足球上的锡亚尔科特

每逢世界杯或足球盛会之际,锡亚尔科特市都是最忙碌的。从1918年起,这里就开始生产手工缝制的足球,世界上70%的足球都产自这里。     

Colour in urban places: A case study of Leicester City Football Club blue

By communicating an integrated story, the Leicester City Football Club blue inherits and persists the history and legacy of the football club, which further provides a stable and consistent meaning for the local sports culture. Colour as a medium and agency creates an intimacy and loyalty between the different ethnic and social groups across local, regional, and global contexts. The case study demonstrated that colour could give place identity through branding practice, identity mediation, and visual culture formation. The process reflected that economic and cultural force had a large impact on place‐making, and could be the decisive influence upon colour symbolism.     

Protein and lipid films at equilibrium at air-water interface

The surface activity of β-casein, caseinate, and a whey protein isolate in aqueous solutions has been investigated over a range of protein concentrations (1·10⁻⁵ to 5% w/w) at pH 5 and 7. The surface pressure data were determined by the Wilhelmy plate method. Surface pressure data at low protein concentration indicate a low surface activity that rises to a plateau as the monolayer is saturated at higher protein concentrations. The protein concentration and the surface pressure at the plateau depend on the pH and the type of protein in the aqueous phase. Protein-monoglyceride interactions were investigated by spreading an insoluble monoglyceride (monopalmitin, monoolein, or monolaurin) on a film of protein previously adsorbed on the interface at equilibrium. The existence of protein-monoglyceride interactions depends on the interfacial composition and on the protein/monoglyceride ratio. The surface activity of mixed protein-monopalmitin and protein-monoolein films is determined by the lipid as the surface pressure of the mixed film is the same as the monoglyceride equilibrium spreading pressure, and the monolayer is not saturated by the protein. However, the protein determines the surface activity of mixed protein-monopalmitin and protein-monoolein films as the protein saturates the monolayer. For protein and monolaurin mixed films, protein determines the surface activity over the range of protein-monolaurin compositions due to monolaurin dissolution in the bulk aqueous phase.     

Looking at Heterogeneous Catalysis at Atmospheric Pressure Using Tunnel Vision

This paper addresses the “pressure gap” between traditional surface science experiments and catalysis under practical conditions. We review high-pressure, microflow experiments at elevated temperatures during the catalytic oxidation of CO. Using a specially constructed “Reactor-STM” we simultaneously determine the surface structure of a model catalyst by scanning tunneling microscopy and the reaction kinetics by online mass spectrometry. For both Pt(110) and Pd(100) we find that under O₂-rich conditions surface oxides are formed on the otherwise metallic surfaces. The presence of the oxide is correlated with a superior catalytic activity. Whereas the reaction on the metal surfaces shows traditional Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics, the reaction on the oxides follows the Mars-Van Krevelen oxidation–reduction mechanism, as we conclude from the reaction kinetics and the reaction-induced roughening of the surface. We emphasize that in addition to a pressure gap there can also be a temperature gap, requiring experiments to be performed not only at high pressures but also at sufficiently high temperatures.     

爱护从"皮毛"开始

谁都希望自家的宠物皮毛干净亮泽,要做到这点,只靠洗澡是远远不够的。平时注意对狗狗皮毛的梳理和护理,不仅可以保护宠物的皮毛,还可以加深与宠物的感情。护理狗狗的体毛最基本的方法是梳理。每天对爱犬体毛的梳理,既可以起到去除体毛里的脏物、刺激皮肤、促进血液循环的作用,也能使狗狗的体毛更加整齐。     

看着我

意大利艺术家布鲁诺用精湛的技艺和独特的绘画方式为木头注入灵魂,传神的表情和细腻的肢体线条甚至比真人还美。走进意大利木雕艺术家布鲁诺·沃尔普思（Bruno Waipoth）的工作室,迎面扑来木屑的清香,屋顶上的大天窗把工作室照得透亮。几位全身涂得粉白的＂模特＂或坐或站,似在为艺术杂志拍摄封面,却见不着摄影师的踪影。它们就是布鲁诺闻名世界的木雕作品,传神的表情和细腻的肢体线条像极了真人,甚至比真人还美。正是这些惊人的作品,让布鲁诺将木雕艺术推向另一个境界。     

Copolymers at Interfaces

Abstract

New phosphorous and chlorine containing oligomeric and polymeric products are synthesized and their potential as inhibitors of burning for polymeric materials demonstrated.     

Mobilities of polymer liquids at constant temperature and at constant volume

Previously developed relationships between isomobility states and equilibrium p-v-T properties of vinyl polymers are extended to predict mobilities, μ, at constant temperature and at constant volume, with poly(vinyl acetate) as an example. At constant volume, μ changes by several orders of magnitude while the ‘internal pressure’ remains constant, suggesting that kinetic energy (temperature) dominates in governing μ. From μ at constant temperature the Vogel parameters, B and T₀, are found to increase with pressure, the former increasing linearly. A new Vogel type equation is developed in which one of the parameters, B_v, depends only on the chemical composition of the polymer. Both μ and its ‘activation energy’ at constant pressure, E_p, are shown to be constant at the glass transition.     

对21世纪我国生物化工发展的展望

生物化工是高效化学化工技术与生物技术交叉的产物,是生物技术产业化的关键,也是化学化工技术的主要前沿领域。阐述了国内外生物化工的发展现状,讨论了国内外生物化工存在的问题,提出了生物化工发展方向及对策。     

Electrocarboxylation of benzyl chlorides at silver cathode at the preparative scale level

The electrocarboxylation of benzyl chlorides to the corresponding carboxylic acids performed at silver cathodes was investigated both theoretically and experimentally in order to find the influence of the operative parameters on the selectivity and on the Faradic efficiency of the process. Theoretical considerations were confirmed by the electrocarboxylation of 1-phenyl-1-chloroethane performed in undivided cells equipped with sacrificial anodes both in a bench-scale electrochemical batch reactor and in a continuous batch recirculation reaction system equipped with a parallel plate electrochemical cell. Selectivity and Faradic yields higher than 80% and 70%, respectively, were obtained by working under anhydrous conditions both under amperostatic and potentiostatic alimentation at appropriate values of either current density or applied potential.     

Changes in oil-type sunflowerseed stored at 20 C at three moisture levels

Oil-type hybrid sunflowerseed held at 63%, 83% and 93% relative humidities (RH) at 20 C attained equilibrium moisture contents (mc) of 6.7 ± 0.1%, 9.8 ± 0.1% and 13.4 ± 0.3%, respectively, and were stored under these conditions for up to 60 weeks (wk). Germinability was inversely related to both storage duration and RH. Initially, the seed contained only field fungi (mainlyAlternaria spp. andPhoma macdonaldii) and 0.5% free fatty acids (FFA). At 6.7% mc, the amount ofAlternaria spp. andP. macdonaldii isolated declined slowly with time, storage fungi did not invade the seed, and FFA in extracted oil did not change significantly during 60 wk storage. No significant correlation was found between FFA, germination, mold count (cfu/g) or fungi recovered. At 9.8% mc, field fungi declined more rapidly than at 6.7% mc, storage fungi (mainlyEurotium rubrum andE. repens) were isolated from the seed after 4 wk, and FFA increased to 2.5% after 40 wk. FFA content was negatively correlated with germination (r=−0.91) and withAlternaria alternata (r=−0.90) but was positively correlated withE. rubrum (r=0.78). At 13.4% mc, field fungi vanished and storage fungi invaded the seed more rapidly than at 9.8% mc, and FFA increased to 6.3% after 24 wk storage. FFA content was positively correlated with storage fungi such asAspergillus versicolor (r=0.74) and negatively correlated with germination (r=−0.88) andA. alternata (r=−0.82). After 14 wk storage the fungus recovered most frequently wasA. versicolor, followed byEurotium rubrum, E. repens, A. alternata, E. amstelodami, Penicillium spp. andMalbranchea sulphurea.     

Enteral feeding at home

Enteral nutrition was used for the purpose of providing an adequate alimentary support to patients who had been discharged from the hospital. Ten of them received the enteral diet in their own homes by means of a Dobbhoff tube. Six patients, however, had been receiving it during their hospitalization period, and four had started the treatment in their own houses, thus avoiding need for hospitalization. Enteral feeding was the only nutritional support used in the case of six patients. For the others, an oral diet was free to be used, even though the enteral diet provided all the required calories and proteins. All patients did very well and improvement of their nutritional condition was observed, without any intercurrence due to the enteral nutrition. Development of this procedure allows provision of adequate nutritional support to patients in their own homes, even in more complex situations. The low-cost enteral diet is easy to prepare and administer, thus enabling low-income patients to receive it in their own homes. Furthermore, it shortens the hospitalization period, and avoids the risk of discontinuing adequate nourishment of ill persons after their discharge from the hospital.