富含核糖核酸酿酒酵母的选育及其高密度发酵工艺

该研究首先以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）J-5为出发菌株进行诱变选育,筛选出一株核糖核酸（RNA）含量优于菌株J-5的诱变菌株J-5-9,其RNA含量在摇瓶中达到了13.12%,比出发菌株提高了10.62%。选取糖蜜为碳源,应用正交试验优化菌株J-5-9发酵培养基组成为：糖蜜3%,酵母浸粉2%,磷酸二氢钾0.01%,谷氨酸钠0.2%,硫酸亚铁0.1%。最后利用优化发酵培养基和碳源、氮源和磷源的流加补料工艺,在10 L发酵罐中培养诱变菌株J-5-9,RNA含量达到8.11%,比优化前提高了18.22%,同时细胞生物量达到188 g/L（湿质量）,实现了酿酒酵母高产RNA的高密度发酵。这说明诱变菌株J-5-9是一株很有潜力的工业化生产菌株。     

构建具有大麦脂转移蛋白1分泌能力的酿酒酵母

为了增强纯生啤酒的泡沫性能,从酿酒酵母表达质粒YEplac181出发,将大麦脂转移蛋白1(LTP1)成熟肽的编码序列置于酿酒酵母ADH1启动子(alcohol dehydrogenase promoter)和CYC1终止子(cytochrome C terminator)的调控下,构建大麦脂转移蛋白1的酿酒酵母表达质粒YEp181-KAMLC。通过酿酒酵母α-信息素信号肽的引导分泌,酿酒酵母表达的成熟大麦LTP1被分泌到发酵液中。对发酵液的检测表明,在发酵132h后LTP1的产量可达到29.45mg/L。     

Surfome analysis of a wild-type wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, besides being an eukaryotic cell model, plays a fundamental role in the production of fermented foods. In the winemaking industry, yeast cell walls may be involved in numerous processes and contribute substantially to the final chemical and sensorial profiles of wines. Nonetheless, apart from mannoproteins, little is known on the protein components of the yeast cell wall and their changes during the fermentation of must into wine. In this work, we performed a dynamic analysis of the cell surface proteome (surfome) of an autochthonous wine yeast strain (previously selected as a wine fermentation starter) by shaving intact cells with trypsin and identifying tryptic peptides by means of nLC-ESI-LIT-MS/MS. Out of the 42 identified proteins, 16 and 14 were found to be specifically expressed in wine yeast surfome at the beginning and at the end of fermentation, respectively. The molecular functions of these specifically expressed proteins might help in explaining their roles in the cell wall as a response to the alcoholic fermentation-related stresses. Additionally, we provided the identification of 20 new potential cell wall related proteins. Globally, our results might provide new useful data for the selection and characterization of yeast strains to be used in the winemaking industry.     

Identification by phenotypic and genetic approaches of an indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain with high desiccation tolerance

During active dry yeast (ADY) production process, cells are exposed to multiple stresses, such as thermal, oxidative and hyperosmotic shock. Previously, by analysing cells in exponential growth phase, we selected an indigenous Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain, namely CD‐6Sc, for its higher tolerance to desiccation and higher expression of specific desiccation stress‐related genes in comparison to other yeast strains. In this study, we performed a desiccation treatment on stationary phase cells by comparing the efficacy of two different methods: a ‘laboratory dry test’ on a small scale (mild stress) and a treatment by spray‐drying (severe stress), one of the most appropriate preservation method for yeasts and other micro‐organisms. The expression of selected desiccation‐related genes has been also assessed in order to validate predictive markers for desiccation tolerance. Our data demonstrate that the ‘mild’ and the ‘severe’ desiccation treatments give similar results in terms of cell recovery, but the choice of marker genes strictly depends on the growth phase in which cells undergo desiccation. The indigenous CD‐6Sc was ultimately identified as a high dehydration stress‐tolerant indigenous strain suitable for ADY production. This study highlights the exploitation of natural yeast biodiversity as a source of hidden technological features and as an alternative approach to strain improvement by genetic modifications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High level of expression of a protective antigen of schistosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing P28-I, an antigen inducing protection against schistosomiasis, have been constructed. Transformants containing a very high copy number of a P28-I expression vector were selected by genetic complementation involving deficient LEU2 or URA3 alleles carried by plasmids. Using the ura3 fur1 auto-selection system, constitutive and stable expression of P28-I could be obtained in cultures grown in rich medium. The accumulation of the foreign protein exceeds 25% of total yeast proteins when estimated by Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of SDS-PAGE. Moreover, P28-I which was located intracellularly was soluble and biologically active.     

以UPS构建的重组酿酒酵母表达载体及其稳定性研究

采用通用载体质粒融合系统UPS构建了一种以绿色荧光蛋白GFP为报告基因的酿酒酵母表达载体pYES-GFP,并研究了其在重组酿酒酵母中的稳定性。实验表明,所构建的附加型质粒pYES-GFP在经近100代传代后,仍未发生丢失,具有良好的稳定性。同时,通过实验验证了,UPS在进行表达载体构建时快速、简便、高效。     

Highly efficient assimilation of lactose by a metabolically engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to metabolize lactose with high efficiency has been obtained. Haploid strains of Saccharomyces able to grow on lactose were constructed by cotransformation with two genes of Kluyveromyces lactis required for the utilization of the sugar, LAC4 and LAC12, encoding β-galactosidase and lactose permease respectively. Both genes were placed under the control of a galactose-inducible promoter and targeted to the rDNA encoding region (RDN1 locus) of the Saccharomyces genome. Lac⁺ transformants were selected on medium with lactose as the only carbon source. These transformants were mitotically stable, they maintained the Lac⁺ phenotype after growing in non-selective medium for more than 60 generations, but their growth was slow. We found that this lack of vigour was caused by their genetic background and not by a deficient expression of the heterologous genes. Therefore, their performance could be improved by crossing with a wild-type strain. Among the offspring of the crosses, two strains of opposite mating type were selected and mated to obtain a fast-growing Lac⁺ diploid. This diploid strain showed the typical fermentative behaviour of S. cerevisiae when it was grown in aerated liquid medium with glucose. In lactose medium, it exhibited a respiro-fermentative metabolism similar to that of K. lactis, with low ethanol production and high biomass yield. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-Dimensional protein map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Construction of a gene–protein index

This publication marks the beginning of the construction of a gene–protein index that relates proteins which are resolved on the two-dimensional protein map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with their corresponding genes. We report the identification of 36 novel polypeptide spots on the yeast protein map. They correspond to the products of 26 genes. Together with the polypeptide spots previously identified, this raises to 41 the number of genes whose products have been identified on the protein map. The proteins identified here are concerned with four major areas of yeast cellular physiology: carbon metabolism, heat shock, amino acid biosynthesis and purine biosynthesis. Given the molecular weight and isoelectric point of the identified proteins, and the codon-usage bias of the corresponding genes, it can be estimated that 25 to 35% of all the soluble yeast proteins are detectable under the labelling and running gel conditions used in this study.     

CLG1, a new cyclin-like gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A region of chromosome VII adjacent to SKI8 has a 453 amino acid open reading frame whose sequence has significant similarity to that of HCS26, a G1 cyclin. A disruption mutation of this open reading frame has no apparent phenotype under the conditions tested. ORFD, an open reading frame adjacent to the CDC48 gene, is even more similar to HCS26.     

Targeting of heterologous membrane proteins into proliferated internal membranes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Overproduction of chimeric proteins containing the HMG2/1 peptide, which comprises the seven transmembrane domains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase isozymes 1 and 2, has previously been observed to induce the proliferation of internal endoplasmic reticulum-like membranes. In order to exploit this amplified membrane surface area for the accommodation of heterologous microsomal proteins, we fused sequences coding for human cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) to sequence encoding the HMG2/1 peptide and expressed the hybrid genes in yeast. The heterologous hybrid proteins were targeted into strongly proliferated membranes, as shown by electron microscopic and immunofluorescent analysis. Fusion proteins comprising the whole CYP1A1 polypeptide (HMG2/1-CYP1A1) exhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, whereas fusion proteins lacking the N-terminal 56 amino acids of CYP1A1 (HMG2/1-ΔCYP1A1) were inactive and appeared to be unable to incorporate protoheme. Similar amounts of heterologous protein were detected in cells expressing HMG2/1-CYP1A1, HMG2/1-ΔCYP1A1 and CYP1A1, respectively. Replacement of the N-terminal membrane anchor domain of human NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase by the HMG2/1 peptide also resulted in a functional fusion enzyme, which was able to interact with HMG2/1-CYP1A1 and the yeast endogenous P450 enzyme lanosterol-14α-demethylase.     

Luciferase NanoLuc as a reporter for gene expression and protein levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Reporter proteins are essential tools in the study of biological processes and are employed to monitor changes in gene expression and protein levels. Luciferases are reporter proteins that enable rapid and highly sensitive detection with an outstanding dynamic range. Here we evaluated the usefulness of the 19 kDa luciferase NanoLuc (Nluc), derived from the deep sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris, as a reporter protein in yeast. Cassettes with codon‐optimized genes expressing yeast Nluc (yNluc) or its destabilized derivative yNlucPEST have been assembled in the context of the dominant drug resistance marker kanMX. The reporter proteins do not impair the growth of yeast cells and exhibit half‐lives of 40 and 5 min, respectively. The commercial substrate Nano‐Glo® is compatible with detection of yNluc bioluminescence in < 50 cells. Using the unstable yNlucPEST to report on the rapid and transient expression of a heat‐shock promoter (P_CYC1–HSE), we found a close match between the intensity of the bioluminescent signal and mRNA levels during both induction and decay. We demonstrated that the bioluminescence of yNluc fused to the C‐terminus of a temperature‐sensitive protein reports on its protein levels. In conclusion, yNluc and yNlucPEST are valuable new reporter proteins suitable for experiments with yeast using standard commercial substrate. © 2016 The Authors. Yeast published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

BAT2缺失酿酒酵母基因工程安全菌株的构建及其杂交育种

为了获得低产高级醇基因工程安全菌株,首先将带有Cre重组酶编码基因的pGAPZA质粒转入BAT2缺失单倍体突变株A8-B和C22-B中,利用Cre/loxp系统去除G418抗性基因(KanMX),获得酿酒酵母单倍体突变株ΔBAT2a和ΔBAT2α。然后将这2株单倍体杂交成双倍体菌株ΔBAT2,该菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。以野生菌株AY15和2株单倍体出发菌株为对照,对基因工程安全菌株进行白酒发酵试验,实验结果显示,基因工程安全菌株ΔBAT2与出发菌株相比,CO2失重高,残糖低,乙醇含量高;与野生菌株AY15相比,异丁醇、异戊醇、总高级醇生成量分别降低50.00%、33.40%和30.57%。     

On the level of plasmid-bearing cells in transformed cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

LC1, a YIP5-derived plasmid containing a human DNA fragment with ARS activity in yeast, has been used to study the replication of ARS plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ARS plasmids carried in yeast hosts are normally mitotically unstable. In transformed cultures the fraction of cells that contain plasmid, measured by plating on selective media, is lower than would be expected from measured rates of plasmid loss. In the case of S. cerevisiae carrying either the plasmid LC1 or YRP17, the assay yields values of the order of 10-20% or 30-50% respectively. We have found that by doing a double nutritional upshift that involves conditioned medium and casamino acids, a population of cells can be defined that carry plasmid but are unable to grow on media that select for the plasmid marker. Thus the total fraction of cells that can be shown to contain plasmid increases to greater than 70%. To distinguish between the inability of plasmid to replicate in these cells and lack of expression of the selectable gene, cultures grown from single cells were analysed for the presence of plasmid DNA. In a substantial fraction of the population, plasmid DNA could be detected only by polymerase chain reaction and not by standard blotting and hybridization. These results suggest that plasmid is unable to replicate in these cells. Growth kinetics experiments with transformed cultures are consistent with the notion that only a small fraction of the cells contains plasmid capable of replication upon dilution into selective medium. Possible explanations for the phenomena observed are discussed.     

一种新型产乙酸乙酯酿酒酵母菌株的构建

为了使酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）在发酵过程中保持出酒率的同时高产乙酸乙酯,强化白酒的风味特征,利用胞内同源重组原理,通过醋酸锂化学转化法分别在亲本菌株AY12-α中过表达来自猕猴桃和草莓的醇酰基转移酶基因AeAT9、VAAT,并对成功构建的重组酿酒酵母α-AeAT9和α-VAAT进行模拟白酒液态发酵,研究其与亲本菌株发酵性能的差异。结果表明,与亲本菌株相比,重组酿酒酵母α-AeAT9和α-VAAT的生长性能及CO2总质量损失、还原糖含量、酒精度等基本发酵性能无显著差异（P＞0.05）,而乙酸产量显著降低（P＜0.05）;乙酸乙酯产量分别达（792.26±10.04） mg/L、（204.19±5.83） mg/L,分别为亲本菌株的55.40倍、14.28倍;主要高级醇总含量分别为（152.77±2.14） mg/L、（190.04±2.63） mg/L,较亲本菌株分别降低37.10%和21.75%。     

硫酸二乙酯化学诱变选育高核糖核酸酿酒酵母及培养基组成优化

该研究以酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）BY23为出发菌株,采用硫酸二乙酯（DES）对其进行化学诱变,筛选出一株生长性能好、胞内核糖核酸（RNA）含量高的突变株BY23-195,并以胞内RNA含量为评价指标,通过单因素及正交试验对其糖蜜培养基成分进行优化。结果表明：突变株BY23-195生长性能较好,在酵母浸出粉胨葡萄糖（YEPD）培养基中,RNA含量较出发菌株BY23提高了18.85%。最优糖蜜培养基组分为糖蜜（糖度调至12 °Bx）、酵母浸粉5%、硫酸铵0.05%、磷酸二氢钾0.05%、硫酸亚铁0.05%、硫酸锌0.10%。在此最优培养基组成下,突变株BY23-195胞内其RNA含量达到16.01%,较优化前（13.66%）提高了17.20%。     

高效表达淀粉酶的工业酿酒酵母菌株的构建

将PCR扩增的扣囊腹膜孢酵母菌淀粉酶基因 ,与磷酸甘油酸激酶基因 1启动子和α 分泌序列一起插入含 2 μm的酵母穿梭质粒YEp3 5 2 ,构建酵母菌重组表达质粒并命名为pLA8α。用醋酸锂转化法转化工业酿酒酵母Sc 1 6,转化子培养上清液的淀粉酶活性为 6 8U/mL ,46%的淀粉被降解 ,SDS PAGE检测到约 5 5ku的蛋白条带。转化子在非选择条件下的遗传稳定性为82 %。     

The PET18 locus of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a complex locus containing multiple genes

The basis of pleiotropy shown by the pet18 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (rho-0,KIL-0 and temperature sensitive growth) was examined by cloning the fragment which complements the defect in growth at 37 degrees C of the pet18 mutants. The cloned DNA could complement the defect in the maintenance of the killer plasmid but did not give the cell the ability to maintain mitochondrial DNA. Sequence analysis of the cloned DNA revealed the presence of four open reading frames, at least two of which are necessary for the complementation activity. By using the cloned DNA as a probe, we found that two independent pet18 mutants have a deletion covering the entire sequence contained in the probe. From these results we predict that the traits of the pet18 mutants that concern temperature sensitivity and killer of the pet18 mutants are controlled by a separate gene(s) from that which participates in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA.     

一株耐酸性酿酒酵母的筛选鉴定及特性

基于浓香型白酒回糟酸度高、残糖含量高的生产现状,通过平板划线纯化、WL培养基形态观察及显微镜观察对中高温大曲中酵母菌进行初步鉴定,再通过TTC培养基染色筛选、差异酸度培养基筛选适用于回糟发酵耐酸性产酒精能力强的酵母菌,并进行分子生物学鉴定、生物学特性及回糟发酵小试研究.结果表明:中高温大曲中筛选得到的菌株dq1在pH ...