PET终缩聚过程建模和质量控制方案的研究

首先从过程机理出发，建立了ＰＥＴ终缩聚反应过程的模型，对过程中的操作变量和产品质量指标的关系进行了讨论，通过与实际生产过程数据的校验，所建模型是可靠的；然后在过程模型的基础上，结合神经网络软测量技术，提出了ＰＥＴ终缩聚过程产品质量指标的内模控制方案，仿真结果证明了此方案的有效性．     

煤气化过程的模型和模拟与优化操作

介绍了煤气化过程的模型和煤气化过程采用机理模型的理由，固定床煤气化过程机理模型的建立以及模拟计算的结果，并探讨了固定床水煤气化炉和流化床水煤气炉制气过程优化操作参数的确定。开发的数学模型已用于制气炉的模拟计算，与实测数据比较符合，由气化过程的数学模拟气化过程不同条件下各种参数的变化规律，进而可得出气化过程的优化操作条件，其确定过程比试验法安全，省时，省料。     

渗透汽化膜分离过程的研究和应用

本文综述了渗透汽化过程的进展和动向，介绍了国际技术进展状况，主要应用和过程的经济性。同时，提供了该过程的原理简介，膜和膜材料以及过程开发和装置设计研究等主要内容。     

N-甲基乙酰胺萃取精馏醋酸脱水过程模拟计算

以N-甲基乙酰胺作萃取剂，选择NRTL-HOC相平衡模型，应用过程模拟软件Aspen plus对萃取精馏分离醋酸水溶液过程进行了模拟计算，讨论了回流比、溶剂比、进料位置对分离过程的影响，确定了系统的灵敏板位置，获得了对醋酸一水体系萃取精馏过程生产具有指导意义较佳的操作参数。同时对萃取精馏与普通精馏工艺的过程能耗进行了比较，前者显著低于后者。     

丙烯酰胺生产中闪蒸过程的模拟与分析

建立了丙烯酰胺生产过程中闪蒸塔的数学模型，并验证了模型的有效性，通过大量的过程模拟计算，讨论了真空度和进料温度对闪蒸过程性能的影响，得出了一些规律，结果表明，闪蒸系统的真空度应控制在０．０３５ＭＰａ。     

统计过程控制在连续过程中的应用

统计过程控制利用统计学原理，分析过程数据，监视和诊断过程操作。是一种改进过程，提高产品质量的重要手段。着重介绍了统计过程控制的理论，并就如何在连续过程中应用提出了一些思路和方法。     

石化制氢过程碳计量技术现状和展望

氢能是国家重点发展的新能源领域，石化制氢过程是氢能主要来源，在国家“双碳”政策下，碳计量技术是石化制氢过程低碳高效运行的必要手段。本文介绍了我国氢产能，尤其是石化制氢过程的现状，并对石化制氢过程碳计量进行了详细分析，展望了石化制氢过程碳计量的前景以及当前亟须解决的问题。     

γ-Fe_2O_3磁粉包钴过程工程研究

本文考察了磁粉悬浮状态对包钴过程的影响；通过实验和动力学研究验证了包钴过程为表面反应控制过程，进而确定了过程放大判据；以放大判据指导过程中试放大，使得中试Co－γ－Fe2O3磁粉各项指标完全达到了小试水平，证明了过程规律和放大判据的正确性     

模具设计与制造过程的工艺仿真技术

介绍了模具设计过程数值仿真系统结构，体积成形过程工艺仿真、板料成形过程工艺仿真、注塑成形过程工艺仿真以及模具设计过程工艺仿真，并推荐了部分应用软件。     

基于多证据融合决策的间歇过程测量数据异常检测方法

间歇过程测量数据的高维、非线性、非高斯分布特征直接影响过程测量数据异常检测的准确性，为了融合多源数据异常检测信息，提升间歇过程测量数据异常检测精度，提出了一种基于多证据融合决策的间歇过程测量数据异常检测方法，该方法通过引入证据理论（Dempster-Shafer，D-S），采用主焦元判别伪证据和重新计算证据权重改进冲突证据处理方法，减小了冲突证据对多证据融合决策结果的影响，提高了间歇过程测量数据异常检测的准确率。构建了基于多证据融合的测量数据异常检测模型并将其应用到间歇过程测量数据异常检测决策判决中。实验结果表明，该方法能够融合多证据信息，有效地处理冲突证据，实现了间歇过程测量数据异常检测，降低了误检和漏检率。     

On the mechanism of the acid-catalysed arylation of anthraquinones

Schmidt discovered in 1925 that an unusual arylation occurred when 1,5-diamino-4,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3,7-disulphonic acid dissolved in conc, sulphuric acid containing boric acid was treated with phenols or anisole. Schmidt incorrectly assumed that the p-hydroxyphenyl or anisyl group replaced a sulphonic acid group. It has now been shown that this reaction is a stereospecific Friedel-Crafts type arylation, the aryl moiety entering ortho to the amino group and trans to the sulphonic acid group. The corresponding 3-monosulphonic acid undergoes the same reaction.     

Assessment of the Influence of the Selected Range of Visible Light Radiation on the Durability of the Gel with Ascorbic Acid and Its Derivative

(1) Background: Depending on the type of hydrophilic polymer used, different types of hydrogels may be chemically stable or may degrade and eventually disintegrate, or dissolve upon exposure to sunlight. Many over-the-counter medications are now stored with a limited control of temperature, humidity and lighting. Therefore, in this study, the photostability of a gel made of cross-linked polyacrylic acid (PA), methylcellulose (MC) and aristoflex (AV) was assessed, and the interaction between the polymers used and ascorbic acid and its ethylated derivative was investigated. (2) Methods: The samples were continuously irradiated at constant temperature for six hours. The stability of the substance incorporated into the gels was assessed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. FTIR-ATR infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes during the exposure. (3) Results: Ascorbic acid completely decomposed between the first and second hours of illumination in all samples. The exception is the preparation based on polyacrylic acid with glycerol, in which the decomposition of ascorbic acid slowed down significantly. After six hours of irradiation, the ethylated ascorbic acid derivative decomposed in about 5% for the polyacrylic acid-based gels and aristoflex, and in the methylcellulose gel it decomposed to about 2%. In the case of ascorbic acid, the most stable formulation was a gel based on polyacrylic acid and polyacrylic acid with glycerol, and in the case of the ethyl derivative, a gel based on methylcellulose. (4) Conclusions: The experiment showed significant differences in the decomposition rate of both compounds, resulting from their photostability and the polymer used in the hydrogel.     

Demonstration of the Use of Formohydroxamic Acid in the UREX Process

The Uranium Extraction (UREX) process was developed to separate U and Tc from the transuranic elements and the remaining fission products. To prevent the extraction of Np and Pu, a dilute nitric acid scrub stream containing acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) is used in the process. When the AHA contacts nitric acid, the complexant begins to decompose producing acetic acid and hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN). The HAN decomposes to gaseous products and water; however, the acetic acid is relatively stable and will contaminate nitric acid recovered from waste streams. To address this issue, formohydroxamic acid (FHA) was evaluated as a replacement for AHA. Formohydroxamic acid prevents the extraction of Np and Pu and its decomposition products (formic acid and HAN) readily decompose. Neptunium and Pu distribution coefficient measurements demonstrated that FHA was an acceptable replacement for AHA. Additional extraction experiments performed with the addition of uranyl nitrate to the aqueous phase showed that its presence had little effect on the distribution coefficients. A steady increase in distribution coefficients with increasing nitrate concentrations was consistent with a salting-out effect. When the actinides were back-extracted into the aqueous phase, the Np and Pu distribution coefficients were larger than the distribution coefficients measured in an extraction mode potentially due to kinetic limitations. These data imply that a greater number of scrub stages would be required in the first bank of the UREX process contactors than would be calculated based on the Pu and Np distribution data generated in the extraction experiments.     

Studies of the effect of pivalic acid on the hydrogenation rate and the enantio-differentiating ability for the hydrogenation of 2-octanone over a tartaric acid-NaBr-modified nickel catalyst

The effects of the addition of pivalic acid to the reaction media on the hydrogenation rate and the enantio-differentiating ability (e.d.a.) for the hydrogenation of 2-octanone were studied over an (R,R)-tartaric acid-NaBr-in-situ-modified nickel catalyst. It was revealed that the modification with both tartaric acid and NaBr was necessary for increasing the e.d.a. by the addition of pivalic acid to the reaction media. The role of pivalic acid in the enantio-differentiating hydrogenation of 2-octanone was different from that of acetic acid in the hydrogenation of methyl acetoacetate.     

废磺酸的处理技术

废磺酸由于色泽深、酸值高、游离油高等问题,无法正常应用于洗涤剂中,又因其是强的有机酸,属于危化品,无法倾倒、无法储存,日积月累,大量的废磺酸处理成为企业棘手的问题。本文通过中和和漂白工艺,将其应用于工业清洗中,解决了企业难题。     

Effect of diet and encephalomalacia on the fatty acid composition of the brain of young and old chickens

Encephalomalacia was induced in chickens more than 64 days old by feeding a high linoleic acid diet with an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) for 64 days and then deleting the antioxidant. The cerebella of young chickens fed linoleic acid contained greater proportions of linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and fatty acids with retention times corresponding to C-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids than chickens fed low linoleic acid diets. The cerebella of chickens with encephalomalacia were higher in linoleic acid and an unknown acid than the cerebella from control chickens fed antioxidant. Other fatty acids were not significantly affected by the disease. The cerebella of hens fed a high linoleic acid diet for 12 weeks, starting from 500 days old, contained a higher proportion of linoleic acid and C-20 triene than hens fed a low linoleic acid diet. In contrast to chicks, the % of arachidonic acid or fatty acids with retention times greater than arachidonic were not affected by diet. Presented at the Spring Meeting, American Oil Chemists' Society, St. Louis, Mo., May 1–3, 1961.     

磷石膏在低浓度硫酸中的溶解及相态变化

湿法磷酸生产过程副产大量磷石膏,因其含有较多杂质而无法直接利用,目前可采用硫酸酸浸处理提高磷石膏品质。为弄清酸浸过程中石膏的溶解性能和结晶形态的变化,本文探讨了在0～80 ℃、0～30%的硫酸浓度条件下,磷石膏在硫酸溶液中的溶解度大小、结晶形貌、物相组成及结晶水含量的变化情况。实验结果表明,磷石膏在硫酸溶液中的溶解度随温度升高而升高,在80 ℃时达最大;随浓度升高呈先升后降的变化,在硫酸浓度为10%时溶解度最大。硫酸浓度小于10%时,磷石膏中二水硫酸钙溶解,但无新相生成,其形貌变化不大;硫酸浓度大于10%时,二水硫酸钙溶解,同时再结晶转化成无水硫酸钙,最终导致磷石膏形貌和相态发生了改变,溶解度随硫酸浓度升高而降低。     

Investigation on the effect of the acid number of the plasticizer on some PVC properties

The effect of polyester plasticizer of differing acid number on the properties of PVC compositions, to be used for electric insulation purposes, is investigated. It is established that the acid number affects both the temperature dependence of the specific bulk resistance in vitreous and highly elastic state and the process of formation of a polymer matrix with minimum ion diffusion factor. The assumption is made that the effects observed are due both to the different stability of plasticizers of differing acid number towards destruction at thermal processing and to the difference in density of the polymer matrix depending on the acid number of the plasticizer. It is considered that polyester plasticizer (PEP) is a cheap and efficient plasticizer, which, irrespective of the nontraditional high acid number, could successfully be used for PVC plastication.     

通过残酸离子浓度测定评价酸液性能

残酸离子分析是研究砂岩酸化反应过程及2次伤害的新方法。通过测定残酸中Si、Al、Ca、Mg、K、Na、Fe等离子浓度的变化,可评价酸液的缓速及抑制2次沉淀的性能,进一步优选酸液体系。实验评价了常规土酸、低浓度土酸、氟硅酸、氟硼酸、有机缓速酸5种酸液对大庆肇州油田州2井岩心的酸化效果,表明有机缓速酸、氟硅酸、氟硼酸与常规土酸相比具有一定的缓速作用,对地层伤害小,在实际应用中可作为砂岩缓速酸使用。     

Sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxide by the stearic acid method

The synthesis of tungsten oxide by peroxotungstic route presents challenges, such as low solubility of tungstic acid in water and the fact that calcination product is a mixture of polytungstates. We propose a new route to obtain sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxides, using stearic acid, a non-toxic and low-cost material, as the dispersing and structuring agent for tungstic acid. The interaction between the precursor and the structuring agent was evaluated through chemical and structural analyses. Calcination of the stearic acid/tungstic acid systems produces vacant-rich monoclinic and orthorhombic tungsten oxides. Stearic acid plays a role of growth-directing agent and higher concentration of stearic acid promoted the growth of structures with plaque-shaped morphology in the samples, contributing to obtain sub-stoichiometric tungsten oxides, desired materials for visible light absorption.