基于散焦图像特征的微装配机器人深度运动显微视觉伺服

为了描述微操作手深度运动,采用灰度方差聚焦评价算子计算机械手散焦图像特征．散焦特征曲线理论上为单峰分布,峰值点对应显微光学焦平面深度位置．实际提取的散焦特征含有大量随机噪声,利用非线性跟踪微分器抑制噪声实现对机械手散焦图像特征及其微分信号的无颤振光滑逼近．依据散焦微分信号设计粗—精两级自寻优视觉控制器,完成微操作手对装配平面深度的精确定位．微装配深度运动实验验证了本文方法的有效性,机械手深度伺服误差为75 μm．     

使用柯西分布点扩散函数模型的单幅散焦图像深度恢复

目的 当前,大多数单幅散焦图像的3维(3D)场景深度恢复方法,通常使用高斯分布描述点扩散函数(PSF)模型,依据图像边缘散焦模糊量与场景深度的对应关系获得稀疏深度图,采用不同的扩展方法得到整个场景图像的全深度图.鉴于现有方法的深度恢复结果还不够精准,对各种噪声干扰还不够健壮,提出一种基于柯西分布的点扩散函数模型计算物体图像边缘散焦模糊量的方法.方法 将输入的单幅散焦图像分别用两个柯西分布重新模糊,利用图像边缘两次重新模糊图像间梯度比值和两个柯西分布的尺度参数,可以计算出图像中边缘处的散焦模糊量.使用matting内插方法将边缘模糊量扩展到整个图像,即可恢复场景的全深度图.结果 将原始Lenna图像旋转并加入高斯噪声以模拟图像噪声和边缘位置误差,用原图与噪声图比较了柯西分布图像梯度比值与高斯分布图像梯度比值的平均误差.使用多种真实场景图像数据,将本文方法与现有的多种单幅散焦图像深度恢复方法进行了比较.柯西分布图像梯度比值的平均误差要小于高斯分布图像梯度比值的平均误差.本文方法能够从非标定单幅散焦图像中较好地恢复场景深度,对图像噪声、不准确边缘位置和邻近边缘具有更好的抗干扰能力.结论 本文方法可以生成优于现有基于高斯模型等方法的场景深度图.同时,也证明了使用非高斯模型建模PSF的可行性和有效性.     

基于高速摄影图像的轻气炮弹速测量研究

目前对轻气炮弹丸测量的方法通常采用磁测速、激光遮断测速两种方法,这两种方法受到弹丸材质、尺寸、弹前激波等影响时易导致测量结果失效;针对此类问题,提出了一种可靠性更高的基于高速摄影图像模板匹配的轻气炮弹丸速度测量方法;利用高速摄影相机、辅助光源、刻度标尺等组成高速弹丸摄影系统,设置高速弹丸拍摄方案,得到轻气炮弹丸在观察室运动过程的高速摄影结果;采用弹丸目标模板匹配的方法对摄影结果进行计算,得到弹丸运动过程中的位置信息从而得到弹丸速度;将计算结果与激光遮断测速方法得到的速度值进行了对比,满足试验要求,证明了该方法既能可独立作为轻气炮发射弹丸测速手段,也可为现有测试手段提供有效校核.     

基于优化BP神经网络的钢板测速修正方法

在采用激光多普勒仪测速的钢板长度测量过程中,针对由于钢板表面因素和测量环境所引起的测量速度数据失真问题,设计了基于L-M(Levenberg-Marquardt)优化BP神经网络的钢板测速数据处理模型;通过进行多普勒测速数据分析调整BP网络结构和参数,依据误差反向传播理论将测速数据自适应地进行非线性拟合,修正测速粗差,最后计算钢板准确长度;与最小二乘(LS)拟合法的对比实验结果表明,该方法能更加准确地进行失真数据修正,现场运行结果表明该方法可将钢板测长精度提高10%以上,满足钢板长度测量的精度要求。     

基于双目视觉与目标识别拟合的三维屏幕定位方法

为解决针对三维立体屏幕的定位问题,提出了基于双目视觉与目标识别、拟合的屏幕定位算法。首先利用边缘检测算法提取屏幕轮廓,获取屏幕在二维图像中的位置;其次利用双目视觉算法对识别出的屏幕进行深度数据采集,利用最小二乘法对采集的屏幕空间数据进行空间拟合得到屏幕的空间方程;最后计算屏幕顶点在三维空间中的位置从而确定屏幕范围,至此完成在三维空间中对屏幕的定位。实验结果表明,该方法计算得到的屏幕位置具有较高准确度。     

基于散焦图像的物体深度信息恢复方法

提出一种使用散焦图像恢复物体深度信息的新方法。该方法使用单个相机,通过改变其光圈大小获得两幅不同散焦程度的图像,结合模糊边缘的边界提取与Hough变换的圆、直线检测技术求取两幅散焦图像对应位置的模糊边缘宽度差值,并利用该差值计算物体深度信息。实验结果证明该方法能在一定精度内较快速地恢复物体深度信息。     

基于双目视觉的车辆速度测量方法

为配合高速公路入口处的货车称重工作,需要测量车辆通过称重台时的实时速度.利用双目视觉技术测速具有成本低、部署简单、稳定性高的优点,具有广阔的应用前景.双目视觉测速的技术难点是目标的位移测量,其核心问题是目标在多帧图像间的精准匹配.文中提出了一种基于空间位置的匹配区域对齐算法与基于模板匹配的空间位移计算方法.具体地,利用车轮的空间位置关系来限制车轮的匹配区域,可有效降低相似车轮的误匹配问题;使用模板匹配的方法追踪车轮的关键点,进而获得多帧之间车轮的空间位移.使用某高速公路入口的真实通行视频数据进行实验验证,结果表明,与其他双目测速方法相比,所提方法使得测速结果的RMSE下降了20％～40％,且更加适用于车辆以较快速度(10～20 km/h)通过高速公路入口测速点的实际场景.     

基于运动和散焦线索的深度提取研究

随着立体图像在社会各个领域的发展与普及,三维资源的需求逐步提升,而将二维图像转换为三维图像是解决三维资源稀缺的重要手段。二维图像三维化技术的关键在于深度信息的获取。分析了两种重要的深度提取线索,运动线索和散焦模糊线索。为了弥补这两个线索在深度提取的局限性,提出了两种线索的深度融合策略。实验结果表明,这两种线索采用分段线性融合的方法能提高生成深度图的质量。     

基于频域测速系统的数据采集技术及实现

本文介绍了基于频域测速的FFT弹道分析系统中数据采集部分所采用的几种采样技术,包括常规采样、间歇采样、变频采样和下采样。几种采样技术的综合使用,解决了在测量高速目标或测量时间较长时出现的数据存储空间不足的问题,并使测速精度在测量过程中近似不变。同时本文还给出了实现这些技术的硬件组成及软件流图。     

动车组追踪运行多目标实时优化策略

动车组高速高密度地追踪运行是高速铁路运营模式的发展趋势,但其运行过程复杂、运行环境多变,难以同时满足安全、正点、节能、舒适等多目标要求。依据动车组追踪运行及其环境条件特征,建立了动车组追踪运行特征描述模型、线路特征模型以及多目标操纵优化模型,并实时获取动车组运行限速、速度、位置等信息,采用改进的多目标粒子群优化算法,进行动车组追踪运行多目标实时优化。基于CRH380AL运行过程现场数据的仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.