铝铬渣对用后镁铬砖制备镁铬浇注料性能的影响

为实现用后镁铬砖的综合利用,本文以用后镁铬砖回收料为主要原料制备镁铬质耐火浇注料,研究了铁合金厂铝铬渣对用后镁铬砖制备镁铬质耐火浇注料体积密度、显气孔率、常温耐压强度、热震稳定性及抗渣性的影响.结果表明:铝铬渣对用后镁铬砖制备镁铬浇注料具有一定的促烧结作用,随着铝铬渣加入量增加,烧后试样常温耐压强度增大.随着浇注料结构中原位尖晶石量增加,试样显气孔率增大,体积密度减小.当铝铬渣加入量为10％时,试样的热震稳定性最好,热震前后试样的常温耐压强度保持率为93.8％,试样具有较好抗渣侵蚀性能,侵蚀层结构稳定均匀.     

不同SiO_2含量的铜吹炼渣对镁铬砖的侵蚀

为了提高火法炼铜P-S转炉的炉衬寿命,用分析纯化学试剂二氧化硅和碳酸亚铁配制出SiO_2质量分数分别为23%、28%和37%的Fe O-SiO_2渣,然后采用静态抗渣法在1 350℃氩气气氛中对某冶炼厂用再结合镁铬砖进行了侵蚀试验,并用扫描电镜和能谱分析了侵蚀后试样的显微结构。结果表明:1)在1 350℃氩气气氛中,SiO_2含量(w)分别为23%、28%和37%的FeO-SiO_2渣对镁铬砖的侵蚀深度分别为1.45、1.20和1.45mm。2)侵蚀后的镁铬砖明显分为挂渣层、侵蚀区和原砖区3个区域。其中,挂渣层主要以镁铁橄榄石和镁橄榄石为基体,尖晶石相分布其中;侵蚀区主要为方镁石富氏体和尖晶石相;原砖区主要为大颗粒镁砂,小颗粒铬矿分布其间。     

镁锆砖和镁铬砖的抗RH炉渣侵蚀性对比

为取代RH炉用镁铬材料,以电熔镁砂为主原料,分别加入单斜锆、脱硅锆、单斜锆与脱硅锆的混合粉、锆英石制备了ZrO2质量分数分别为15%和20%的镁锆砖,并利用静态坩埚法对比研究了镁锆砖和镁铬砖的抗RH炉渣侵蚀性。结果表明:对于Al2O3含量高且碱度(CaO/SiO2比)大的RH炉渣,镁锆砖抗侵蚀性能优于镁铬砖的;镁锆砖的侵蚀机理是砖中的ZrO2与渣中的CaO迅速反应,形成高熔点物相CaZrO3,能堵塞砖中的孔隙而形成致密保护层,从而阻止钢渣对镁锆砖的进一步侵蚀;而镁铬砖的侵蚀机理是渣中的Al2O3、Fe2O3等R3 和镁铬尖晶石中Cr3 交换,渣与砖反应生成的镁铝尖晶石和镁铁尖晶石使得材料变性,同时由于体积效应使镁铬材料鼓胀开裂,从而导致镁铬砖的严重侵蚀。     

铝铬砖和镁铬砖抗艾萨炉炉渣蚀损的模拟研究

采用回转抗渣法模拟研究了试验温度、保温时间和熔渣加入量等因素对铝铬砖和镁铬砖抗艾萨炉炉渣侵蚀能力的影响。用SEM、EDAX及XRD等方法,对抗渣试样的显微结构和矿物组成进行了分析研究。结果表明:随着侵蚀温度的升高、保温时间的延长及炉渣加入量的增加,铝铬砖和镁铬砖的侵蚀面积增大;熔渣渗入铝铬砖后,形成铁铝尖晶石和铁铬尖晶石保护层,阻止了熔渣的侵蚀;三种耐火材料抗艾萨炉炉渣侵蚀能力由强到弱为:铝铬砖>电熔再结合镁铬砖>直接结合镁铬砖。     

碳含量对MgO-C材料抗氧化性和抗渣侵蚀性的影响

以w(MgO)=98.5%的电熔镁砂和w(C)=99.3%的天然鳞片石墨为原料,酚醛树脂为结合剂,于900℃氩气气氛中炭化处理后制备了碳含量(w)分别为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的MgO-C材料,并考察碳含量对其抗氧化性(1 000、1 400℃下)和抗渣侵蚀性(1 650~1 700℃)的影响。结果表明:1)随着碳含量的增加,MgO-C试样的抗氧化性能提高;2)渣线部位试样的侵蚀量随着碳含量的增加先减少后增加,在碳含量为20%(w)时最小;钢液部位试样的侵蚀量随着碳含量的增加而增加,但当碳含量为25%(w)时急剧减少。     

镁锆砖的抗RH炉渣侵蚀机制

为实现RH炉的无铬化,以电熔镁砂、单斜锆为原料制备了ZrO2质量分数为11%的镁锆砖,并采用回转抗渣法进行镁锆砖和电熔再结合镁铬砖的抗高、低碱度RH炉渣对比试验,并分析了其抗渣机制。结果表明:(1)镁锆砖抗高碱度渣侵蚀性能较再结合镁铬砖强,但其抗低碱度渣侵蚀性能相对较差;在高碱度渣中形成含锆酸钙反应层是镁锆砖抗渣侵蚀性能优越的关键。(2)镁锆砖中的ZrO2吸收渣中的CaO而使渣碱度降低,黏度升高,从而使渣在镁锆砖中的渗透程度降低。(3)镁锆残砖的渣层含微量的ZrO2,从工作面到原砖层,镁锆残砖呈现出明显变质层、轻微变质层和原砖层3个段带,而镁铬残砖只有明显变质层和原砖2个段带;镁锆砖的SiO2含量在轻微变质层中最高,而镁铬砖的SiO2含量从工作面到原砖层逐渐减小。     

镁铬耐火材料在真空条件下的抗渣性

采用真空感应炉抗渣法,研究了半再结合镁铬耐火材料在碱度分别为0.6、1.1、1.5和1.8的CaO-SiO2渣与Al2O3含量为37.98%的CaO-Al2O3渣中的抗侵蚀性,试验条件是真空度5kPa、1650℃保温25min。对侵蚀后的试样进行观察与测量,并用SEM与EDAX分析了试样的断面形貌和化学组成变化。结果发现:在CaO-SiO2渣中,随着炉渣碱度的升高,镁铬试样中的尖晶石更易于受到熔渣的侵蚀,并且尖晶石中的Cr2O3、Fe2O3被CO与钢水中的C还原为金属态的铬铁合金,试样的直接结合被破坏,侵蚀量变大。在CaO-Al2O3渣中,镁铬试样在边界层生成致密的MA尖晶石,抑制了熔渣的进一步侵蚀和Cr2O3、Fe2O3的还原,显示出较好的抗侵蚀性。     

废镁铬砖在镁质浇注料中的应用

将宝钢RH炉废镁铬砖和电熔镁砂均破碎成5～3mm、3～1mm、<1mm的粒度,添加3%的粒度<1μm的二氧化硅微粉,按照浇注料的生产工艺制备了镁铬浇注料,研究了废镁铬砖在镁质浇注料中的应用。结果表明:浇注料悬浮液的碱度可控制在pH值=7～9,用0.15%(质量分数,下同)的六偏磷酸钠为减水剂时,该悬浮液ζ电位的绝对值最大,悬浮液最稳定,分散性也最好。随着废镁铬砖加入量的降低,烘干、中温和高温处理后的耐压强度、抗折强度、体积密度均逐渐增大。废镁铬料添加量为36%的试样FM3的性能指标均达到了纯镁质浇注料M4的;试样FM3对渣的抗熔蚀性能要优于试样M4的。     

澳斯麦特炉用镁铬和铝铬砖抗侵蚀性能对比

为延长澳斯麦特炉炉衬用耐火材料的服役寿命,对其所用镁铬和铝铬质耐火材料的主要损毁机理进行了分析.通过对现役镁铬和铝铬质砖进行物理化学性能检测,结合热力学模拟,对比了镁铬和铝铬质耐火材料抗热应力破坏,抗Cu/Cu2 S和FeO/SiO2渣的渗透侵蚀能力.研究表明:镁铬和铝铬质耐火材料均有较高的常温及高温强度,抗机械冲刷性能良好;镁铬质耐火材料抗Cu/Cu2 S侵蚀性能要优于铝铬系耐火材料,但抗FeO/SiO2渣的性能相比较差.铝铬砖可以替代镁铬砖在澳斯麦特炉上应用,并取得良好的使用效果.     

回转抗渣法对比MgO-ZrO_2砖和MgO-Cr_2O_3砖的抗RH炉渣效果

为了根除含铬材料可能带来的环境危害,研究了可望取代MgO-Cr2O3(镁铬)材料的环境友好型MgO-ZrO2(镁锆)材料。通过回转炉模拟RH炉的环境,利用回转抗渣法对比两种材料的抗侵蚀效果。结果表明:在钢液、炉渣和有氧条件下,Fe被氧化成FeO与Fe2O3,镁铬砖随之产生裂隙,并且Cr2O3氧化成CrO气体蒸发而导致材料结构疏松和剥落;而镁锆砖在钢液中溶解的氧活度极低,ZrO2极难流失,且它和渣中CaO快速反应形成CaZrO3致密保护层而阻止镁锆砖被侵蚀。试验的结果表明镁锆砖的使用效果优于镁铬砖,建议可试生产服役于RH炉的镁锆砖。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。