高效Atkinson循环TGDI发动机作为传统动力的研究

基于涡轮增压缸内直喷(TGDI)发动机,采用高几何压缩比和大范围可调的可变气门正时(VVT)机构,选择合适的阿特金森(Atkinson)循环率,在兼顾高负荷动力性的同时降低部分负荷的油耗,以解决阿特金森循环发动机动力性不足的问题。制作样机并进行台架试验,研究了阿特金森循环对发动机换气过程的影响和燃油经济性的改善效果及阿特金森循环对排放和动力性的影响。结果表明:阿特金森循环可以容忍更大的几何压缩比以提升热效率,同时有利于降低部分负荷下的泵气损失并提高低负荷时的燃烧稳定性,可降低油耗、颗粒物排放及高负荷时的爆震倾向;但进气门关闭推迟会严重影响发动机的动力性能,因此需要降低高负荷时的阿特金森循环率并提高增压压力。     

进气VVT对低压EGR汽油机油耗影响研究

基于一台带有低压废气再循环(EGR)回路的小排量增压进气道喷射(PFI)发动机,研究了进气正时(VVT)对低压EGR汽油机油耗与燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:EGR率越小,泵气损失越大,EGR率较小时泵气损失随EGR率的变化程度较小,EGR率较大时泵气损失随EGR率变化程度较大;进气门开启时刻相对于上止点提前或滞后均会使泵气损失减小。在1 850r/min、0.45MPa工况下,进气门在上止点前10°、28°曲轴转角和上止点后24°曲轴转角开启可使泵气损失依次减小2.3%、11.9%和18.8%;进气门开启时刻越提前或迟后,EGR率越大,对应的燃烧持续期和滞燃期越大,燃油消耗率越小;与原机相比(燃油消耗率为294.49g/(kW·h)),综合优化EGR率和进气门开启时刻后(EGR率为10%、进气门开启时刻为上止点后25°曲轴转角)的最佳燃油消耗率为283.44g/(kW·h),可使燃油消耗率提高3.8%。     

连续可变气门升程系统对增压直喷发动机燃油经济性影响的研究

为了深入分析连续可变气门升程(continuously variable valve lift,CVVL)系统对增压直喷(turbo-charged gasoline direct injection,TGDI)汽油发动机燃油经济性影响,通过对2 000r/min下0.2MPa和1.2MPa及5 000r/min下0.2MPa和1.2MPa这4个典型工况点的台架测试,对比分析了可变气门升程和可变气门正时(variable valve timing,VVT)对比油耗(brake specific fuel consumption,BSFC)的影响规律。结果表明:低负荷工况,比油耗随进气VVT提前和排气VVT推迟线性下降;降低气门升程,增加节气门开度,进气VVT可以进一步提前,排气VVT可以进一步推迟,从而形成米勒循环,使比油耗进一步降低。高负荷工况,气门全升程时比油耗更低,比油耗随进气和排气VVT提前而下降,但进气VVT对比油耗影响较小。     

增压直喷汽油机低速高负荷扫气性能研究

研究了增压直喷发动机低速高负荷工况(1200r/min外特性工况)下,不同气门重叠角对发动机扫气量、动力性、经济性和排放的影响。研究结果表明:随着气门重叠角的增大,发动机进气量增加,同时直接进入尾气的新鲜空气暨扫气量也大幅增加,尾气含氧量增加;扭矩相应增加,但有效热效率随之降低;THC及NOx排放基本随着气门重叠角的增大而增加,仅在气门重叠角为40°CA时,NOx排放大幅下降。     

某发动机DVVT技术经济性仿真研究

针对某款汽油发动机的DVVT技术研究开发,本文运用AVL-Boost软件搭建发动机热力学仿真分析模型,预测对比单VVT和DVVT发动机外特性工况下经济性,并通过改变进排气凸轮型线和气门正时,尝试改善发动机经济性,研究DVVT技术对发动机外特性工况经济性的影响。结果显示,双VVT技术可有效改善发动机外特性工况中高转速下经济性,但对低转速经济性贡献度非常低。     

VVT相位及初始火核对高压缩比汽油机燃烧特性的影响

在一台高压缩比自然吸气汽油机上,通过台架实验研究了进排气相位、初始火核对燃烧参数及燃油消耗率(BSFC)的影响。结果表明,合理设置进气门晚关相位是实现发动机较高热效率的关键技术。相对原机型,应用进气门晚关策略及高压缩技术后,发动机BSFC降低了7%～11%。进气门晚关策略可提高缸内工质压力,降低泵气损失和增大燃烧定容度,在200kPa、 2000r/min工况下比进气门早开策略的BSFC低了5g/(kW·h)。优化初始火核成长空间后,在300kPa、 2000r/min工况下BSFC降低了6g/(kW·h)。     

米勒循环在小型增压汽油机典型工况的应用研究

针对某3缸增压小型化汽油机,基于一维和三维发动机循环仿真,分别研究了进气门早关(EIVC)和进气门晚关(LIVC)两种米勒循环形式对发动机油耗、爆震及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:两种米勒循环形式均能有效降低全工况范围的燃油消耗率,平均降幅约为8%。与LIVC相比,低负荷时EIVC具有更大的节气门开度和进气压力,故泵气损失相对较小,具有更好的燃油经济性;而在高负荷区域,EIVC会显著降低缸内滚流和压缩终了时的湍动能,导致燃烧变慢,CA50相比LIVC滞后2.5°曲轴转角,燃油经济性和爆震抑制作用较差。     

运行工况对基础燃料均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

在一台经改装的单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了不同辛烷值基础燃料下发动机转速对均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧特性、工况范围和排放特性影响的试验研究。研究结果表明：发动机转速升高,不同辛烷值燃料着火燃烧时刻推迟,以曲轴转角计算的燃烧持续期延长,高辛烷值燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和缸内温度降低;在中间转速,HCCI实现的最高平均指示压力最大,高转速工况,最高平均指示压力降低;对于低辛烷值燃料,转速对燃烧效率影响不大,转速升高,指示热效率增大;对于高辛烷值燃料,转速升高燃烧效率降低,指示热效率在中间转速最高,高转速降低。排放测试表明,转速升高使得HCCI运转的HC和CO排放都升高,NOx排放则逐渐降低。     

VVL米勒循环协同燃烧边界对增压直喷发动机部分负荷有效热效率影响

在一台表征现阶段水平的增压直喷汽油机上,开展VVL米勒循环策略与关键燃烧边界协同性对发动机燃烧热效率及部分负荷燃油经济性的试验研究。结果表明:VVL米勒循环可有效降低发动机泵气损失。在转数为2 000 r/min、负荷BMEP为0.2 MPa工况下,VVL米勒循环泵气损失改善约14%;VVL米勒循环需协同优化燃烧系统,提升湍动能水平削弱其不利影响;考虑高能点火系统能耗,对2 000 r/min、负荷BMEP为0.2 MPa工况下,BKC高能点火系统对BSFC改善不明显,但可改善COV_(IMEP)。在转速为2 000~3 000 r/min以下、负荷BMEP为0.2~0.4 MPa时,VVL米勒循环对燃油消耗率降幅约为2%~5%。     

基于气道喷射的汽油机全负荷工况燃油喷射控制策略研究

通过对一台气道喷射式汽油机应用模拟仿真方法,研究了喷油器参数对混合气形成过程的影响;通过试验分析,研究了不同燃油喷射时刻对全负荷工况下动力性与排放的影响。仿真与试验结果表明:喷油器改进设计后,通过对喷油器喷雾角度、安装角度及安装位置的调整,能够形成开阀喷射所需要的均质混合气;通过对燃油喷射时刻的寻优发现,在全负荷工况,转速为1 200~5 600r/min下,存在最佳开阀喷射的喷油结束角(EOI),EOI为420°曲轴转角时,发动机动力性与闭阀喷射相比能够提升了1%~2%,且THC排放保持不变。而转速为6 000r/min时,闭阀喷射的动力性较佳。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996