On Sommer and Sommer.

Comments on an article by R. Sommer and B. A. Sommer (see record 1984-10654-001) that questioned the validity of results reported by the author and R. Heber (1973). The ease with which tentative information becomes widespread in textbooks and the technical literature is noted. It is argued that Heber's financial malfeasance in grant management had no adverse bearing on the results. (1 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Out of the frying pan: A reply to Sommer and Sommer.

Comments on suggestions offered by R. Sommers and B. A. Sommers (see record 1984-10654-001) for ensuring the validity and credibility of reported research results. It is suggested that, instead of requiring replication as part of all journal article submissions, randomization tests could be applied to data as a means of evaluation. Flaws in the present journal review process are outlined, and the assertion that only articles from refereed journals can be trusted is questioned. The validity of findings from technical reports and unpublished reports is supported. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Scientific rigor, scientific integrity: A comment on Sommer and Sommer.

Examines ethical issues raised in an article by R. Sommer and B. A. Sommer (see record 1984-10654-001) that questioned the validity of results reported by H. Barber and R. Heber (1973). Among these issues are criteria for establishing whether a particular study is sufficiently rigorous to be the basis of valid conclusions, the determination of whether or not reported data are truthful, and appropriate means of making such a determination. It is argued that optimum assessments of these questions involve the separation of questions of rigor from questions of integrity. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitude organization and the attitude-behavior relation: A reply to Dillon and Kumar.

Analyzed W. R. Dillon and A. Kumar's (see record 1985-29911-001) reanalysis of data previously reported by M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen (see record 1974-24385-001) and subsequently reanalyzed by the present authors (see record 1980-30231-001). Data involved attitude–behavior relations. The present authors show that the unidimensional attitude model fails to achieve convergent validity and that the 2-component model achieves convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SPA is subliminal, but is it psychodynamically activating?

Responds to comments by J. Weinberger (see record 1990-04808-001) on Balay and Shevrin's (B&S; see record 1988-20203-001) work on the subliminal psychodynamic activation (SPA) method, which, contrary to Weinberger's assertion, was not an attempt to destroy the work of L. H. Silverman (published 1974–1985) and others who have used the SPA method. Rather, B&S hoped to encourage investigators using this method to take a closer look at the theoretical assumptions underlying SPA (i.e., the generic vs specific nature of subliminal stimuli that might activate conflict-related, unconscious fantasies). Analyses are also offered of comments made by T. E. Moore (see record 1990-04745-001), M. D. Figueroa (see record 1990-04666-001), and D. K. Silverman (see record 1990-04785-001). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Revealed, concealed, congealed, curdled: A reply to Pomichalek, Lamb, and Denner.

Replies to M. Pomichalek's (see record 1992-19269-001), S. Lamb's (see record 1992-19263-001), and B. Denner's (see record 1992-19257-001) remarks on P. Cushman's comments (see record 1991-17982-001) on D. Stern's (1985) study. Cushman defends constructionist research by maintaining that it can acknowledge and interpret ideology and thereby the moral framework in which the study is embedded. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Of old philosophies and new kids on the block.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in which they find the philosophy of science undergirding contemporary research in counseling psychology to be deficient. Their criticisms are reviewed and evaluated within the context of the present author's own view that the purpose of scientific activity is the construction (construing) of reality. The present author challenges the new philosophy to prove itself. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are there necessary linkages between research practices and the philosophy of science?

Describes articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), as representing healthy trends in a liberalizing of approaches to counseling psychology research. All 3 share the implicit position that narrow positivist dogma can be transcended in practice to address core issues of the person as active agent. They suggest that successful research practice does not need a direct infrastructure from the philosophy of science. Eclectic, diverse ways of knowing may be most useful. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Misological or misconstrued? Rejoinder to Reynolds and Hynd.

Responds to critiques of their article (F. M. Gresham and K. A. Gansle; see record 1993-11574-001) by addressing misconceptions and misconstruals of facts presented in the original paper, specifically issues of reliability, treatment validity, and the medical model conception of behavior. Since neither C. Reynolds (see record 1993-11588-001) nor G. Hynd (see record 1993-11579-001) had anything to say about the dubious validity of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III-Revised (DSM-III-R), it is assumed that they agreed with the interpretations given. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reflections on human nature, science, and progress in counseling psychology.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in which they argue that traditional conceptualizations of living organisms as passive reactors to environmental events are inadequate views of the living being. An emerging view of people as causal agents acting to influence the actions of other causal agents for their own purposes has promise in developing a pragmatically useful scientific basis for helping people change through therapeutic relationships. It is concluded that the methods of scientific inquiry should be developed to suit the nature of the object of inquiry and need be limited only by the canon of intersubjective replicability. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rehabilitation services as ideology: A response to Stubbins, Coudroglou, and Berkowitz.

Responds to the comments of J. Stubbins (see record 1985-31779-001), A. Coudroglou (see record 1985-31754-001), and E. Berkowitz (see record 1985-31749-001) on needed reforms of the rehabilitation service system. With emphasis on Stubbins's comments, it is argued that Stubbins makes sweeping unsupported generalizations and that he overlooks the strengths derived from the legislative process, the disability rights movement, and rehabilitation research. Although reform is needed, it is suggested that it will come through informed inquiry and a changing environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What kind of a hypothesis is the distinction between episodic and semantic memory?

Responds to comments by G. McKoon et al (see record 1986-19143-001) regarding the present author's (1983; also see record 1985-03110-001) claims of a distinction between semantic and episodic memory by asserting that the hypothetico-deductive method of testing theories advocated by McKoon et al is not an appropriate procedure for evaluating the validity of classification according to learning and memory phenomena and processes. (73 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reflections on surfaces: A cross-disciplinary reply to Stevens.

Replies to K. A. Stevens's (see record 1985-08519-001) comments on the present author and R. T. Millard's (see record 1985-08483-001) article on the contributions of gradient to the viewer's perception of surface. The present author suggests that new interest in surface perception can be found in both psychological and in artificial intelligence communities. Certain working principles common to the different methodologies are discussed. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reexamining guiding assumptions: Theoretical and methodological implications.

Analyzes articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), in terms of their assumptions concerning the nature of human beings and appropriate research methods in counseling psychology. They emphasize 4 sets of variables: intentionality, cognitive processes, consciousness, and talking behavior. They argue that the person in their social context should be the primary unit of analysis and that humans must be understood as active, self-constructing, goal-directed organisms. Replicated single-case designs are recommended as research methodology. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further implications for counseling research.

Discusses articles by D. E. Polkinghorne (see record 1985-07630-001), G. S. Howard (see record 1985-07626-001), and M. J. Patton (see record 1985-07629-001), who recommended that counseling research be reoriented. The accepted definition of science, based primarily on the work of pre-20th-century physical scientists, does not fit in with the current advanced thinking about the philosophy of science. Similarities and differences in the 3 articles are considered, and problems that arise from the inadequacy of available psychometric and statistical techniques for the new kinds of research envisaged are discussed. It is concluded that the rethinking of some assumptions with regard to determinism and the way counseling is defined are necessary. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Readability and human interest scores of thirty-four current introductory texts": Reply.

In response to B. Gillen's (see record 1974-11898-001) scores and ratings of 34 texts, T. Landrigan and J. Palladino comment on the validity of Flesch ratings of reading ease and human interest of textbooks. The authors base their skepticism on a lack of established validity of the ratings for introductory textbooks and a lack of analysis of physical characteristics and variability across sampled passages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Toward an emancipatory psychology.

Responds to comments by W. Mieder (see record 1991-03996-001), K. L. Dion (see record 1991-03991-001), and K. J. Gergen (see record 1991-03993-001) on T. B. Rogers's (see record 1991-03999-001) examination of the role of proverbs in psychology. It is argued that theory is important for the critical social functions it serves, rather than just for the quest for truth. Also, consideration of an emancipatory psychology is recommended, in which psychology is viewed as a socially embedded discipline. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Consistency of maternal report and the Personality Inventory for Children: Always useful and sometimes sufficient: Reply to Cornell.

Responds to D. G. Cornell's (see record 1985-21750-001) suggestion that the author's (see record 1984-19420-001) previous study of the external validity of the Personality Inventory for Children (PIC) was flawed to the degree that scale correlates were obtained from the same source as PIC responses—the parent. Based on the process of actuarial assessment, it is suggested that nontest correlates, regardless of source, provide evidence for scale validity and not stability and that similarity in content between personality scale items and demonstrated correlates is the rule rather than the exception. The process of test validation is distinguished from the use of scales to study personality constructs. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

I am wanting to tell you: Reply to Borgen (1995) and Dawis (1995).

This reply to F. H. Borgen (see record 1995-27394-001) and R. V. Dawis (see record 1995-27395-001)) argues that studying the causes, attributes, and benefits of participants' psychological experiencing of leisure is more likely to advance knowledge of leisure's effects on participants than efforts that recapitulate the study of vocational interests. The conceptual relation of the construct of needs to interests and values is explained, and it is suggested that K. Holmberg, D. Rosen, and J. L. Holland's (1990) taxonomy may lack validity because of its reliance on the armchair judgments of "experts." This article disagrees with Borgen's suggestion that H. E. A. Tinsley and B. D. Eldredge's (see record 1995-27399-001) findings are critical of J. L. Holland's (1985) theory and suggests a procedure for attempting to develop a valid taxonomy of leisure activities using Holland's theory. Nevertheless, Holland's theory largely ignores the amount of exertion intrinsic to an activity, and exertion is the most important dimension for distinguishing among leisure activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The jury is still out: A reply to Deffenbacher.

Responds to comments by K. A. Deffenbacher (see record 1985-20010-001) concerning the present authors' (see record 1984-06612-001) arguments against the use of psychological testimony on eyewitness reliability. It is argued that there is currently no sufficient basis for the conclusion that jurors need to be made more skeptical of eyewitness testimony or that psychology can provide useful information concerning areas such as the decline of retention with time or the effect of arousal levels on eyewitness performance. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)