错流微滤制备动态膜过程中细微颗粒沉积机理

以煤基炭膜为基膜,以ZrO₂为涂膜颗粒,在实验研究的基础上对错流微滤过程中沉积颗粒进行受力分析,分别建立径向颗粒的可能沉积临界粒径模型、轴向上颗粒的可能移动临界粒径模型和圆周方向的颗粒可能滚动临界粒径模型。并以温度、错流速率、渗透通量为主要影响参数,分别对3种临界粒径模型进行模拟研究,探讨颗粒沉积机理。结果表明,压力增大(渗透通量提高)、温度降低以及错流速度降低,都可增大动态膜层厚度;由于净重力的影响,在水平膜管内圆周方向动态膜膜层厚度分布不均匀通过增加错流速率可明显减小此种差异;模拟结果与实验结果的一致性证实了所建模型的可靠性。     

错流微滤过程的无因次特征量

从近膜面微粒的受力分析出发,对错流微滤过程进行了因次分析,得到新的特征量Rem和Eum,合理地概括了重要过程参数对微粒在膜面沉积的复合作用。由基于Eum和Rem数学模型所得的预测值与实验值高度吻合,说明用Eum和Rem表征复杂的错流微滤过程的合理性。     

非均粒悬浮液的陶瓷膜错流深滤速度研究

根据使用陶瓷膜中存在的问题,并以非对称陶瓷膜结构特点为基础,提出了以陶瓷膜支撑层（深层）与膜层共同作为过滤介质的一种新的陶瓷膜错流深层过滤方式。用非均粒径高岭土悬浮液,经过自行设计的实验流程和错流过滤器,进行了陶瓷膜错流深层过滤等实验。对取得的实验数据进行分析对比,得到了在相同操作条件下新方式比传统错流膜过滤的过滤阻力...     

溶液环境对陶瓷膜微滤微米级颗粒悬浮液的影响

本文研究了溶液环境对陶瓷微滤膜处理微米,亚微米级颗粒悬浮液过程的影响,通过测定电解质溶液种类,浓度对微滤过程渗透通量的影响,及溶液环境对微滤过程影响随颗粒粒径,膜孔径的变化,确定了溶液环境对微滤过程的影响主要是由于其引起了颗粒表面Ｚｅｔａ电位的变化,改变了颗粒在溶液中的分散情况,并引起了决定膜通量的颗粒粒径／膜孔径比值的变化,从而改变了微滤过程。     

动态膜在错流微滤系统中的应用

利用6000目的高岭土作为动态膜涂膜材料,在相同的条件下过滤活性污泥和二级出水.实验结果显示,动态膜过滤在出水水质和通量方面明显优于直接过滤,而处理二级出水在膜通量方面没有优势.清洗实验结果表明动态膜能有效降低膜内部污染,并能恢复到新膜通量的90%.污泥浓度越大,通量越小.提高膜面流速和增加压力都能有效的提高膜通量,但提高膜面流速更经济.     

超声强化多通道陶瓷膜微滤超细TiO2悬浮液

针对超声强化膜分离过程能耗高的问题,提出并设计了一种新型超声强化膜分离操作方式,并进行了超声强化陶瓷膜微滤超细TiO₂颗粒悬浮液的研究。考察了超声场参数、操作时间及溶液环境对多通道陶瓷膜微滤过程的影响规律,并分析了此操作方式强化陶瓷膜微滤颗粒悬浮体系的机理。结果表明,该操作方式能够获得较高膜通量恢复率及平均膜通量,同时超声能量消耗减小了90.0%以上;降低超声频率及提高功率,有利于膜通量恢复,在超声参数45 kHz和0.33 W·cm^-2条件下,膜通量恢复到初始值的94.0%;控制超声辐射时间0.167 min,微滤时间8 min时,平均膜通量提高了61.5%;降低悬浮液颗粒浓度及提高料液温度都有利于超声场强化陶瓷膜微滤过程。     

陶瓷膜构型对错流微滤酵母悬浮液性能的影响

采用3种构型的陶瓷微滤膜元件对酵母悬浮液进行错流过滤实验,考察陶瓷膜元件的构型对于其错流过滤性能的影响。结果表明:减小陶瓷膜元件的通道直径可以提高料液在膜表面的剪切力,有助于提高过滤稳定通量和临界压力,在3 m/s膜面流速、0.1 MPa跨膜压差条件下,单管、19通道、55通道的稳定通量分别为96、128、196 L/(m2.h);在3 m/s膜面流速条件下,3种陶瓷膜元件的临界压力分别约为0.15、0.2、0.2 MPa。另外,减小通道直径还可以减小滤饼层的比阻,有利于降低过滤阻力;与提高膜面流速来增大过滤通量的方法相比,减小陶瓷膜的通道直径具有能耗较小的优点。     

颗粒粒径和膜孔径对陶瓷膜微滤微米级颗粒悬浮液的影响

通过测定颗粒悬浮液通过陶瓷微滤膜时的参透通量及污染阻力,确定了陶瓷膜处理微米级颗粒悬浮液时,颗粒粒径和膜孔径对微滤过程的影响和膜污染机理,获得了微米级颗粒悬浮液微滤过程中膜孔径的选择方法。     

聚电解质对TiO2悬浮体系微滤过程的影响

以硫酸法钛白生产中TiO2的回收与分离为应用背景,研究了聚电解质对陶瓷膜微滤过程的影响。研究表明,不同功能团的聚丙烯酰胺对过程的影响不同,溶液pH值、聚丙烯酰胺分子量以及浓度对微滤过程都有影响。与传统的絮凝助滤不同,聚电解质在微滤过程中的应用必须考虑其对膜本身的污染问题。     

气液两相流在炭膜微滤钛白悬浮液中的应用研究

采用平均孔径为1.0μm的管状多孔炭膜实验研究了炭膜微滤钛白悬浮液的过程中引入气体形成两相流的强化微滤过程.实验结果表明,在温度20℃、跨膜雎差0.04～0.16 MPa、料液流速0.85～1.56 m·s-1、气体流速0.29～2.02 m·S-1、悬浮液浓度0.1～1.0 g·L-1时,通入气体形成的气-液两相流可以大大强化微滤过程.两相流相对于单相流的最大稳定渗透通量可提高62%,而且达到稳定通量的时间也相应缩短.实验发现,在相同操作条件下膜组件竖直放置比水平放置时稳定渗透通量增加了12%;弹状流是有利的强化流型:两相流条件下随着跨膜压差的增加,稳定通量快速增加,在压力0.11 MPa 时通量达到最大值,然后随压力增加,渗透通量缓慢下降.     

A theoretical and experimental study of the crossflow microfiltration process of silica particles in an aqueous suspension

This work presents a theoretical and experimental analysis of a crossflow microfiltration process of silica particles in suspension. The silica suspensions were 0.001 M of NaCl with a pH of 6 (to maintain a constant ionic force within the medium to produce a stable silica particle suspension) for three different concentrations of silica particles: 100, 300, and 500 mg L⁻¹. The membrane used in the crossflow microfiltration experiments was a commercial polymeric membrane, microporous, asymmetric with a nominal pore diameter of 0.2 µm, manufactured by OSMONICS (Minnetonka, MN). The experiments were performed in a bench scale crossflow microfiltration system with a flat rectangular membrane cell. The permeate flux was obtained as a function of the transmembrane pressure, the crossflow velocities, and the silica particles concentration. The mathematical model describing the process takes into account the variation of the physical properties of the suspension (dynamic viscosity and mass diffusivity) with the silica concentration. The experimental data are used to predict the maximum silica concentration at the membrane surface as a function of the operating conditions.     

CMFW-2连续微滤中水回用装置中试研究

采用CMFW-2连续微滤中水回用装置对城市污水厂二级出水进行深度处理中试试验,运行结果表明,该装置在技术上是可行的,其出水水质稳定,优于《城市杂用水水质标准》(2002年征求意见稿)。并对该装置对膜污染的控制和清洗做了简要的分析。     

陶瓷膜微滤骨架镍催化剂的膜污染机理分析

用孔径为0.2μm的陶瓷膜过滤骨架镍催化剂悬浮液,研究膜污染机理。结果表明,膜污染主要是骨架镍催化剂在膜表面上形成的滤饼层,当操作压力循环变化时滤饼层表现出不可逆性。工业上用过的污染膜和滤饼层的组分分析表明,污染物主要是骨架镍催化剂。应用结果也表明了膜污染原因是骨架镍催化剂在膜表面形成了不可逆性滤饼层。     

Development of a pilot-scale microfiltration harvest for the isolation of physostigmine from Streptomyces griseofuscus broth

A pilot-scale microfiltration harvest was developed for the isolation of physostigmine from a mycelial fermentation broth. Complete permeation for this extracellular secondary metabolite was obtained during initial laboratory screening with a variety of crossflow filtration membranes but poor filtration flux made process feasibility uncertain. Modification of the fermentation medium improved fluxes from 10–20 dm³ m^?2 h^?1 to 60–80 dm³ m^?2 h^?1 which significantly reduced membrane area requirements, making the process feasible for larger scale implementation. A commercially-available ceramic membrane with 0·2 μm pores was employed for the scale-up of this step to the pilot plant; this membrane was found to provide flux similar to that of polymeric membranes and had superior regeneration characteristics. Optimum performance at bench scale was obtained using 70 kPa transmembrane pressure and 4·0 m s^?1 crossflow velocity. The mycelial broth had a very high suspended solids concentration (30% (v/v)) which limited us to a two-fold concentration before starting the diafiltration washes. The process was scaled-up to the 200–400 dm³ scale, with good reproducibility and excellent membrane regenerability observed in a series of five experiments. An increase in membrane loading did result in a decreased average flux at the larger scale (47·6 dm³ m^?2 h^?1), which indicated the importance of this parameter. A centrifugal pump was substituted for a positive displacement pump upon scale-up and performed well if provided with the appropriate suction head. Scale-up in general was straightforward, provided proper attention was given to the hydraulic design of the system.     

高黏度液体错流旋转微滤实验研究

Experimental investigation of the microfiltration （MF） using a revolving cross-flow membrane filter was performed under the condition of constant pressure difference, and different flat membranes made of polyvinylidene fluoride （PVDF, 0.1 μm）, cellulose acetate （CA, 0.22 μm）, sulfonated polyethersulfone （SPES, 0.22 μm） and polyamide （PA, 0.45 μm）, respectively, were used in filtration experiments. The dependence of the filtrate mass of the cross-flow MF on time was measured on-line. The experimental results showed that the effect of the cross-flow on high viscosity medium was more significant than that on the low viscosity one.     

十字流微滤过滤机理研究评述

近年来，膜分离过程中的十字流微滤机理研究在国外非常活跃，在预测过滤速率，动态滤饼的形成，提出了一些新观点和新的机理，加深了对十字流过滤通量下降和膜污染的认识和理解。本文介绍了这些理论和实验研究的成果。     

Effect of flocculation and/or adsorption as pretreatment on thecritical flux of crossflow microfiltration

This study aims at identifying the effect of pretreatment such as flocculation and/or adsorption on the performance of crossflow microfiltration (CFMF). CFMF performance was studied in terms of critical flux. The results indicated that: (1) flocculation alone as a pretreatment could effectively remove the large molecular weight organic matter from 30,000 to 60,000 Daltons; (2) flocculation, together with adsorption as a pretreatment to CFMF, could remove both large and small molecular weight organics; (3) flocculation as a pretreatment was significantly better than adsorption in improving the critical flux; (4) critical flux increased from 100 L/m².h to 520 L/m².h when flocculation-adsorption was applied. The critical flux in long-term experiments was the same as that of the short-term experiments. However, the critical flux slightly decreased (5%) in long-term experiments compared to short-term operation with flocculation and adsorption as a pretreatment.