An empirical study of reentry women.

A number of the most common hypotheses regarding reentry women were empirically tested, by comparing 76 reentry working women with 78 career women, on a number of demographic and personality variables. We found that the reentry women did indeed exhibit some of the characteristics commonly ascribed to them. For example, they held lower-level jobs and received lower mean scores on the measures of assertiveness and autonomy than did the career women. However, they did not receive the low scores on the self-esteem measures and the dominance measure that other researchers had predicted, nor did they receive significantly higher scores than the career women on either the conflict or the need for achievement scales. Furthermore, we found that both the reentry women and the career women could be described as being rather sure of their abilities, achievement oriented, dominant, and stable. We then discuss the implications of these findings and the limitations of our study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirical correlation between contact angles and surface tension in some ceramic-metal systems

Chemical Engineering Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH     

An empirical study of Hedge's homogeneity test.

The behavior of the L. V. Hedges's (see record 1983-00213-001) Q test for the fixed-effects meta-analytic model was investigated for small and unequal study sample sizes paired with larger numbers of studies, nonnormal score distributions, and unequal variances. The results of a Monte Carlo study indicate that the hypothesis of equal effect sizes tends to be rejected less than expected if smaller study sample sizes are paired with larger numbers of studies; pairing smaller variances with larger sample sizes (or vice versa) leads to this hypothesis being rejected more than expected. The power of the Q test is also less than expected when small study sample sizes are paired with larger numbers of studies. These findings suggest conditions for which the Q test should be used cautiously. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Orality and depression: An empirical study.

Despite much theoretical speculation and some indirect evidence, no study has empirically assessed the relationship of orality to depression. In the present investigation, two separate samples of male college students (N? = 276; N? = 141) completed both the Rorschach test and the Depression Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ). More DEQ items correlated significantly with a Rorschach orality measure than would be expected by chance, but the magnitude of these correlations was small. Item analysis suggests that dependency is less a factor in depression than is a personality constellation marked by egocentrism, immaturity, fear of rejection, helplessness, and lack of integration. The results of this study are limited by its use of nonclinically disturbed male subjects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thematic Apperception Test: An empirical examination of some indices of homosexuality.

2studies were done to explore the effectiveness of some TAT signs of homosexual tendencies. "Although these indices of homosexuality have functioned more effectively than equivalent indices for other variables, there still seems ground for serious doubt concerning their utility. Not only does the general clinical rating appear to function more effectively, but also the nature of the indices implies that they could easily be subjected to voluntary distortion or inhibition, thus minimizing their usefulness in many diagnostic settings." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior-based versus trait-oriented performance ratings: An empirical study.

23 US Navy officer raters evaluated the performance of subordinate officers using (a) behaviorally anchored scales, (b) scales containing the same dimensions and definitions but without behavioral anchors, and (c) a series of scales involving trait-oriented dimensions, also without anchors. Comparisons of the formats' psychometric properties indicated that the behaviorally anchored scale format was somewhat superior to the other 2 on 3 of 4 dependent variables (involving estimates of leniency, halo, interrater agreement, and degree of differentiation among ratees). However, the magnitudes of the differences due to formats were small, in no case exceeding more than 5% of the variance on the dependent variable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

某选钛尾矿综合再回收钛的工艺试验研究

针对某选钛尾矿储量大、且其中含钛4.58%的现状,通过三种工艺方案试验研究对比,最终采用"高梯度强磁粗选—磨矿—高梯度强磁精选—摇床"的选矿工艺,得到含钛品位45.39%、回收率39.39%的钛精矿。     

Dissociative states in eating disorders: An empirical Rorschach study.

The study explores the DSM-IV-TR classification of eating disorders that is constituted of four subtypes, two of them defined as anorexia (restricting and binge eating/purging) and two as bulimia (purging and non-purging). This classification is based on body weight as the distinguishing criterion. However, psychoanalytic thinking substantially distinguishes between restricting anorexia and the other three subtypes, all of them involving binge eating. Accordingly, binge eating patients are assumed to present different personality characteristics and different dynamics including dissociation proneness as a core component of the disturbance. The dissociative component of binge eating is examined by using the Rorschach Reality-Fantasy Scale (RFS; Tibon, Handelzalts, & Weinberger, 2005) and other Rorschach measures in a sample of 61 female adolescent inpatients diagnosed with eating disorders. This sample was divided into two groups by using the criterion of whether or not the symptoms involve binge eating behavior. The results support the view that dissociation between reality and fantasy is an important facet of binge eating disorders. A case study that demonstrates the utility of the RFS is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirical study of contemporary beliefs about work in American society.

The underlying concepts or beliefs people hold about work were studied by first developing a conceptual framework consisting of 5 different belief systems. The framework was operationalized by developing a questionnaire that used individual belief statements as items in a 5-point, Likert-type format. Ss surveyed were 340 blue-collar and white-collar workers from the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area and 72 union leaders and 366 top managers from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, area. Subsequent multivariate analyses revealed that differences in beliefs existed in relation to job or position, age, sex, race, and education. Top management was not in favor of participative management structures; young people were more work ethic oriented than other age groups. Females and Blacks showed strong feelings of being exploited. Education was related to a weakened commitment to traditional beliefs and to the organization. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirical study of moral intuitions: Toward an evolutionary ethics.

This study of moral intuitions used a questionnaire containing 2 moral dilemmas that were administered to university students. The dilemmas probed the underlying dimensions involved in moral intuitions. The results of both group- and individual-level analyses suggested that the most important dimensions were Speciesism, Abhorrent Political Philosophy (Nazism), and Inclusive Fitness, followed by Social Contract and Number of Individuals. The dimensions of Action–Inaction, Elite, and Endangered Species had significant but weak influences. The results are interpreted within an evolutionary framework and represent progress toward developing an understanding of the is on which it is possible to base the ought (a consideration of the moral imperatives when a legitimate conflict of interest exists between different living beings). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Media psychology: An empirical study of radio call-in psychology programs.

A survey of 368 shopping mall patrons (mean age 37 yrs) showed that 49% listened to radio call-in psychology programs (RCPPs), although listening was usually relatively infrequent. Listeners did not differ from nonlisteners in terms of demographic variables, psychological knowledge or well-being, or previous experience with psychological services. 86% of listeners saw RCPPs as useful, although 50% also noted potential harmful effects. The most common reasons for listening were a desire for personal information, wanting to learn about psychology, the opportunity to hear about others' problems, and amusement. An additional survey of 122 RCPP callers showed that the group was predominantly female (65%) and most commonly lived alone, that a majority of Ss had previously received some psychological treatment, and that they showed poorer psychological health than Ss in the 1st survey. A postcall interview and 3-mo follow-up indicated an improvement in psychological well-being but no change in reported stress. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirical study of a proposed test of nonparametric analysis of covariance.

Puri and Sen (1969b) introduced a nonparametric test statistic that, because of its relationship to the general linear model, subsumes many commonly performed hypothesis tests. Following the work of Puri and Sen, Harwell and Serlin (1985) proposed a test of the nonparametric analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) hypothesis. In order to use this statistic, ranks (or some other transformation) are substituted for the original scores. Standard statistical packages can then be used to perform the analysis, and the results of the test are referred to the appropriate reference distribution. The similarity of the rank transformation of Conover and Iman (1981) to this procedure is noted, and the results of a Monte Carlo study investigating the distributional properties (i.e., Type I error rate and power) of the proposed test and other nonparametric analyses of covariance models are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonverbal communication and physician–patient rapport: An empirical study.

Studied 71 medical residents and approximately 400 patients to examine the relationship between patients' satisfaction with the medical care they received from their physicians and the nonverbal skills of those physicians. Various aspects of the physicians' personalities were assessed with the Personality Research Form, and their nonverbal decoding skills were measured with the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity scale. Patients rated their physicians on caring and sensitivity, indicated the extent to which the physicians listened to what they had to say and cared about them as people, and indicated whether they felt they could call the doctor if necessary. Results support the hypothesis that the socioemotional dimension of the physician–patient relationship depends, to a moderate degree at least, on the physician's ability to understand the patient's nonverbal cues of affect and on the physician's ability to intentionally communicate affect through nonverbal channels. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individuals without jobs: An empirical study of job-seeking behavior and reemployment.

The purpose of this study was to test a longitudinal model of the demographic, person, and situational variables predictive of job-seeking behavior and reemployment. Participants completed surveys 2 months and 5 months following a layoff. Multiple regression analysis revealed gender, conscientiousness, and job-seeking support as significant predictors of job-seeking behavior. Logistic regression analysis showed age and job-seeking support to be significant predictors of reemployment. Post hoc analyses highlighted an Age?X?Job-Seeking Frequency interaction as a predictor of reemployment. This interaction suggests that older individuals who engaged in frequent job seeking were less likely to find work than younger individuals who engaged in frequent job seeking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Masochism: An empirical analysis.

Masochistic behavior is defined as a change in response to punishing stimuli which may take the form of simple desensitization at one extreme to continued, self-aversive stimulation at the other. Experimental findings reflecting such changes are cited and some of the conditions necessary for demonstrating these effects are analyzed. The manner in which the scheduling of events may be involved is also suggested. The approach which is advocated seems to offer a fruitful alternative to current popular conceptions of masochism. (35 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirical psychophysical model of pain.

Presents an empirical model of pain motivated by the remarks of J. W. Tukey (see record 1969-08913-001) on exploratory data analysis and the data of E. R. Hilgard (see record 1969-09295-001) on cold pressor pain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An empirical assessment of meta-analytic practice.

In the three decades after the publication of the first meta-analyses in the behavioral sciences, hundreds of articles and a number of technical guides have emerged concerning meta-analytic practice and reporting standards. The purpose of the present study is to review the practice and reporting standards of a random sample of published meta-analyses (n = 100) in psychology and related disciplines in the decade from 1994 through 2004. We focus on practice and reporting at each stage of the meta-analytic process and explore differences between psychological subdisciplines. These findings suggest that the practice of meta-analysis in the last decade has not yet converged on a set of common standards, though some expert recommendations are beginning to be heeded. Authors should be attentive to proper procedure and reporting in light of the numerous threats to the validity of a meta-analysis. Ironically, even though meta-analysts often struggle with incomplete or inconsistent reporting in primary research they are themselves not entirely consistent in reporting their methods and results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.

Distinctions have been proposed between systems of reasoning for centuries. This article distills properties shared by many of these distinctions and characterizes the resulting systems in light of recent findings and theoretical developments. One system is associative because its computations reflect similarity structure and relations of temporal contiguity. The other is "rule based" because it operates on symbolic structures that have logical content and variables and because its computations have the properties that are normally assigned to rules. The systems serve complementary functions and can simultaneously generate different solutions to a reasoning problem. The rule-based system can suppress the associative system but not completely inhibit it. The article reviews evidence in favor of the distinction and its characterization. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)