Spatial analysis of the relationship between housing values and investments in transportation infrastructure

The relationship between residential location, location value and accessibility has been of long interest to regional scientists. Studies investigating the relationship between house price and changes in accessibility, however, have been fewer in number, and predominantly have centered upon the house price impact of fixed rail investments. Neglected have been the impacts of smaller road investments made on a regular basis by municipalities and state departments of transportation. This research therefore reports on the spatial relationship between house price and investment in road-based transportation infrastructure by combining two spatial databases, both centered on Columbus, OH. The first contains information on all single-family detached houses sold in 1990. The second contains detailed spatial and temporal information on all accessibility-changing road investments in the same area, since 1978. Results indicate that while moderate, past, current and approved (but not begun) road investments have distinct and significant impacts on house price.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Western Regional Science Association in Palm Springs, California, February 2001, and was awarded The Charles M. Tiebout Prize in Regional Science. Randall Jackson, Morton OKelly, W. Randy Smith, Donald Haurin, Frank Mittlebach, the editor and an anonymous reviewer all provided valuable comments on previous drafts. Research funding was provided by the E. Willard and Ruby S. Miller Fellowship and through the Committee on Urban Affairs at Ohio State.Received: March 2001/Accepted: November 2003     

Projecting transition probabilities for regular public roads at the ecoregion scale: A Northern Appalachian/Acadian case study

Existing roads have far-reaching effects on biodiversity, and therefore road network expansion is of critical concern to conservation planning. Road density trend analysis is often too coarse and assumes homogeneous landscapes, whereas spatial transition probability analysis captures landscape variability typical of ecoregions. Simple models for projecting road network growth will assist planning agencies and conservation organizations to guide protection efforts. We investigate growth of regular public roads in the State of Maine over a 17-year historical period, and then use the best-selected (AIC) logistic regression model to validate and then project spatial probability of future roads to the Northern Appalachian/Acadian ecoregion. Nearly 2000 km of new roads were constructed in settled landscapes in Maine 1986–2003, influencing 37,000 ha of adjacent habitats. The majority (93.5%) of the new roads performed local functions and were short (<1/3 km in length), characterized as residential roads typical of sprawl. The best-selected logit model [dwelling density (+), elevation (−), distance to urban area (−), distance to existing primary/secondary highway (−)] captured 84% of reserved new road points in Maine, and only 27% of random points at the >0.5 probability level. The projected model forecasts 0.5 million km of new residential public roads in the Northern Appalachian/Acadian ecoregion for the next two decades, suggesting that cumulative effects of residential road network expansion are a serious region-scale biodiversity threat.     

多因素耦合的新区综合管廊系统布局方法研究

综合管廊建设有利于保障城市安全、美化城市景观、提高市政设施综合承载能力和城市发展质量。新区实施综合管廊建设具有先天优势,如何在新区开发建设中科学系统地布局综合管廊,是新区市政基础设施规划建设面临的关键性课题。综合管廊系统布局受城市空间布局、建设用地开发强度、轨道交通和道路交通、市政管网系统等多因素影响,影响因素类型多,难以完全进行定量化评价。本文采用层次分析法,利用GIS空间叠加、缓冲区分析等功能,建立了一套半定量化的适用于分析新区综合管廊系统布局的评价体系,探索多因素耦合下的综合管廊系统布局,可为新区综合管廊系统布局规划提供技术思路。     

Optimal time for implementing cordon toll pricing scheme in a monocentric city

This paper proposes an analytical model to address the timing issue of cordon toll pricing in a monocentric city. The proposed model allows an explicit consideration of the interactions among three types of agents in the urban system: (i) the local authority who aims to jointly determine the optimal time for introducing cordon toll pricing scheme, cordon toll location and toll level to maximize social welfare of the urban system; (ii) property developers who seek to determine the intensity of their capital investment in the land market to maximize their own net profit generated from the housing supply; and (iii) households who choose residential locations that maximize their own utility within a budget constraint. The effects of the cordon toll pricing scheme on household's residential location choice and housing market structure in terms of housing price and space are explicitly considered. A comparison of the toll pricing schemes with a fixed and a mobile cordon location over time and the no toll case is carried out. The proposed model is also illustrated in several Chinese cities. Insightful findings are reported on the interactions among cordon toll pricing scheme, urban population size, household income level, toll collection cost, and urban development.     

Production location choice and risk aversion

This paper attempts to provide a general comparative static analysis on a firm's choice of production location with respect to variations in the degree of risk aversion under demand price, input price, and technology uncertainties. Our analysis shows that whether and how the plant location varies with a change in the firm's degree of risk aversion depend upon the nature of the production technology and how the input and location choice affect risk. It also demonstrates that some of our results are new, while some are generalizations of those obtained by Martinich and Hurter (1982). Received: January 2000/Accepted: July 2000     

Path Dependence in Financing Urban Infrastructure Development in China: 1949–2016

In the past few decades, urban infrastructures in China have seen an enormous upgrade, and due to large-scale urbanization many more investments are due in the coming years. In order to supplement public funding, Public Private Partnerships (PPP) and municipal bonds have recently grown popular in China. The introduction of this new policy does not occur in a void but should be understood as the path-dependent consequence of a historical evolution of funding arrangements for urban development. How have Chinese governments traditionally arranged financing for these extensive investments and how has the emphasis in funding sources shifted over time? We argue that the evolution of urban development financing has gone through three phases (planned economy, reform and pilot, and socialist market economy), each with different emphasis in financial sources. Our analysis demonstrates how weaknesses in earlier phases present challenges that new solutions in later phases are aimed to address.     

Mobility is in the eye of the beholder: A comparison of travel patterns and urban spatial use between migrants and the original residents of Danang,Vietnam

The development of an arterial road named the Nguyen Tat Thanh Road along the Danang Bay in Vietnam shows how changes in mobility can influence the transformation of the urban landscape in a formerly residential neighborhood. The road opened along the coastal lines of the city in 2003. In this study, approximately 460 residents, including migrants who moved to the area after the road development and the original residents who live near the road, were interviewed. The survey was designed to identify the travel routes, mode of transportation, and location of jobs, shopping, leisure, education, and religious activities of residents before and after the road development. The research found that the original residents endured longer commutes than the migrants, which was associated with a greater dispersion of jobs after the road development. Compared to the original residents, migrants often lived in a newly available parcel close to the new road and formed a mixed-use community with a good jobs-housing balance. However, migrants traveled farther to non-job-related destinations. For the use of urban space, the original residents attempted to improve the quality of their daily lives through small-scale transformations of privately owned outdoor spaces, which were often shared by their neighbors and other family members. Migrants largely contributed to the formation of commercialized streets that were scattered with fairly large accommodations and high-end residential buildings.     

Spatio-temporal trend analysis of long-term development patterns (1900-2030) in a Southern Appalachian County

Many mountainous areas in the U.S. have experienced significant changes in residential development patterns over the past century, in large part due to changing economies and in-migration from outsiders seeking the scenic resources of these areas. To evaluate changes in the Southern Appalachian mountain region, we reconstructed building and road locations in Macon County, North Carolina, since 1906 from historic maps, aerial photographs, county parcel records and emergency response program data. We used these data to analyze growth trends using spatio-temporal classification and quantile regression analysis. We also forecast future development patterns through 2030 using a multi-step model incorporating population growth projections, extrapolations of recent development density trends, and spatial logistic regression models. We characterize new development in the county as primarily rural from 1906 to 1960, exurban from 1960 to 1975 and increasingly suburban since 1975. While the rate of population growth and new building construction peaked in the 1980s, the total road length and rate of development in forested areas continued to increase from 1990 to 2009. We forecast that through 2030 approximately 75% of new buildings will be constructed at urban and suburban densities and that 67% of all new buildings will be constructed in forested areas. In addition to establishing the utility of using spatial analysis to draw together disparate data sources to understand urbanization over long time scales, this analysis identifies trends that have important implications for land-use planning, hydrology, forest management, and wildlife conservation.     

Investigating the Use of 3D Graphics, Haptics (Touch), and Sound for Highway Location Planning

Abstract:  Planning of transportation infrastructure requires analyzing combinations of many different types of geospatial information (maps). Conventional Geographic Information Systems (GIS) or Computer Aided Design systems limit the planner's ability to perceive and effectively use multiple data layers together. To improve the planner's ability to interact with multiple layers of disparate spatial information, we present a novel computer system, which combines vision with haptics (touch) and sound. In this new form of Multi-Sensory Information System (MSIS), visual information is augmented by a three-dimensional haptic device (PHANToM) and by sound (sonification). In a recent study, we investigated how engineering students used this multi-sensory GIS for planning the location (the alignment) of a new road. The results indicate that certain forms of vision, haptics, and audio were used preferentially to represent certain types of spatial data. A generalization of such a multi-sensory approach could provide researchers with the basis for further development and, eventually, the augmentation of established procedures with the MSIS in highway location planning and related areas.     

Financial gains from owner occupation: The New Zealand case 1970–88

This paper engages with the debate concerning the financial gains from home ownership. The first section focuses on the empirical side of the debate and is primarily a conceptual analysis. It defines three measures of gain, explores their utility and limitations and demonstrates their appropriateness for different analytical purposes. Section 2 is concerned partly with developing a wider comparative perspective to the debate by calculating the extent of financial gain for New Zealand urban home owners since 1970. Next the paper looks at the effect of spatial location of accumulation potential. In section 3 connections are made between the processes at work in the labour and housing markets: attempts are made to link the empirical data on financial gains from housing to labour market restructuring. Finally comments are made on some implications of the empirical findings for the wider debate.     

急诊急救就医可达性和公平性的研究 ——以急性心肌梗死就医为例

急性心肌梗死是心血管病中的危重类 型，送医不及时死亡风险将大大提高。科学测度 就医可达性能准确评价医疗设施的空间布局， 助力疾病救治和健康城市建设。以急性心肌梗 死患者就医为例，首先基于网络应用接口和人口 大数据精准测度了一天中不同时段下的北京市居 住小区就医可达性，然后基于社会经济地位和 地理探测器分析了就医公平性。研究发现空间 上北京市西南部和北部边缘就医可达性较差； 时间上早高峰的就医可达性最差；昌平区、通州 区可达性受交通拥堵影响严重。研究还发现受 教育年限越短，收入越低以及蓝领工作占比越 高的人群就医时间更长，存在一定的就医不公 平现象。研究利用新技术新数据从疾病防控角 度为医疗资源的合理布局提供了参考。     

Target search of burglars: A revised economic model

Abstract. This article investigates home attributes that attract residential burglars in choosing a target. These attributes are the location of the home, its physical appearance, demographic characteristics of the residents, and the security precautions present. The theoretical foundation of the empirical model is the criminal utility maximization behavior that considers costs and benefits as formulated by Becker. However, this article introduces to the model the spatial dimension of the burglar's search for a target. The incidence of burglary is the dependent variable and is measured in a dichotomy scale. The empirical analysis utilizes a survey database of burgled and non-burgled homes that was conducted by the researchers. A logit model is used for the investigation, and the effects of the explanatory variables are calculated as probabilities. The database is unique in the wealth of attributes of individual homes that are relevant to burglars'decision process.     

Infrastructure and regional growth,growth dynamics and policy relevance for India

The role of infrastructure in economic growth has been the subject of considerable research in the fields of public policy, economics, and planning. In this paper, I examine the contribution of publicly supplied infrastructure to sub national regional growth in India. I first develop and numerically examine a regionally disaggregated model of economic growth to understand the dynamics of private capital and public infrastructure. For the empirical analysis, I use a pooled data set for Indian states to examine if publicly supplied infrastructure is a significant determinant of regional growth and whether there are spatial variations in the productivity effects of infrastructure. The main findings are that transport and communications infrastructure expenditures are significant determinants of regional growth, and the positive benefits accruing from these expenditures come not only from investments made by individual states, but there are positive externalities from network expenditures made by neighboring states. Finally, the out of sample simulated regional growth predictions show divergence in private capital formation between lagging and leading states. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are entirely those of the authors, and do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank, its executive directors, or the countries they represent.     

Road pricing with limited information and heterogeneous users: A successful case

Since strictly optimal (first-best) road pricing policies require information that we will probably never have, it is important to investigate what can be done under more restrictive assumptions as to what information is available. One such case is examined in this paper, where the main restrictive assumptions are that all users have the same choice set and that all alternatives have the same monetary cost. Individuals have utility functions with constant marginal utilities of time and money, but these marginal utilities vary across individuals, and are assumed to be unobservable.  We show that for this model, any toll reform that reduces aggregate travel time and redistributes the toll revenues equally to all users makes everyone better off. This holds regardless of the distribution of marginal utilities of time and money, and for any road network. Received: November 1999/Accepted: July 2001     

Independent and linked migration: Individual return of employment opportunity and household return of poverty status to African American interstate migration

The thrust of this study is to describe and contrast the determinants and outcomes of African-American interstate migration. We examine two types of migration outcomes – individual return to employment probability and household level return to poverty status. We investigate these motivations and outcomes based on a new typology of migration through the lens of household change that accompanies migration. We specify a pairwise two-stage probit model incorporating individual and state-level variables using Public Use Micro Sample data and various ecological data in the US. We show that independent migrants move to other states envisioning economic models of migration with migration as a derived response to opportunities, pressures, and constraints imposed by spatial inequalities in socioeconomic development. On the other hand, we demonstrate that linked migrants move to other states also for their economic need, but via kinship. In this case, the linked migrants' path does not follow the general pattern of economic circumstances. We show that household composition is an important factor that influences the destination choice for African Americans. While independent migrants are more concerned with diverse economic conditions at destinations, kinship, other ties and household structure at destinations are more significant factors for linked migrants. Received: June 2000/Accepted: June 2001     

Gravitational perspectives in garbage dump siting

The purpose of this paper is to present how the gravitational model in conjunction with behavioral patterns could lead to very different collective dynamics of garbage dump locations as well as to demonstrate how existing dump locations are contingent on dwellers’ behaviors. A gravitational model that uses diverse decision making processes based on physics concepts is used to investigate potential dumping sites. The spatial interaction of this model is characterized by attractive and repulsive forces. With these concepts we developed a dynamic simulation model to demonstrate that spatial interaction processes can predict the location of current dump sites. We also show that this model is able to generate situations such as barycentric solutions or central place systems.     

Location decisions of enterprise R&D investments as a function of related and unrelated regional industry structures: A multilevel study

Despite that previous studies have examined factors that affect location decisions of enterprise R&D investments, they have not investigated if regional industry structures play a role. Responding to this research gap, we analyse data from Norway and find that location in regions with unrelated, diversified, and fragmented industry structures increases both the probability and amount of enterprise R&D investments. Location in regions with related and complementary industry structures, on the contrary, has no effect. We further find that location in populous regions spanning a large geographical area increases the probability of enterprise R&D investments.     

浅谈现代家居的地漏选择

对地漏的重要性和功能进行了分析，阐明了地漏不仅是简单的地面排水设备，更是一个关乎人们居住环境健康的重要卫生设备，通过对新旧地漏特点的对比，探讨了消费者应如何选择地漏的问题。     

Consumer choice and optimal locations models: Formulations and heuristics

A new direction of research in competitive location theory incorporates theories of consumer choice behavior in its models. Following this direction, the present article studies the importance of consumer behavior with respect to distance or transportation costs in the optimality of locations obtained by traditional competitive location models. We consider various ways of defining a key parameter in the basic maximum capture model (MAXCAP). This parameter will indicate a number of ways to take distance into account based on several consumer choice behavior theories. The optimal locations and the deviation in demand – captured when the optimal locations of the other models are used instead of the true ones – are computed for each model. We present a metaheuristic based on GRASP and the tabu search procedure to solve all the models. Computational experience and an application to a 55-node network are also presented. Received: 12 June 1998 / Accepted: 29 July 1999     

The effects of fiscal equalisation in a model with endogenous regional governments: an analysis in a two-region numerical model

This paper is concerned primarily with the economic and welfare consequences of federal redistributive grants. We use a model which has two regions, each with households, firms and regional governments as well as a federal government. Private agents are (utility and profit) maximisers and we assume that regional governments are empire-builders in that they choose their expenditure and tax levels so as to maximise total expenditure—the size of their empire. Labour is free to move between regions in response to utility differences and does so until such differences have been eliminated. Inter-regional migration, inter-regional trade flows and federal government redistribution are the main sources of interconnectedness between the two regions. The model is linearised in log-differences and simulated using a calibration based on Australian state-level data. We find that the welfare effect of intergovernmental transfers is trivial but that all other variables of interest change substantially—consumption, employment, prices, taxes, wages, output and government expenditure. Finally, the signs of the effects of a federal transfer are not affected by the empire-building behaviour of regional governments although the magnitude of the effects is generally dampened.