Higher cigarette prices influence cigarette purchase patterns

Objective: To examine cigarette purchasing patterns of current smokers and to determine the effects of cigarette price on use of cheaper sources, discount/generic cigarettes, and coupons.

Background: Higher cigarette prices result in decreased cigarette consumption, but price sensitive smokers may seek lower priced or tax-free cigarette sources, especially if they are readily available. This price avoidance behaviour costs states excise tax money and dampens the health impact of higher cigarette prices.

Methods: Telephone survey data from 3602 US smokers who were originally in the COMMIT (community intervention trial for smoking cessation) study were analysed to assess cigarette purchase patterns, use of discount/generic cigarettes, and use of coupons.

Results: 59% reported engaging in a high price avoidance strategy, including 34% who regularly purchase from a low or untaxed venue, 28% who smoke a discount/generic cigarette brand, and 18% who report using cigarette coupons more frequently that they did five years ago. The report of engaging in a price avoidance strategy was associated with living within 40 miles of a state or Indian reservation with lower cigarette excise taxes, higher average cigarette consumption, white, non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, and female sex.

Conclusion: Data from this study indicate that most smokers are price sensitive and seek out measures to purchase less expensive cigarettes, which may decrease future cessation efforts.

     

卷烟机烟支重量控制系统分析

对目前卷烟机中常见的几种烟支重量控制系统进行了分析,指出了气-液重量控制装置和电子重量控制装置的局限性,说明了复合控制系统的特点及对提高卷烟重量控制精度和产品质量的作用.     

卷烟纸参数对卷烟持灰能力的影响

为了探究吸燃条件下卷烟纸对持灰能力的影响,以定量、透气度、碳酸镁添加量、助燃剂之钠钾比、酸根类型和助燃剂用量为参数,采用均匀试验设计方法设计、制备了12种不同卷烟纸参数组合的卷烟样品,通过单因素分析、回归分析等方法研究了卷烟纸参数对卷烟持灰能力的影响,并进行了卷烟纸参数优化。结果表明：① 随着卷烟纸参数组合的变化持灰能力介于39.07~43.76 mm,变化率为12.0%。② 透气度、钠钾比、碳酸镁添加量、酸根类型的共同作用可解释持灰能力变异的92.3%,是影响持灰能力的主要因素,且主次顺序为透气度、钠钾比、碳酸镁添加量、酸根类型;定量和助燃剂用量是影响持灰能力的次要因素,对持灰能力影响的方向和程度与上述4项参数的组合情况有关。③ 卷烟纸参数的最优组合为定量40 g/m²、透气度50 CU、碳酸镁添加量0%、钠钾比（摩尔比）5.0、酸根类型氯离子、助燃剂用量2.0%。     

Super9卷接机组烟支调头装置的改造及分析

采用锥轮调头装置对Super9卷接机组的烟支调头部分进行了改造,并对采用圆盘调头技术和锥轮调头技术的结构原理、工艺流程、烟支输送线速度差和调整要求等进行了对比分析,同时还对两种调头技术对烟支表面起皱、空头和废品消耗所造成的影响进行了统计分析.实际使用效果表明,采用锥轮调头装置可以减少表面起皱和空头卷烟数量,减少废烟单耗.     

YJ19卷烟机烟支导板装置改进

针对YJ19卷烟机烟支导板装置处易造成烟支水渍污染和皱纹的问题,对烟支导板装置的结构进行改进,采用圆弧槽与吸风孔相结合的方法,将烟支封闭式输送改进为敞开式输送,并通过试验验证其效果。结果表明:烟支搭口不洁缺陷率从改进前的1.45%下降到0,皱纹烟支缺陷率从改进前的1.16%下降到0.30%,提高了烟支质量。     

Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy

OBJECTIVES: To analyse a policy dilemma in China on public health versus the tobacco economy through additional cigarette tax. METHODS: Using published statistics from 1980 through 1997 to estimate the impact of tobacco production and consumption on government revenue and the entire economy. These estimates relied on the results of estimated price elasticities of the demand for cigarettes in China. RESULTS: Given the estimated price elasticities (-0.54), by introducing an additional 10% increase in cigarette tax per pack (from the current 40% to 50% tax rate), the central government tax revenue would twice exceed total losses in industry revenue, tobacco farmers' income, and local tax revenue. In addition, between 1.44 and 2.16 million lives would be saved by this tax increase. CONCLUSIONS: Additional taxation on cigarettes in China would be a desirable public policy for the Chinese government to consider.     

ZJ17卷烟机卷烟纸施胶系统的改进

为实现对卷烟纸均匀稳定施胶,对ZJ17卷烟机卷烟纸施胶系统进行改进设计,在其胶缸和喷胶嘴之间依次加装齿轮泵和质量流量计,并通过PLC控制器控制驱动齿轮泵的伺服电机,以及实现质量流量计的跟踪反馈。使用效果表明,改进后,同一机台卷烟机施胶量的标准偏差由原来的0.17mg/支降低到0.02 mg/支;不同机台施胶量由原来相差2.35 mg/支,降低到0.30 mg/支;卷烟感官质量稳定一致,改进设计的施胶系统具有很强的市场利用价值。     

搭口胶施胶量对卷烟品质的影响

为了解不同牌号搭口胶的施胶量对卷烟品质的影响,在相同条件下试验了3种搭口胶的6个梯度施胶量。结果表明:试验条件下,卷烟搭口胶施胶量对卷烟感官质量有影响,当每千支烟施胶量大于1.5 mL时,随着施胶量的增大,卷烟感官质量变差,主要表现在刺激性增大,杂气和干燥感增加,干净程度变差。卷烟搭口胶施胶量对卷烟外观质量有影响,1#胶的每千支烟施胶量设定值为2.0mL时即出现爆口现象,达到3.5mL时有内溢胶现象;2#胶和3#胶每千支烟施胶量为1.0mL时易出现爆口现象,达到3.5mL时有内溢胶现象。结合卷烟内外在质量的评价结果,确定1#胶每千支烟最佳施胶量为2.5~3.0 mL,2#胶和3#胶为1.5~2.0mL。卷烟搭口胶施胶量对卷烟的物理质量、主流烟气成分及7种有害成分无明显影响。     

卷烟纸助燃剂中添加烟灰调节剂HFA的研究

阐述了在卷烟纸中添加HFA对成纸中助燃剂含量、强度、包灰状态、透气度等方面的影响。     

ZJ116B型卷接机组烟支搓接装置的改进

为解决ZJ116B型卷接机组运行中存在的搓板堵塞、烟支泡皱等问题,设计了一种短型搓板,其工作面分为过渡面、搓接面、卸胶槽和支撑面.搓接面比接装纸宽2～4 mm,表面喷涂金刚砂以增加摩擦力;卸胶槽用于排出溢出的胶水;支撑面上设计有纵向细齿槽,避免搓接时对烟条产生挤压.通过CREO建模得到搓接面对应角度为10.3°时,搓接...     

卷烟机运行参数对卷烟成品率影响研究

以卷烟成品率为评价指标,采用均匀设计方法研究了跑条丝量、回丝量、供丝总量及剔梗量4个参数对A、B、C3种牌号卷烟成品率的影响。结果表明:以不同牌号卷烟的跑条丝量、回丝量、供丝总量及剔梗量运行参数与成品率建立了多项式模型,对于A牌号:Y_A=27.500+0.704 X_2+1.72E-03 X_1~(2.08)-2.110E-03 X_1X_3;对于B牌号:Y_B=98.250+8.29E-03 X_3-1.170E-03 X_2X_4;对于C牌号:Y_C=72.991+1.262 X_4+7.550E-05 X_2X_3;具有较高拟合度R~2分别为0.990,0.994,0.999,较好地描述了各运行参数与成品率之间的关系,运行参数优化为:增大供丝总量,适当调整二次风门开度。经生产应用验证,优化后的成品率均高于优化前,成品率最大提高了2.6%。     

Investigating cigarette affordability in 60 cities using the cigarette price-daily income ratio

Objective

To investigate cigarette affordability in 60 cities.

Methods

Affordability of cigarettes is defined as the ratio of the price of one pack of cigarettes to daily income (cigarette price‐daily income ratio: CPDIR). Daily income data were calculated using the mean of the seven occupations with the lowest daily wage, as listed in the 2006 Union Bank of Switzerland survey; cigarette prices in 2006 were sourced from the Economist Intelligence Unit.

Results

Cigarette affordability in most of the surveyed cities remains high. There is a tendency for cities with high income economies to have a high level of cigarette affordability. Most of the cities in Western Europe and South and North America have high cigarette affordability, whereas 66.7% of their counterparts in Eastern Europe have medium cigarette affordability. In Asia, all cities with high cigarette affordability belong to the group of upper middle to high income economies, except for the Philippines. In Africa, Johannesburg and Nairobi have high and medium levels of cigarette affordability, respectively.

Conclusion

Cigarette affordability for most of the sampled cities, especially those in high income economies, is high. There is room for increasing cigarette prices via tax increases. There is a risk that the increase in cigarette prices in newly emerging economies lags behind the high speed of economic growth being experiencing. Tax increases should be given high priority.     

International cigarette labelling practices

DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: Members of GLOBALink (), an Internet listserve for tobacco activists with members in 56 countries, who were asked to provide specific information on cigarette warning requirements in their countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of specific warning labels, overall content score (based on a 0-10 scale with a point for each specific warning mentioned), size of warning label, location of warning label. RESULTS: Forty-five countries (80%) responded; 40 had mandatory labelling requirements, three had voluntary agreements with the industry and two had no requirements. In general, American companies did no more in foreign countries than required by local law. The average developing country content score was 1.6, compared with 5.0 in developed countries (p = 0.0003). Forty-two per cent of countries either had no warning requirement or had only a very general health warning. The most common warning was for heart disease (49% of countries) and the least common was for addiction (14%). All warnings were more common in developed than developing countries. Warnings in developed country were on average 27% larger than those in developing countries (p = 0.325). Seventy-three per cent of labels in developing countries appeared only on the side of the pack, whereas 78% of labels in developed countries appeared on the front and back (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: In almost every respect measured, residents in developing countries are receiving inferior information about the hazards of smoking than residents of developed countries. Laws should be promulgated in importing and exporting countries to ensure that, where their labelling laws differ, companies would be required to provide the more comprehensive labelling.     

传统卷烟和电子烟混合烟气的感官评价—基于模糊数学对跨界型电子烟的研究

以传统卷烟和电子烟的混合烟气为研究对象,确定了口味、香气、谐调、杂气、刺激性、余味、甜腻感、烟雾量为感官评价词,以非常好、很好、中等、较差作为四个评语等级,采用层次分析法确定混合烟气感官评价词的权重,对8款样品进行基于模糊数学的综合感官评价。重复性试验证明该方法可靠稳定,能够对传统卷烟和电子烟混合烟气比较科学、合理、贴近实际的精确量化评价。      

Hand rolling cigarette papers as the reference point for regulating cigarette fire safety

Aim: To compare the burning characteristics of the tobacco and paper of manufactured and hand rolled cigarettes, and set a fire safety standard of manufacture to largely reduce the fire risk from discarded cigarettes.

Methods: (1) Cigarette extinction test of ignition strength: 40 cigarettes per brand, lit and placed on 15 layers of filter paper, in accordance with ASTM test standard E2187-02. (2) Citrate extracted by 0.1N hydrochloric acid from cigarette papers and from tobacco in manufactured cigarettes, the supernatant analysed by high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet visual light spectrophotometer. (3) Survey of 750 nationally representative adults age 18 years and over, by telephone, including 184 smokers.

Materials: (a) New Zealand made Holiday, and Horizon, and US made Marlboro manufactured cigarettes; (b) US manufactured Merit with banded paper; (c) Holiday, Horizon and Marlboro hand rolling tobaccos, hand rolled in Rizla cigarette papers; (d) manufactured cigarettes as in (a), reconstructed using Rizla hand rolling cigarette papers.

Results: 1. (a) For each brand of manufactured cigarettes, 40/40 burnt full length; (b) for Merit banded paper cigarettes 29/40 (73%) burnt full length; (c) for each brand of hand rolled cigarettes 0/40 burnt full length; (d) 0/40 manufactured cigarettes reconstructed with Rizla hand rolling paper burnt full length. 2. Citrate content: (a) In manufactured cigarette papers: 0.3–0.8 mg; in tobacco of manufactured cigarettes: Holiday 0, Horizon 0, Marlboro 8.8 mg; (b) Merit: in banded paper 0.418 mg; in tobacco 10.23 mg; (c) In hand rolled cigarettes: in the papers < 0.08 mg; in hand rolled tobacco 13.3–15.0 mg; (d) In hand rolling papers of reconstructed cigarettes: < 0.018 mg. 3. Requiring manufactured cigarettes to compulsorily self-extinguish when left unattended was supported by 67% of smokers, 61% of manufactured cigarette smokers, 82% of hand rolled smokers, and by 68% of non-smokers.

Conclusion: The wrapping paper is a key determinant of whether or not unpuffed cigarettes burn their full length. Using international test methods, popular brands of manufactured cigarettes all burnt full length, but none did so when re-wrapped in hand rolling cigarette paper. This provides a ready-to-hand smoker acceptable standard for reducing ignition potential from manufactured cigarettes, as a basis for regulation or litigation.

     

基于细胞水平的甜度定量测定方法及其在卷烟中的应用

  目的  建立一种体外细胞的甜度定量测定方法并应用于卷烟甜感评价,以弥补感官质量评吸存在的不足。  方法  通过构建小分子标签的重组甜味素受体细胞系,利用PTI钙离子成像技术检测钙离子的响应,建立甜度定量测定方法,应用于特色香料及烟气甜度测定。  结果  特色香料相对甜度值与烟气甜度值呈正相关,其中百香果提取物能获得较好烟气甜感与口腔甜感。  结论  此方法可用于以增加甜感为目的的卷烟烟用香精香料评价及烟气甜感评价。      

卷烟的卷制水分变化对卷制质量的影响

实验发现,不讼一类卷烟还是一类卷烟,随着烟丝中水分的提高,整丝率变化率均显著增加,即抗碎性提高,一般适宜的卷烟水分应为：一类卷烟１３％,二类卷烟１３．５％左右,不宜过低。卷制过程中整丝率变化率在９２％－９５％的烟丝,抗碎性最佳,同一种烟丝,其整丝率变化率在不同的卷烟机上卷制时不尽相同。进而影响烟支单支重量、空头率,应尽量减少卷烟机后身对烟丝的造碎。     

传统卷烟和电子烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布研究

为了解传统卷烟和电子烟烟气气溶胶粒径分布特性, 按照ISO 的抽吸模式, 分别对10 个品牌的传统卷烟和电子烟进行测试。通过在线稀释, 采用模拟循环吸烟机和快速粒径谱仪对气溶胶粒径和浓度进行了测试。结果表明:(1)在相同的抽吸条件下, 传统卷烟气溶胶的颗粒、单位体积数浓度都比电子烟大;(2)在不同抽吸口数下, 传统卷烟气溶胶粒径每口之间差异很大, 而电子烟气溶胶粒径每口之间分布比较均匀。