基于改进Db1GEGA-SVM的大坝变形预警模型

支持向量机(SVM)能有效解决高维数非线性问题,且具有很好的泛化能力,其关键在于惩罚因子及核参数的选取;遗传算法具有良好的全局搜索能力与潜在的并行性,但局部搜索能力差,且易陷入早熟收敛。为提高大坝变形预警模型精度和泛化能力,提出利用改进的双切点交叉遗传算法(Db1GEGA)对SVM模型进行参数寻优,构建了基于改进Db1GEGA-SVM的大坝变形预警模型,并通过实例应用做了比较。结果表明,基于改进Db1GEGA-SVM的大坝变形预警模型具有更强的泛化能力和更高的预测精度。     

自适应遗传优化的最小二乘支持向量回归机在煤粉着火温度建模中的应用

针对煤粉着火温度与煤质指标间的非线性关系，提出了基于自适应遗传算法和最小二乘支持向量回归机的煤粉着火温度预测模型.通过对实验数据进行预测评判，并与常规的最小二乘支持向量回归机模型和BP神经网络模型相比较，以验证此模型的可靠性和精确性.结果表明，该模型是合理可行的，该模型比传统计算模型具有更好的泛化能力，能更准确地预测煤...     

自适应粒子群支持向量机风速组合预测模型

提出一种优化的支持向量机风速组合预测模型,首先通过模糊层次分析法对参与组合的单项预测模型进行遴选,在当前风速样本集下自适应决策预测效果较优的单项预测模型的输出值作为支持向量机的输入,将实际风电场风速值作为支持向量机的输出,并采用粒子群算法优化支持向量机组合模型的参数。基于实际运营的风电场数据进行仿真分析,自适应遴选出BP神经网络、RBF神经网络、小波神经网络和遗传算法优化BP神经网络这4种单项预测模型参与支持向量机组合,结果表明所提方法的预测精度不仅高于单项模型,且高于线性组合预测模型和神经网络组合预测模型。     

基于改进的最小二乘支持向量机的闸首渗流监控模型研究

鉴于大坝渗流监测受众多因素影响,首先利用主成分分析法对相关性较大的因子进行处理,然后利用最小二乘支持向量机进行建模,最后依靠遗传算法对其参数进行选优,建立了基于改进的最小二乘支持向量机的闸首渗流监控模型,并通过实例应用做了对比分析。结果表明,改进的最小二乘支持向量机模型可有效降低输入因子的维数,减小因子之间相关性,降低模型的训练时间,拟合精度均优于其他模型,更适合于渗流监测数据的建模。     

基于支持向量机和遗传算法的燃煤电站锅炉多目标燃烧优化

采用支持向量机方法建立350MW燃煤电站锅炉NOx预测模型和锅炉效率预测模型,并采用遗传算法对NOx和锅炉效率进行多目标优化,表明支持向量机和遗传算法可以用于指导参数调节,进行燃烧优化。     

基于支持向量机和遗传算法的燃煤电站锅炉多目标燃烧优化

本文采用支持向量机方法建立了350MW燃煤电站锅炉NOx预测模型和锅炉效率预测模型,并采用遗传算法对NOx和锅炉效率进行多目标优化,表明支持向量机和遗传算法可以用于指导参数调节,进行燃烧优化。     

基于小世界优化的风电功率变权组合预测模型

提出一种新型的基于小世界优化的支持向量机与灰色预测变权组合风电功率预测模型。该模型发挥小世界优化算法避免陷入局部极小、快速收敛等优势,对组合权重系数进行移动样本自适应变权求解,同时,支持向量机采用实数编码小世界算法(R-SWOA)进行回归估计,构成支持向量机改进算法(RSWO-SVM)。利用江苏某风场数据对风电机组输出功率的超短期实时滚动功率预测进行研究,分别预测未来10 min、30 min和1 h的功率值。预测结果表明,无论哪个时间尺度,该文变权组合模型的预测精度均明显高于各单项、等权平均和最小方差固定权系数组合预测方法,预测误差大幅降低。     

在线监测燃煤锅炉NOx排放的自适应支持向量机模型

提出了一种基于改进的在线支持向量机自适应建模方法,并应用于电站锅炉NOx排放连续监测和特性分析.对常规在线支持向量机方法进行了改进,提出了新的样本剔除规则,保证了训练集内样本分布的均匀性.通过该改进方法对基于试验数据的常规向量机模型预测余差进行了连续估计,并预估煤质等因素引起的NOx排放特性的变化,从而补偿了实际工况与试验工况的差别,以便正确给出锅炉NOx排放特性.     

基于加权最小二乘支持向量机的月度负荷预测

考虑到实际电力负荷预测中各数据的重要程度并不相同,在标准最小二乘支持向量机回归算法的训练样本中设置权值系数,建立了加权最小二乘支持向量机模型,以实现样本的优化选择,达到历史数据"重近轻远"的学习效果;同时考虑到粒子群优化算法收敛速度快和混沌运动遍历性、随机性等特点,提出了一种基于混沌思想的粒子群优化算法对模型参数进行优化,引入优势粒子和劣势粒子的权重自适应调节机制,使算法具有动态适应性。将改进的模型应用于江西省萍乡市月度负荷预测中,结果表明本文方法与常规方法相比降低了预测误差,且速度较快。     

支持向量机的核函数及其参数选择对大坝监控模型预测精度的影响

鉴于支持向量机的核函数及其参数选择对大坝变形监控模型的预测精度有重要影响,基于支持向量机常用的高斯核函数、多项式核函数及其线性混合核函数分别建立了大坝监控模型,并利用改进的粒子群算法对支持向量机的惩罚因子和核参数进行寻优。实例分析结果表明,基于高斯核函数的大坝监控模型的拟合能力较好,基于多项式核函数的监控模型的泛化能力较好,基于混合核函数的监控模型的综合性能较好。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.