汉语编程讲座（连载八）

第五节圆弧 在汉语编程环境下,确定了两点的位置即可画出一条线段或一个矩形,甚至一个椭圆.但要画一条圆弧,除了要确定边界矩形左上角顶点A和右下角顶点B的坐标外,还要定义好圆弧的起始点C及终止点D的坐标（如图2-9）。     

引入必经点约束的路径规划算法研究

针对传统A*算法存在搜索范围广、运行效率低的问题,提出了一种引入必经点约束的路径规划算法。该算法结合障碍物分布特点,通过寻找最短路径必经点,实现对A*搜索方向的约束,再对最短路径段进行拼接得到最短路径。最后,在100×100网格地图中进行对比实验,结果表明,引入必经点约束的改进算法比传统A*算法的结点访问量大幅降低,运行效率得到显著提高。     

基于GIS路径规划系统的研究与实现

该文通过分析GIS空间数据和属性数据的特点,结合路径规划功能模块的要求,引用了直线优化和方向优化的模型,通过对A*算法的OPEN表进行改进,提高了路径规划中求解两点间的最短路径的查询速度。最后用JAVA编程语言和SQL SERVER数据库实现了本系统。     

基于改进Ａ∗＋ＲＤＰ算法的无人艇回坞路径规划方法

针对无人艇（Unmanned Surface Vessel, USV）自动回坞时高效路径规划等任务需求,本文提出了一种基于改进A*算法的无人艇回坞路径规划方法。在传统A*搜索算法基础上增加船艏角度偏差因素和碰撞避免等约束条件,结合拉默-道格拉斯-普克（Ramer-Douglas-Peucker, RDP）算法规划出优化的全局路径。建立航迹最短和推力变化率（Snap）最小的多约束优化模型,推导Snap最优时Bezier曲线构造方法,以满足回坞曲线连续性和运动约束。仿真实验结果表明,相比于传统A*和RRT（Rapidly-exploring Random Tree）算法,本文提出的改进A*+RDP算法规划的路径长度平均缩短了约4%~9%,而且路径规划计算量较低。曲线插值的平滑轨迹满足无人艇的运动学约束,适用于无人艇自动的回坞路径规划任务。     

动态拓扑网络最短路径启发式算法

针对动态拓扑网络的最优路径规划中存在的问题,研究了最短路径搜索算法的快速实现技术,提出了一种启发式快速最优路径规划算法.在分析经典迪杰斯特拉最短路径搜索算法和A*启发式搜索算法的基础上,利用椭圆曲线参数设定启发函数初始值,进一步缩小搜索范围.采用二叉堆结构来实现路径计算过程中优先级队列的一系列操作,从而提高了算法的执行效率.仿真试验结果表明该算法具有良好的性能.     

基于灰度图像边缘检测的3D游戏路径搜索*

着重研究了3D游戏中路径搜索算法。其路径搜索算法内容包括障碍认知与标志、A*路径规划、高度代价函数与路径最短相结合的,由计算粒度引出的基于静态障碍物体碰撞检测的动态路径规划。该算法在实际的游戏引擎中进行了测试,其效率和实时性都满足要求。     

一种面向突发威胁的多因素Dubins航迹规划算法

针对传统无人机航迹规划算法应用在突发威胁场景下存在搜索点冗余、路径规划实时性较差等问题,提出了一种基于多因素Dubins路径的无人机动态航迹规划算法。该算法首先根据无人机自身性能约束及突发威胁区域的位置,并且考虑无人机的起始和最终位置,利用传统的Dubins路径找到有效的路径扩展点。然后结合启发式搜索思想建立基于路径长度和威胁的路径扩展点评估函数。最后通过路径评估函数计算,比较路径点的代价值,选取每一步的路径扩展点,规划出较优路径。仿真结果表明,在突发威胁场景下利用该算法进行航迹规划时路径长度较短、路径扩展点较少,并且符合无人机实际飞行过程中航向角变化,可有效保障无人机的安全性和航迹规划的实时性。     

基于节点优化与清洗的改进A*路径规划算法

针对传统A*算法利用OpenList和CloseList进行路径规划时存在冗余节点数量多、部分转角节点可被删除的情况,提出一种基于节点优化与清洗的改进A*路径规划算法.改进A*算法首先对已规划路径进行优化,包括删除直线段路径的中间节点,并判断障碍物到规划路径的距离,删除最小距离大于0的可省略转角节点,从而保证用于路径规...     

单边矩形扩展A~*算法

提出了一种新的单边矩形扩展A*(REA*)算法.新算法采用受迫扩展规则,在以矩形单元探索地图的过程中,用单条公共边取代相邻矩形的2条冗余独立边,从而提高了算法效率,简化了终止条件,优化了路径质量.在无需对地图进行预处理的情况下,算法速度比传统A*算法提高1个数量级以上.算法能够保证得到栅格最优的路径点序列,且最终路径(由路径点间直线组成)总是比栅格最优路径更短.典型地图集上的实验结果表明,相比于现有REA*算法,新算法提高了对复杂地图的处理能力和算法效率上限.新算法路径长度更短,路径转折次数更少,因此路径质量更优.除了在低复杂且不开阔的地图上外,新算法平均效率也高于REA*算法.     

基于A*的路径规划算法研究

本文对路径规划中比较常见的A*搜索算法进行研究,对几种基于A*搜索算法的路径规划方法如A*单向搜索、A*双向搜索及A*二次搜索进行讨论,并分析其优缺点,同时提出两个有待解决的问题。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.