用Pro/E实现对离子阱的结构仿

简述了三维四极离子阱的基本结构和工作原理。探讨了用Pro/E设计三维四极离子阱基本结构模型的一种简要方法,用参数方程建立基准辅助双曲线,得到了三维四极离子阱的一般实体模型图。     

低真空环境下四极杆质量分析器灵敏度仿真研究

为了实现低真空环境下质谱仪的质量分析,提出了利用Langevin碰撞理论模拟低真空环境下离子运动轨迹的方法,该方法可以更准确地反映离子的运动状态。针对四极杆质量分析器,在COMSOL Multiphysics中搭建了适用于低真空环境的离子运动仿真平台。利用该平台仿真得到了低真空条件下,背景气体压强、离子质荷比、背景气体质量、离子初始能量、四极杆半径以及温度对四极杆质谱仪灵敏度的影响。仿真结果表明,随着压强升高,质谱仪灵敏度降低,通过改变离子操作模式,可以削弱由压强变化引起的灵敏度降低,这为低真空质谱仪的设计提供参考。     

一种面向低真空环境的质量分析方法仿真研究

在低真空环境进行质谱分析可以大幅降低仪器的成本、体积和功耗,实现质谱仪的便携化。在四极杆质量分析器中,增大压强会导致离子轴向运动能量不足,无法到达检测器。为解决这一问题,提出了一种使用顺向气流作为离子出射动力,适用于低真空环境的质量分析方法,并在COMSOL Multiphysics中搭建仿真模型进行验证。仿真结果表明,利用该方法得到的谱峰强度和谱峰宽度明显优于无气流条件下的分析结果。该研究成果为低真空质谱仪的研发奠定了理论基础,促进质谱仪便携化和传感器化、降低使用门槛、扩展应用领域。     

大气压接口-单四极杆质谱仪的研制

本工作研制一种具有大气压接口的单四极杆质谱仪。该仪器具有三级真空系统,与大气相邻的第一级真空接口基于加热的不锈钢毛细管设计;在第二级真空腔中采用射频高压驱动的方式远距离传输离子;第三级腔体放置四极杆和电子倍增器分离和探测离子,使用自制的控制系统控制仪器。基于此仪器,实现了大气压下电喷雾离子源、介质阻挡放电离子源离子化样品的检测,通过第一级腔体中的源内碰撞诱导解离获得了样品的二级子离子,增强了单四极杆质谱仪的定性能力。该仪器结构简单、成本低,可用于液相色谱-质谱联用分析和原位分析。     

四极杆电极系统的应用与研究进展

四极杆电极系统是一种可产生四极电场分布的仪器装置。由于离子在四极电场中的特殊运动性质,四极杆电极系统已被用于制造多种科学仪器,如四极杆质量分析器、三重四极杆质谱仪、四极线性离子阱、四极杆离子导引, 以及包含四极杆离子导引或四极杆质量分析器等四极杆电极系统的各种串联质谱仪等。这些仪器已被广泛应用于对化学和生物成分的质量分析,环境保护,食品安全等领域。 本工作首先简单介绍四极杆电极系统的理论基础,离子在四极电场中的运动规律与电场分布的关系,四极杆电极系统的几何结构与质谱性能的关系,高阶场的产生及其对质谱分析性能的影响等;然后分别介绍了国内外在四极杆质量分析器和四极离子阱质谱领域内的最新研究成果;最后对四极杆电极系统的研究方向作简要的展望。     

Product Ion Nodes in MS/MS

Abstract

The transmission of ions through an RF-only quadrupole collision cell is affected by both the frequency and voltage applied to the quadrupole. With a change in the RF-only quadrupole collision cell voltage (viz, the collision energy) ion intensities for both parent and product ions determined by a final mass-analyzing quadrupole vary in a modulated fashion. This pattern of ion intensities has been described as quadrupole “nodes”. Ion transmission through the RF-only quadrupole has been carefully investigated here using energy-resolved mass spectrometry with variations in the collision cell pressure and the mass of the ions. A theory is developed to explain the presence of product ion nodes that focuses on ion velocity as the critical parameter in their production.     

Design and capabilities of an experimental setup based on magnetron sputtering for formation and deposition of size-selected metal clusters on ultra-clean surfaces

The design and performance of an experimental setup utilizing a magnetron sputtering source for production of beams of ionized size-selected clusters for deposition in ultra-high vacuum is described. For the case of copper cluster formation the influence of different source parameters is studied and analyzed. Size-selected clusters are deposited on substrates and the efficiency of an electrostatic quadrupole mass selector is tested. Height analysis using atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrates relative standard size deviations of 7%-10% for the particles of various sizes between 6 nm and 19 nm. Combined analysis by AFM and transmission electron microscopy reveals that the clusters preserve almost spherical shape after the deposition on amorphous carbon substrates. Supported nanoparticles of a few nanometres in diameter have crystalline structure with a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice.     

Quadrupole ion traps

The extraordinary story of the three‐dimensional radiofrequency quadrupole ion trap, accompanied by a seemingly unintelligible theoretical treatment, is told in some detail because of the quite considerable degree of commercial success that quadrupole technology has achieved. The quadrupole ion trap, often used in conjunction with a quadrupole mass filter, remained a laboratory curiosity until 1979 when, at the American Society for Mass Spectrometry Conference in Seattle, George Stafford, Jr., of Finnigan Corp., learned of the Masters' study of Allison Armitage of a combined quadrupole ion trap/quadrupole mass filter instrument for the observation of electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectra of simple compounds eluting from a gas chromatograph. Stafford developed subsequently the mass‐selective axial instability method for obtaining mass spectra from the quadrupole ion trap alone and, in 1983, Finnigan Corp. announced the first commercial quadrupole ion trap instrument as a detector for a gas chromatograph. In 1987, confinement of ions generated externally to the ion trap was demonstrated and, soon after, the new technique of electrospray ionization was shown to be compatible with the ion trap. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:961–989, 2009     

Ion thermalization using pressure transients in a quadrupole ion trap coupled to a vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization source and a reflectron time-of-flight mass analyzer

Efficient trapping and detection of intact peptide ions is demonstrated in a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) coupled to an external vacuum matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source. Deactivation of metastable ions generated by MALDI is achieved in a pressure transient environment inside the QIT established by pulsing gas to access the higher pressures required for fast thermalization, without affecting vacuum conditions in the ion source and time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer. Pressure transients are experimentally determined and a threshold of approximately 10 mTorr is identified where internally excited ions, which commonly observed to dissociate upon injection in a QIT, are stabilized. Fragment-free spectra are presented for a set of peptides by using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as a matrix, and significantly reduced fragmentation is observed by using a-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA). Intact peptide spectra of a protein tryptic digest are also recorded with CHCA. The process of translational cooling for externally injected ions in a dynamic pressure environment is visualized by using ion trajectory simulations that employ hard sphere collisions. Statistical theory of dynamic equilibrium of ions stored in rf fields is applied to our QIT to characterize a translationally thermalized ion cloud, to explain observed ejection efficiency into the TOF mass analyzer, and to further discuss collisional deactivation of metastable ions.     

Energetic ion mass analysis using a radio-frequency quadrupole filter

In conventional applications of the radio-frequency quadrupole mass analyzer, the ion injection energy is usually limited to less than the order of 100 eV due to constraints on the dimensions and power supply of the device. However, requirements often arise, for example in fusion plasma ion diagnostics, for mass analysis of much more energetic ions. A technique easily adaptable to any conventional quadrupole analyzer which circumvents the limitation on injection energy is documented in this paper. Briefly, a retarding potential applied to the pole assembly is shown to facilitate mass analysis of multikiloelectron volt ions without altering the salient characteristics of either the quadrupole filter or the ion beam.     

Determination of dioxins/furans and PCBs by quadrupole ion-trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

The versatility and sensitivity of the quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometer has been applied to the determination of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs), and of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). A brief introduction to the theory of ion confinement in a quadrupole ion trap permits discussion of ion trajectory stability, mass-selective ion ejection, the frequencies of ion motion, and the role of resonant excitation of ion motion. The tandem mass spectrometric examination of PCDDs and PCDFs eluting and co-eluting from a gas chromatographic column is described. Illustrative examples are given of the analysis of field samples containing PCDDs and PCDFs. A comparison is presented of the performance of each of a quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometer, a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, and a sector instrument of relatively high mass resolution for the determination of PCDDs and PCDFs. This comparison is made with respect to instrument tuning, calibration plots, detection limits, ion signals at low concentration, relative response factors, ionization cross-sections, and the examination of field samples. The application of quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry to the examination of PCBs is focused upon those PCB congeners that have the greatest toxicity. 39 congeners of the total of 209 PCB congeners have been identified as having the greatest toxicities. Chemical ionization has been used for the determination of co-eluting congeners #77 and #110 where the toxicity of the former is much greater than that of the latter. An analytical protocol, based on the variation of molecular ion fragmentation according to the degree (or absence) of chlorine ortho-substitution, has been proposed for distinguishing between toxic and nontoxic PCB congeners.     

四极杆线性离子阱系统和预存干涉波的傅里叶逆变换技术

本文在回顾四极杆线性离子阱结构和原理的基础上,阐释了线性离子阱的电子系统和串联质谱的核心技术原理,介绍了预存干涉波的傅里叶逆变换技术在四极杆线性离子阱中的应用,特别是用于选择母离子。四极杆线性离子阱的加工精度要求适中、成本低、电路设计和控制(包括射频和直流)相对容易,使其在研发方面具有较大优势。线性离子阱特有的MS^n、碰撞冷却、较高的灵敏度和分辨率,以及选择性的离子储存和激发能力都使其拥有广阔的应用前景。预存干涉波的傅里叶逆变换技术的应用使得母离子被特异性驻留,而非母离子通过共振被甩出,提高了线性离子阱的分析能力。     

四极离子阱阱内离子解离技术的研究进展

准确高效的离子解离技术对串联质谱分析方法具有非常重要的影响。四极离子阱可以存储离子，实现离子选择存储或逐出并进行多级质谱分析，适合各种解离技术在阱内的实施。由于生物质谱分析等研究工作对分子结构鉴定的需求，研究人员陆续开发了一系列阱内离子解离技术，推动了相关仪器与应用的发展。本文在离子阱几何结构和阱内离子运动规律的基础上，对是否依赖背景气体碰撞的两类阱内离子解离技术进行综述。其中，将依赖于背景气体碰撞的解离技术分为基于共振激发和非共振激发两类，归纳了每种解离技术的实施过程、解离特点及应用，并对各种解离技术存在的问题以及未来的研究方向进行总结。     

四极滤质器中离子振荡周期影响因素研究

位于四极滤质器稳定区中的离子,在x、y方向上的振荡幅度近似为周期性变化。取两个相邻最大振幅之间的时间间隔作为离子振荡周期。对于由射频激励信号(正弦波形式)驱动的四极场,离子振荡周期受到射频频率、工作点a、q值等参数的影响。本文通过对四极场中离子运动轨迹的数值分析,发现离子振荡频率随射频频率的变化呈线性关系,随工作点a、q值的变化近似于幂函数关系。     

Linear quadrupoles in mass spectrometry

The use of linear quadrupoles in mass spectrometry as mass filters and ion guides is reviewed. Following a tutorial review of the principles of mass filter operation, methods of mass analysis are reviewed. Discussed are extensions of quadrupole mass filters to higher masses, scanning with frequency sweeps of the quadrupole waveform, operation in higher stability regions, and operation with rectangular or other periodic waveforms. Two relatively new methods of mass analysis the use of “islands of stability” and “mass selective axial ejection” are then reviewed. The optimal electrode geometry for a quadrupole mass filter constructed with round rods is discussed. The use of collisional cooling in quadrupole ion guides is discussed along with ion guides that have axial fields. Finally, mass analysis with quadrupoles that have large distortions to the geometry and fields is discussed. An Appendix gives a brief tutorial review of definitions of electrical potentials and fields, as well as the units used in this article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 28:937–960, 2009     

Interfacing an aspiration ion mobility spectrometer to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

This article presents the combination of an aspiration-type ion mobility spectrometer with a mass spectrometer. The interface between the aspiration ion mobility spectrometer and the mass spectrometer was designed to allow for quick mounting of the aspiration ion mobility spectrometer onto a Sciex API-300 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The developed instrumentation is used for gathering fundamental information on aspiration ion mobility spectrometry. Performance of the instrument is demonstrated using 2,6-di-tert-butyl pyridine and dimethyl methylphosphonate.     

离子阀技术在垂直引入式飞行时间质谱仪中的应用

垂直引入式飞行时间质谱仪（O-TOF MS）是以脉冲的工作方式对样品进行检测,对于离子源产生的连续离子流利用率极低。为了使O-TOF MS更好地匹配离子源,在自制的大气压接口垂直引入式飞行时间质谱仪（API-O-TOF MS）的基础上开发了离子阀技术,将原本连续进入推斥区的离子流调制为与推斥脉冲同步的离子团,提高推斥占空比,进而提高离子利用率。通过进一步研究富集原理以及分析富集参数的影响,确定了离子富集的最佳参数。以PPG-1000为实验对象,在同等条件下,离子信号强度普遍提升1个数量级以上。该结果表明,离子阀技术在O-TOF MS中的应用可有效提高仪器的离子利用率。     

含高阶场成分的四极杆电极系统及其性质

由4根柱状电极组成的四极杆电极系统在射频电源的作用下主要产生以四极电场为主的电场分布。四极电场可以用于离子质量分析、离子存储和离子传输等。理论分析表明,只有用4根双曲面电极组成四极杆电极系统时,才会产生纯四极场分布;在其他情况下,除四极电场外,还可能会产生六极、八极、十二极、二十极等高阶电场成分。本研究用数值计算的方法,分析了用4根不同直径的圆柱形电极组成的四极杆电极系统的电场分布情况和作为质量分析器时的性能。结果表明：当用3根相等直径和1根较大直径的圆柱形电极组成四极杆电极系统时,可以产生除四极电场外的高阶电场分布,其高阶场成分主要有六极场（A₃）、八极场（A₄）、十极场（A₅）、十二极场（A₆）、二十极电场（A₁₀）等;各种高阶场的含量可以通过改变圆柱形电极的直径,或使具有较大直径的圆柱形电极偏转一定的角度加以调节;当四极电场中含有一定量的高阶电场时,仍可获得较好的质量分辨。含高阶场的四极杆电极系统具有较高的离子传输效率和更好的离子串联质谱分析能力,具有潜在的实用价值。     

A Versatile Particle Beam Interface for Coupling Hplc to Ion Trap,Quadrupole and Sector Mass Spectrometers

Abstract

A two-stage particle beam LC-MS interface, capable of being coupled to a quadrupole, sector or ion trap mass spectrometer, is described. The device has a modular design, allowing operating parameters to be easily optimized whilst in use. Successful coupling to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (ITMS) is achieved using a novel heated transfer line for analyte vaporization and scan routines which eliminate solvent ion effects.     

A homemade high-resolution orthogonal-injection time-of-flight mass spectrometer with a heated capillary inlet

We describe a homemade high-resolution orthogonal-injection time-of-flight (O-TOF) mass spectrometer combing a heated capillary inlet. The O-TOF uses a heated capillary tube combined with a radio-frequency only quadrupole (rf-only quadrupole) as an interface to help the ion transmission from the atmospheric pressure to the low-pressure regions. The principle, configuration of the O-TOF, and the performance of the instrument are introduced in this paper. With electrospray ion source, the performances of the mass resolution, the sensitivity, the mass range, and the mass accuracy are described. We also include our results obtained by coupling atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser deporption ionization with this instrument.