时间延长,Al2O3氧化膜的厚度增大,表现出优良的抗热腐蚀性能。     

一种高Mo强化Ni3Al基单晶高温合金凝固行为的研究进展

与传统Ni基单晶高温合金相比,高Mo强化Ni3Al基单晶高温合金具有富Al和富Mo的成分特征,即该合金具有低密度的优势。本文总结了该合金的凝固特性,并发现高Al的成分特征显著提高了平均液相扩散系数,即Ni3Al基单晶高温合金的平均液相扩散系数为10-8 m2/s数量级,比Ni基单晶高温合金高1-2个数量级。同时,高Al和高Mo的成分特征决定了合金具有枝晶间初生γ''相和富Mo相的末期凝固行为,这与Ni基单晶高温合金的枝晶间析出物（γ/γ''共晶和γ''相）明显不同,但高Al和高Mo的成分特征对凝固特征温度的影响较小。Mo在凝固时显著偏析于未凝固的液相,该偏析行为将降低高Mo强化单晶高温合金的雀斑形成倾向。合金凝固特性的研究将为单晶制备工艺与工程应用奠定基础。     

新型稀土镍铬合金涂层组织与性能研究

在Ni60A合金中添加适量的Cu、Mo、Nb和稀土钇(Y)元素,研制出一种新型稀土镍铬合金(NiCrY)粉体材料.利用SEM、EDS、XRD现代分析技术,对NiCrY合金喷焊涂层的形貌特征、微区成分和物相组成进行分析.结果表明:NiCrY合金涂层由Ni基固溶体基体和Cr23C6、CrB、Ni3B和Cr7C3等硬质相组成,并且组织中有新相MoB析出,硬质相呈细粒状均匀分布于基体上.通过对NiCrY合金喷焊层耐磨和耐蚀性的测定,发现NiCrY较Ni60A合金的耐磨性提高了1倍多,耐蚀性提高了数十倍.分析认为,由于Cu、Mo、Nb和Y的合金化作用,进一步提高了合金的耐磨耐蚀性.     

固溶温度对FGH95镍基合金持久断裂机制的影响

通过对不同温度固溶处理的FGH95合金进行组织形貌观察及持久性能测试,研究了组织结构对合金持久性能及其断裂机制的影响。结果表明:经1150℃固溶和时效处理后,合金中有粗大γ′相在较宽的边界区域不连续分布,其周围存在γ′相贫化区;经1160℃固溶及时效处理后,合金中粗大γ′相完全溶解,在晶内弥散分布高体积分数的γ′相,并有粒状(Nb,Ti)C碳化物在晶内及沿晶界不连续析出;经1165℃固溶和时效后,合金的晶粒尺寸明显长大,并有硬而脆的碳化物膜沿晶界连续析出。在650℃/1034MPa条件下,经1160℃固溶和时效的合金,由于在晶界处不连续析出的粒状碳化物对晶界具有钉扎作用,可有效阻碍晶界滑移,使合金具有较好的抗蠕变性能。合金蠕变后期的变形特征是晶内发生单取向和双取向滑移,随着蠕变进行,滑移迹线增多,并在晶界处引起应力集中,致使裂纹在晶界处萌生及扩展并最终导致断裂。     

Cr3C2/Ni3Al复合材料的高温稳定性

通过对Cr3C2/Ni3Al复合材料在1000℃进行长期时效和氧化实验,分别考察了该材料的高温相稳定性和化学稳定性.结果表明,经1000℃长期时效后,Cr3C2/Ni3Al复合材料中的Cr3C2强化相保持稳定,而基体中则析出一定量的γ相,该相的析出强化了Ni3Al基体,从而使得复合材料的硬度得到进一步提高.Cr3C2/Ni3Al复合材料具有优良的高温抗氧化性能,其表面形成以α-Al2O3为主的致密氧化膜,在空气中的氧化速率仅为Ni3Al合金的1/2.分析认为,Cr3C2在堆焊过程中发生溶解,导致部分Cr固溶于Ni3Al合金基体中,促进了α-Al2O3的形成,从而改善了复合材料的抗氧化性.Cr3C2具有良好的高温化学稳定性并与Ni3Al基体有较好的氧化协同性,从而可得到基体有力支撑以发挥抵抗磨损的作用.优良的高温稳定性使得Cr3C2/Ni3Al复合材料适于在1000℃的高温环境下长期服役.     

镍基合金的析出相及强化机制

用结构分析和性能测试方法,研究了2种镍基合金（617和625）的时效析出相及强化机制。结果表明：在760℃时效过程中,617和625合金均析出面心立方结构的M23C6碳化物和面心立方有序结构的γ′相,M23C6碳化物分布于晶界和晶内,γ′相分布于晶内。此外,625合金还析出体心四方结构的γ″相。2种合金的晶内析出相（M23C6和γ′）稳定性好,617合金的晶界析出相（M23C6）在760℃时效3000 h后聚集长大,仍为不连续分布,可阻碍晶界滑移;625合金的晶界相（γ″相）随760℃时效时间延长数量增多。M23C6作为时效态617合金的主要析出相,弥散分布于晶界和晶内,有利于析出强化,从而提高了617合金的强度和硬度。γ″相作为625合金中的强化相,γ″相与基体（γ）之间的点阵错配度大,共格应力导致的强化作用明显,导致时效态合金的高屈服强度和硬度。     

ZA35-0.5Ni合金中的富镍相及合金电化学特性研究

为了确定ZA35-0.5Ni合金中析出相及其电化学特性,采用组织观察、XRD分析、极化曲线测定对ZA35-0.5Ni合金的富镍相进行了研究。结果表明:ZA35-0.5Ni合金中的富镍相为Ni3Al,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,α-Al最耐蚀,Ni3Al次之,η-Zn最差。ZA35-0.5Ni合金在NaCl溶液中发生电化学腐蚀的原因是晶内α-Al相和Ni3Al相作为阴极,而η-Zn相作为阳极,组成微电池,η-Zn相阳极溶解。     

EFFECT OF Ce ON OXIDATION BEHAVIOUR OF Ni_3Al ALLOYS

1.IntroductionIntermetallicc0mp0undNi3Alhasthespecificpropertythattheyieldstrengthim-proveswiththeincrease0ftemperature.Thefundamentalresearchonhigh-temperaturestructuralmaterialshaJsmademuchprogress,andther0omtemperaturetensilepr0pertiesofNisAlalloysareimproveddramaticallywiththeaddition0falittleB[1'2].Beingasurfaceactiveelement,Cecanpurifyandmodifysteels,andimprovetheirductility,t0ughness,oxidationresistanceandc0rrosionresistance[3].Theeffect0fCe0nthefabricabilityandroomtemperaturetensil…     

喷射沉积Mg-12.55Al-3.33Zn-0.58Ca-1.0Nd合金组织与力学性能研究

利用XRD、OM、SEM、TEM研究了喷射沉积Mg-12.55Al-3.33Zn-0.58Ca-1.0Nd合金挤压态的显微组织和合金的力学性能。结果表明:喷射沉积挤压态镁合金主要包含基体α-Mg和Al2Ca相,基体组织为等轴晶,平均晶粒尺寸为3μm;Al2Ca颗粒主要沿镁基体晶界分布,颗粒尺寸在1.0μm左右,并在Al2Ca相中存在孪晶结构;合金的σb、σ0.2、δ分别为450、325MPa,5%。在拉伸断口上存在大量石块状的Al2Ca相,表明合金的断裂方式为沿晶断裂;与经热挤压的铸造AZ91镁合金对比,该合金强度明显提高,但合金塑性降低;合金强度的提高主要来源于合金的细晶强化和Al、Zn对合金的固溶强化,而伸长率降低是由于合金中存在的大量Al2Ca颗粒是沿镁基体晶界分布,导致合金的塑性降低。     

Oxidation mechanisms of Cr‐containing steels and Ni‐base alloys at high‐temperatures –. Part I: The different role of alloy grain boundaries

It is essential for materials used at high‐temperatures in corrosive atmosphere to maintain their specific properties, such as good creep resistance, long fatigue life and sufficient high‐temperature corrosion resistance. Usually, the corrosion resistance results from the formation of a protective scale with very low porosity, good adherence, high mechanical and thermodynamic stability and slow growth rate. Standard engineering materials in power generation technology are low‐Cr steels. However, steels with higher Cr content, e.g., austenitic steels, or Ni‐base alloys are used for components applied to more severe service conditions, e.g., more aggressive atmospheres and higher temperatures. Three categories of alloys were investigated in this study. These materials were oxidised in laboratory air at temperatures of 550°C in the case of low‐alloy steels, 750°C in the case of an austenitic steel (TP347) and up to 1000°C in the case of the Ni‐base superalloys Inconel 625 Si and Inconel 718. Emphasis was put on the role of grain size on the internal and external oxidation processes. For this purpose various grain sizes were established by means of recrystallization heat treatment. In the case of low‐Cr steels, thermogravimetric measurements revealed a substantially higher mass gain for steels with smaller grain sizes. This observation was attributed to the role of alloy grain boundaries as short‐circuit diffusion paths for inward oxygen transport. For the austenitic steel, the situation is the other way round. The scale formed on specimens with smaller grain size consists mainly of Cr₂O₃ with some FeCr₂O₄ at localized sites, while for specimens with larger grain size a non‐protective Fe oxide scale is formed. This finding supports the idea that substrate grain boundaries accelerate the chromium supply to the oxide/alloy phase interface. Finally, in the Ni‐base superalloys deep intergranular oxidation attack was observed, taking place preferentially along random high‐angle grain boundaries.     

Grain boundary diffusion in Cr-doped NiO and the oxidation of Ni-Cr alloy

We have measured the diffusion of ⁶³Ni radiotracer into polycrystalline NiO, nominally doped with 0.1% Cr (Cr/Ni ratio) in the temperature range 600 to 900°C. The experiments show that Cr doping increases diffusion of Ni in the oxide lattice, but decreases diffusion of Ni along grain boundaries provided that the grain boundary Cr/Ni ratio is sufficiently large (greater than about 1%). This is believed to be due to the formation of immobile Cr-vacancy pairs which block fast boundary diffusion. The oxidation rate of Ni 0.1% Cr alloy is, however, slightly faster than that of pure Ni at 700°C, at which temperature grain boundary diffusion should be dominant. This apparent discrepancy between oxidation rates and diffusion studies, it is argued, is due to the complicating effects of low Cr mobility, a duplex film structure and inward oxygen transport during oxidation of the alloy.     

定向凝固Ni3Al合金高温变形后的显微组织特征

利用金相,扫描电镜和透射电子显微镜研究了定向凝固Ｎｉ３Ａｌ合金高温变形后的显微组织特征。研究结果表明,当变形速率较快时,原始柱状晶晶界无明显变化,晶内无明显结构存在;当变形速率较慢,合金呈现塑变形时,变形初期柱状晶晶界呈现“锯齿状”,后期原始柱状晶界消失,代之以晶粒尺度约为１５ｍｍ的晶粒带,晶粒带中既有小角度晶界,也有大角度晶界。     

YNi_5 PHASE AND ITS EFFECT UPON PROPERTIES OF Ni_3Al ALLOY

An additive of Y to Ni_3Al based alloy may form a phase YNi_5 which increases in amount withthe increase of Y content.It was found that the YNi_5 phase in Ni_3Al alloy could remarkablymake its grains finer and its grain boundaries more crooked other than straight.If the Y con-tent≥0.1 wt-%,it occurs as solid solution state and is favorable to high temperaturecompressive properties and oxidation resistance of the alloy.While Y≥0.3 wt-%,the forma-tion of YNi_5 is predominant in the shape of irregular strips inside Ni_3Al grains and alongtheir grain boundaries.This seems to be quite harmful to high temperature strength,ductilityand oxidation resistance of the alloy.     

固溶时效处理对Mg-4Sm-3Gd-0.5Zr合金显微组织和耐蚀性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜等方法研究了固溶时效处理前后Mg-4Sm-3Gd-0.5Zr合金(质量分数,%)的显微组织、物相组成和腐蚀形貌,并在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中进行了静态失重和电化学测试。结果表明,铸态Mg-4Sm-3Gd-0.5Zr合金由α-Mg基体和沿晶界分布的粗大网状共晶相Mg₄₁Sm₅和Mg₅Gd组成,固溶时效处理并没有改变共晶相的种类,但网状共晶组织消失,并且晶内有大量细小弥散的第二相析出,晶界更加清晰。试验合金采用525 ℃×8 h固溶+225 ℃×8 h时效处理后,腐蚀速率从0.185 mg·cm^-2·h^-1降低至到0.116 mg·cm^-2·h^-1,自腐蚀电流密度从1.599×10^-4A·cm^-2降低到0.924×10^-4 A·cm^-2,耐蚀性能明显提高。     

Thermal degradation of alloy CCA617 in pure steam at 750 and 850°C

Oxidation and oxidation-induced microstructure evolution of CCA617 alloy was studied in pure steam at 750 and 850°C. Results showed that the alloy was oxidised approximately following a parabolic law. Temperature increase greatly promoted the external and internal oxidation. A single (Cr, Mn)₂O₃ layer with distribution of minor TiO₂ and MnCr₂O₄ formed at 750°C whereas a duplex oxide scale formed at 850°C consisting of a thin MnTiO₃ outer layer and a thicker (Cr, Mn)₂O₃ inner layer. TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ were formed internally especially along grain boundaries. Intragranular Mo-rich M₂₃C₆ type carbides were also observed. The carbides dissolved into the matrix as oxidation progressed. Based on detailed compositional and microstructural characterisation of the oxidised alloy, the mechanisms of external and internal oxidation as well as dissolution of the intragranular carbides are presented.     

2099铝锂合金腐蚀性能

通过光学显微镜观察、透射电镜分析和慢应变速率拉伸试验,研究了2099铝锂合金在不同时效条件下的晶间腐蚀行为、剥落腐蚀行为、应力腐蚀行为和微观组织。结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,合金的耐腐蚀性能得到改善。在欠时效条件下,晶界上残余AlCuFeMn相的存在,导致合金耐腐蚀性能较差;峰时效条件下,大量T1相在基体的均匀析出,改善了合金的耐腐蚀性能;在过时效条件下,大量T1相保持峰时效状态的形貌特征,晶界析出相呈粗大不连续分布,从而使合金的耐腐蚀性能进一步提高。     

固溶温度对超纯净18Ni(350)马氏体时效钢断裂韧性及微观组织的影响

研究了在1083—1483K温度范围内，固溶温度对超纯净18Ni(350)马氏体时效钢断裂韧性(KIC)的影响．通过透射电镜(TEM)研究了马氏体时效钢微观组织的变化，结合相变曲线和断口扫描电镜(SEM)观察，探讨了固溶温度对断裂韧性的影响机理．结果表明：超纯净马氏体时效钢的断裂韧性(KIC)随着固溶温度的升高或再结晶晶粒尺寸的长大而增加，不存在常见的Ti(C，N)在晶界偏聚而引起的“热脆”现象．固溶态马氏体时效钢由单一的马氏体板条组成，其形貌、间距以及位错密度不受固溶温度的影响．在时效过程中，随着固溶温度的升高或再结晶晶粒的粗化，Ni3(Mo，Ti)等时效析出相在晶界或板条界的偏聚程度逐渐加重并导致基体软化，合金元素Ni，Mo的富集诱发了逆转变奥氏体形成．这使裂纹尖端易于钝化而表现出韧窝状穿晶断裂和保持较高的断裂韧性．