氧化处理对MCMB为基体的C/C复合材料性能的影响

以自烧结性中间相沥青炭微球(MCMB)为基体,以沥青基磨碎炭纤维为增强体,采用简单的氧化处理、混合、热压成型、炭化等工艺一步制备C/C复合材料。研究了MCMB氧化处理深度对C/C复合材料的密度、失重、体积收缩率、弯曲强度及断面形态的影响。结果表明:C/C复合材料的密度和体积收缩率均较无炭纤维添加的炭块有所下降,当添加的炭纤维氧化程度足够深时,炭材料的抗弯强度得到明显提高;随着MCMB氧化时间的延长,C/C复合材料的断面逐渐变得平整;经250℃氧化60 min的MCMB与硝酸90℃氧化10h的炭纤维混合,热压成型后1000℃炭化1h得到的C/C复合材料的密度可达1.64 g/cm3,抗弯强度可达72.0 MPa。与现行的制备C/C复合材料的方法相比,本技术具有工艺简单、制备成本低廉等特点,是一种具有很大发展潜力的制备高性能C/C复合材料的新方法。      

三维高导热炭/炭复合材料的制备、结构及性能（英文）

采用连续沥青基炭纤维与商业PAN基炭纤维的混编制备了三维炭/炭复合材料预制体,通过多次化学气相渗透(CVI)、液压浸渍(LPI)工艺对其进行增密处理和一系列的炭化和石墨化处理获得高导热三维炭/炭复合材料。在此典型结构中,沥青基炭纤维沿x,y方向水平正交排布,而商业PAN基炭纤维沿z方向双向贯通排布。研究了炭/炭复合材料的显微结构以及炭纤维和热解炭对炭/炭复合材料热导率和力学性能的相对贡献。CVI热解炭具有高结晶度并且沿纤维轴高度择优取向。通过3CVI和3CVI+4LPI工艺制备的炭/炭复合材料的密度分别达到了1.58和1.84 g/cm3。所制备的炭/炭复合材料沿x,y方向分别具有115.9 W/m·K (3CVI)和234.7 W/m·K (3CVI+4LPI)的高热导率,沿z方向的热导率分别只有18.6(3CVI)和41.5 W/m·K (3CVI+4LPI)。热扩散和热导率主要依赖于炭/炭复合材料中的连续性沥青基炭纤维。通过PAN基炭纤维的引入和后续增密过程,三维炭/炭复合材料的力学性能相对于一维炭/炭复合材料和二维炭/炭复合材料显著提高。     

沥青基炭纤维γ-射线改性对炭/ 炭复合材料力学性能的影响

为了提高沥青基炭纤维表面活性, 采用γ-射线辐照对沥青基炭纤维表面改性。用AFM、XPS 研究了γ-射线辐照改性后沥青基炭纤维表面结构的变化, 用浸润仪测定了改性前后沥青基炭纤维表面能的变化。研究了γ-射线辐照沥青基炭纤维对炭/ 炭复合材料力学性能的影响, 并用SEM 分析了炭/ 炭复合材料断口形貌。结果表明,γ-射线辐照使炭纤维表面含氧官能团和表面粗糙度增加, 提高了沥青基炭纤维的表面能; 降低了炭/ 炭复合材料孔隙率, 提高了炭/ 炭复合材料力学性能。     

热处理温度对二维高导热炭/炭复合材料结构及热导率的影响（英文）

以高导热沥青基炭纤维布为增强体,中间相沥青为黏结剂,采用热模压成型及液相浸渍裂解工艺增密,并经高温石墨化处理制备二维高导热炭/炭复合材料。利用X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对经不同温度处理后的沥青基炭纤维及二维高导热炭/炭复合材料的结构和形貌变化进行表征,并考察石墨化处理温度对复合材料热导率的影响。结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高,纤维及复合材料内部石墨微晶尺寸增大、取向度变好,纤维与基体间界面结合紧密、裂纹减少,而基体碳层间裂纹则呈扩大趋势。此外,二维高导热炭/炭复合材料的热导率随热处理温度的升高而线性增加,经3 000℃处理后,材料热导率高达443 W/m·K。     

FCC油浆制备高性能浸渍剂沥青的研究

以大庆催化裂化(FCC)油浆为原料,糠醛为抽提溶剂.在最佳剂油比及抽提温度下抽提原料得到富芳馏分(FCCRF)。进而以FCCRF为原料,在高压反成釜内采用热处理方法制备浸渍剂沥青,并通过对浸渍剂沥青进行一定的性能分析.确定了最佳反应条件。本条件所制得的石油系浸渍剂沥青,部分性能优于国内外同类产品。     

石油油浆常压研制泡沫炭

以重油催化裂化(FCC)油浆富芳油为原料,经过热解制备中间相沥青,在常压下制备出孔径为150um～400um的沥青基泡沫,然后在马弗炉中炭化制得泡沫炭.定性考察了沥青分子量分布对沥青泡沫形成的影响,以及其沥青泡沫在空气中,在800℃～1400℃炭化温度范围炭化得到泡沫炭产品的光学微观形态、微晶及密度等的变化情况.发现:热解过程中,沥青分子量分布越宽,最终制得的中间相沥青发泡越不利;沥青泡沫在空气中炭化过程中,随炭化温度升高泡沫形态逐渐变形变大,原来的闭孔结构逐渐被打开,同时产生一些新的小孔.在炭化温度800℃以前,先经历一个微品、闭孔被破坏的过程,其微晶尺寸由2.3 nm减小到1.5 nm,微晶品格层间距由0.3459 nm增加到0.3477nm;800℃后,经历一个微晶生长过程,微晶尺寸由1.5 nm增加到4.2nm,微晶品格层间距由0.3477 nm减小到0.3454nm;在整个炭化过程中,泡沫产品的密度一直呈减小趋势,从原有的0.52g/cm3减小到0.16g/cm3.     

短切炭纤维的表面处理对沥青基C/C复合材科性能的影响

采用模压半炭化成型工艺,在大气环境下制备了短切炭纤维增强的沥青基C/C炭复合材料.借助材料万能试验机和扫描电镜研究了短切炭纤维的表面处理对C/C复合材料体积密度和抗压强度的影响.结果表明:随着短切炭纤维表面处理强度的增大,C/C复合材料的抗压强度明显提高.用联合处理方法改性的短切炭纤维制备的C/C复合材料的抗压强度,比未处理的短切炭纤维增强的C/C复合材料的抗压强度,约提高了138.5%.     

自由取向炭/炭复合材料的新型制备及工艺优化（英文）

采用在炭纤维束的内部浸润熔融沥青的传统方法制备得到的炭/炭(C/C)复合材料难以实现细旦化水平,这是因为单束丝中含有数千根丝,经浸渍后沥青附着,从而引起沥青局部渗出,以及因不均匀沥青稳定性而导致微观结构不均匀。本文通过稳定的中间相沥青和分散的短切炭纤维混合、热压和炭化过程制备出细旦化水平的C/C复合材料。探讨了工艺参数对中间相沥青残炭率的影响。通过残炭率/工艺时间、残炭率!(表观密度/实密度)来优化工艺参数。结果表明,通过此法得到了细旦化水平的中间相沥青与炭纤维复合材料。中间相沥青的残炭率随加热升温速率、沥青/炭纤维质量比的增加而降低;随热压压力而增加。在高压力和高质量比下,发生沥青局部渗出。通过调控得到最佳的C/C复合材料制备工艺参数为:热压压力15 MPa,升温速率0. 2℃/min及沥青/炭纤维质量比1∶1。     

以中间相沥青为粘结剂的低密度高导热炭纤维网络体的研究

以中间相沥青为粘结剂, 采用500 ℃低温炭化炭纤维, 经低压模压成型、炭化和石墨化后得到低密度高导热炭纤维网络体。与以1300 ℃炭化炭纤维为原料和以酚醛为粘结剂制备的炭纤维网络体进行了比较。对粘结剂炭收率(热重分析)、样品微观形貌(扫描电子显微分析)、石墨化度及微晶尺寸(X射线衍射分析)等进行了表征。研究结果表明: 由于高炭收率和高片层取向度的中间相沥青与500 ℃低温炭化处理炭纤维共同经历后续热处理时呈现出相近的热收缩率, 因而具备良好的相互粘结性和石墨片层铆接效应, 其制备的炭纤维网络体经石墨化后密度为0.317 g?cm ^-3, 由此制备的相变复合材料的面内热导率为19.30 W·m ^-1·K ^-1, 较纯相变材料(石蜡)提升了80倍, 明显高于以1300 ℃炭化炭纤维为原料, 以中间相沥青和酚醛分别为粘结剂制备样品的面内热导率(17.03和14.47 W·m ^-1·K ^-1)。     

不同处理温度下碳纤维的ESCA研究

1.前言炭纤维的工业化生产,是通过将PAN.石油沥青或煤焦油沥青原料进行热处理制得。其热处理过程可分为两步: 〈a〉在300-500℃下前驱体纤维的表面予氧化处理; 〈b〉在1000-2500℃下纤维的热解炭化。复合材料关键性质是层间剪切强度,它主要取决于纤维与高聚物树脂两者间的粘合程度。所以,为了提高炭纤维与树脂基体间     

Prediction of bending strength of long corrugated boxes

Long corrugated boxes were supported at both ends and bent by a concentrated force applied at the middle. Boxes with different lengths, cross‐sectional shapes, flute directions and board strengths were tested, using a standard compression tester with a fixed platen in accordance with ASTM D‐642. An equation was developed to relate compression strength to the various properties of the box. The correlation coefficient R² for the fit to actual data was about 0.4. Boxes having the flutes run around the box had a 20% higher compression strength than with horizontal flutes. The most significant factor was found to be the board edge crush strength. The results suggest that failure of boxes in bending is due to localized crushing at the point of application of the load, rather than whole‐box collapse. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of adding nano-SiO2 and nano-Al2O3 on properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer cured at ambient temperature

This article presents the effect of adding nano-SiO₂ and nano-Al₂O₃ on the properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer pastes. Nano-particles were added to fly ash at the dosages of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% by weight. The sodium hydroxide concentration of 10 molars, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide weight ratio of 2.0, the alkaline liquid/binder ratio of 0.60 and curing at ambient temperature of 23 °C were used in all mixtures. The results showed that the use of nano-SiO₂ as additive to fly ash results in the decrease of the setting time, while the addition of nano-Al₂O₃ results in only a slight reduction in setting time. Adding 1–2% nano-particles could improve compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus of pastes due to the formation of additional calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) or calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (CASH) and sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (NASH) or geopolymer gel in geopolymer matrix. In addition, the additions of both nano-SiO₂ and nano-Al₂O₃ enhances the shear bond strength between concrete substrate and geopolymer.     

新型4层瓦楞纸板的性能分析

研究了一种新型的4层瓦楞纸板结构,并将4层瓦楞纸板和3层、5层瓦楞纸板的平压强度、边压强度、戳穿强度和耐破度性能进行比较,最后得到新型4层瓦楞纸板的主要优点是:厚度比5层瓦楞纸板要薄,节省了夹芯纸的用量,降低瓦楞纸板的成本,而且强度高,在一定情况下可以代替5层瓦楞纸板达到抗压、防震、缓冲的目的。     

The role of 0–2 mm fine recycled concrete aggregate on the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of recycled concrete aggregate concrete

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of 0–2 mm fine aggregate on the compressive and splitting tensile strengths of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) concrete with normal and high strengths. Normal coarse and fine aggregates were substituted with the same grading of RCAs in two normal and high strength concrete mixtures. In addition, to keep the same slump value for all mixes, additional water or superplasticizer were used in the RCA concretes. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths were measured at 3, 7 and 28 days. Test results show that coarse and fine RCAs, which were achieved from a parent concrete with 30 MPa compressive strength, have about 11.5 and 3.5 times higher water absorption than normal coarse and fine aggregates, respectively. The density of RCAs was about 20% less than normal aggregates, and, hence, the density of RCA concrete was about 8–13.5% less than normal aggregate concrete. The use of RCA instead of normal aggregates reduced the compressive and splitting tensile strengths in both normal and high strength concrete. The reduction in the splitting tensile strength was more pronounced than for the compressive strength. However, both strengths could be improved by incorporating silica fume and/or normal fine aggregates of 0–2 mm size in the RCA concrete mixture. The positive effect of the contribution of normal sand of 0–2 mm in RCA concrete is more pronounced in the compressive strength of a normal strength concrete and in the splitting tensile strength of high strength concrete. In addition, some equation predictions of the splitting tensile strength from compressive strength are recommended for both normal and RCA concretes.     

Yield strength in submicrovolumes of single crystals

The specificity of the transition from elastic to elastoplastic deformation in defect-free single crystals during the localization of the deformation in a submicron region has been studied by nanoindentation. A sharp transition from elastic to elastoplastic deformation has been observed in tested single crystals at depths of about 20–50 nm. To define the yield strength using the nanoindentation data, the stressed-strained state in the contact region has been analyzed. It has been shown that the yield strength in submicrovolumes of single crystals is tens-hundreds times higher than that at the macroscopic level and approaches the value of the theoretical shear strength. A mechanism of the transition from elastic to elastoplastic deformation has been discussed in the framework of the phenomenological model of the nucleation of dislocations. The transition has been induced by the homogeneous nucleation of dislocations in a contact.     

Concrete with ceramic waste aggregate

Use of hazardous industrial wastes in concrete-making will lead to greener environment. In ceramic industry about 30% production goes as waste, which is not recycled at present. In this study an attempt has been made to find the suitability of the ceramic industrial wastes as a possible substitute for conventional crushed stone coarse aggregate. Experiments were carried out to determine the compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths and the modulus of elasticity of concrete with ceramic waste coarse aggregate and to compare them with those of conventional concrete made with crushed stone coarse aggregate. The properties of the aggregates were also compared. Test results indicate that the workability of ceramic waste coarse aggregate concrete is good and the strength characteristics are comparable to those of the conventional concrete.     

A practical model for efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials:Ⅰ.Model building and fatigue strength prediction

The high cost and low efficiency of fatigue tests are bottleneck problem for the anti-fatigue design of metallic materials.For this problem,a theoretical fatigue model is proposed in this study,the possible applications have also been discussed.Specific results would be introduced in two serial papers,in which the first paper focuses on the model building and the applications on fatigue strength prediction;the second paper put emphasis on the influencing factors of the model parameters and the applications on fatigue strength improvement.In this first paper,a theoretical model is proposed considering both the strength and plastic restrictions of fatigue strength.As the model builds up a brief relationship among yield strength(Y),tensile strength(T)and fatigue strength(F),it is named as the Y-T-F model.Through the verification with fatigue strength data covering various kinds of metallic materials and loading condi-tions,this Y-T-F model exhibits both generality and accuracy.With the Y-T-F model,the efficient fatigue strength prediction could be conducted by brief linear fitting and calculation,just through yield strength,tensile strength and several known fatigue strength data.Moreover,through its deduced Y-F model,the analytical formula of fatigue strength continuously changing with materials strengthening can be obtained,as well as the maximum value of fatigue strength and corresponding critical yield strength.In summary,the Y-T-F model would be useful for reducing the fatigue tests,thus providing new possibilities on the efficient anti-fatigue design and selection of metallic materials.     

碳/铝复合材料界面结合强度对拉伸性能的影响

本文主要研究C/Al复合材料先驱丝的界面结合强度的表征方法以及界面结合状态对复合材料拉伸性能的影响.用自行研制的小型剪切试验机测定复合材料先驱丝的纵向剪切强度,通过计算得到复合材料界面处的剪切强度以此作为界面结合强度的定量表征方法.实验证明,不同界面结合强度的复合丝在宏观上表现出有不同纵向剪切强度值,复合材料的界面结合强度可以用界面剪切强度值定量描述.复合材料拉伸强度随界面强度提高而减少,在满足复合材料横向强度要求前提下,降低复合材料界面结合有利于提高拉伸强度.     

High-Cycle Fatigue of Materials and Parts of Gas-Turbine Engines

We present a historical survey of the development of the scientific direction called “Structural Strength” at the Central Institute of Airplane Engine Manufacturing (CIAEM) for the last 30 years in connection with the 100th birthday of Academician S. V. Serensen, founder of this direction in the USSR, and the 75th anniversary of foundation of the CIAEM. We present the principal results obtained by the scientific staff of the Sector of Fatigue Strength of Materials of Gas-Turbine Engines at the CIAEM.__________Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 3, pp. 5 – 21, May – June, 2005.     

Enhancement on Fatigue Property of Aluminum Alloy Welded Joint by Utilizing Trailing Peening

The fatigue properties of 2024T3 aluminum alloy welded joint treated by different peening methods were examined. The different effects on fatigue performance of high strength aluminum welded joints were compared with each other by carry out a series tests