双光子三维微结构快速制备技术

建立了一种利用双光子聚合技术快速制备三维微结构的方法,并对加工分辨率进行了研究。通过对高速扫描原理的研究,提出了采用二维振镜与一维压电微移动台相结合,利用跳跃和扫描协同的运动模式,以段段扫描方式进行三维微结构加工的系统来提高其加工速度。实验制备千里马和具有木堆结构的三维光子晶体结构说明,采用上述扫描方式可使其加工速度较点点扫描方式提高10倍至1 000倍。实验结果表明,使用一定的激光功率时,其加工分辨率随曝光时间减小而显著提高,实验得到了50 nm的线宽分辨率,超过文献报道的100 nm的最高值。研究还表明,上述加工方法可实现激光三维微结构的快速制备并具有高分辨率加工的特点。     

A photoelectron-photoion coincidence imaging apparatus for femtosecond time-resolved molecular dynamics with electron time-of-flight resolution of sigma=18 ps and energy resolution Delta E/E=3.5%

We report on the construction and performance of a novel photoelectron-photoion coincidence machine in our laboratory in Amsterdam to measure the full three-dimensional momentum distribution of correlated electrons and ions in femtosecond time-resolved molecular beam experiments. We implemented sets of open electron and ion lenses to time stretch and velocity map the charged particles. Time switched voltages are operated on the particle lenses to enable optimal electric field strengths for velocity map focusing conditions of electrons and ions separately. The position and time sensitive detectors employ microchannel plates (MCPs) in front of delay line detectors. A special effort was made to obtain the time-of-flight (TOF) of the electrons at high temporal resolution using small pore (5 microm) MCPs and implementing fast timing electronics. We measured the TOF distribution of the electrons under our typical coincidence field strengths with a temporal resolution down to sigma=18 ps. We observed that our electron coincidence detector has a timing resolution better than sigma=16 ps, which is mainly determined by the residual transit time spread of the MCPs. The typical electron energy resolution appears to be nearly laser bandwidth limited with a relative resolution of DeltaE(FWHM)/E=3.5% for electrons with kinetic energy near 2 eV. The mass resolution of the ion detector for ions measured in coincidence with electrons is about Deltam(FWHM)/m=14150. The velocity map focusing of our extended source volume of particles, due to the overlap of the molecular beam with the laser beams, results in a parent ion spot on our detector focused down to sigma=115 microm.     

Photoelectron-photofragment coincidence spectroscopy in a cryogenically cooled linear electrostatic ion beam trap

A cryogenically cooled linear electrostatic ion beam trap for use in photoelectron-photofragment coincidence (PPC) spectroscopy is described. Using this instrument, anions created in cold, low-duty-cycle sources can be stored for many seconds in a ~20 K environment to cool radiatively, removing energetic uncertainties due to vibrationally excited precursor anions. This apparatus maintains a well-collimated beam necessary for high-resolution fragment imaging and the high experimental duty cycle needed for coincidence experiments. Ion oscillation is bunched and phase-locked to a modelocked laser, ensuring temporal overlap between ion bunches and laser pulses and that ions are intersected by the laser only when travelling in one direction. An electron detector is housed in the field-free center of the trap, allowing PPC experiments to be carried out on ions while they are stored and permitting efficient detection of 3-dimensional electron and neutral recoil trajectories. The effects of trapping parameters on the center-of-mass trajectories in the laser-ion interaction region are explored to optimize neutral particle resolution, and the impact of bunching on ion oscillation is established. Finally, an initial demonstration of radiative cooling is presented.     

Femtosecond near-field scanning optical microscopy

We have developed an instrument for optically measuring carrier dynamics in thin-film materials with approximately 150 nm lateral resolution, approximately 250 fs temporal resolution and high sensitivity. This is accomplished by combining an ultrafast pump-probe laser spectroscopic technique with a near-field scanning optical microscope. A diffraction-limited pump and near-field probe configuration is used, with a novel detection system that allows for either two-colour or degenerate pump and probe photon energies, permitting greater measurement flexibility than that reported in earlier published work. The capabilities of this instrument are proven through near-field degenerate pump-probe studies of carrier dynamics in GaAs/AIGaAs single quantum well samples locally patterned by focused ion beam (FIB) implantation. We find that lateral carrier diffusion across the nanometre-scale FIB pattern plays a significant role in the decay of the excited carriers within approximately 1 microm of the implanted stripes, an effect which could not have been resolved with a far-field system.     

Synchronized and configurable source of electrical pulses for x-ray pump-probe experiments

A method is described for the generation of software tunable patterns of nanosecond electrical pulses. The bipolar, high repetition rate (up to 250 MHz), fast rise time (<30 ps), square pulses are suitable for applications such as the excitation sequence in dynamic pump-probe experiments. Synchronization with the time structure of a synchrotron facility is possible as well as fine control of the relative delay in steps of 10 ps. The pulse generator described here is used to excite magnetic nanostructures with current pulses. Having an excitation system which can match the high repetition rate of a synchrotron allows for utilization of the full x-ray flux and is needed in experiments which require a large photon flux. The fast rise times allow for picosecond time resolution in pump-probe experiments. All pulse pattern parameters are configurable by software.     

基于连续光抽运的布里渊光时域分析仪新技术

介绍了一种基于连续的抽运—探测光相关的布里渊分布式光纤传感器新技术,该技术采用频率调制连续的抽运光和探测光,通过检测沿光纤的后向布里渊散射光的频移实现温度和应变的分布式测量,其空间分辨力可达1cm,比常规基于脉冲抽运光的布里渊光时域分析仪(BOTDA)技术的分辨力高近两个数量级。还结合常规BOTDA讨论了该新技术高分辨力的优势和测量范围受限制的不足。     

Combining high mass resolution and velocity imaging in a time-of-flight ion spectrometer using pulsed fields and an electrostatic lens

We describe a momentum resolving time-of-flight ion mass spectrometer that combines a high mass resolution, a velocity focusing condition for improved momentum resolution, and field-free conditions in the source region for high resolution electron detection. It is used in electron-ion coincidence experiments to record multiple ionic fragments produced in breakup reactions of small to medium sized molecules, such as F(3)SiCH(2)CH(2)Si(CH(3))(3). These breakup reactions are caused by soft x rays or intense laser fields. The ion spectrometer uses pulsed extraction fields, an electrostatic lens, and a delay line detector to resolve the position. Additionally, we describe a simple analytical method for calculating the momentum from the measured hit position and the time of flight of the ions.     

A magnetic-bottle multi-electron-ion coincidence spectrometer

A novel multi-electron-ion coincidence spectrometer developed on the basis of a 1.5 m-long magnetic-bottle electron spectrometer is presented. Electrons are guided by an inhomogeneous magnetic field to a detector at the end of the flight tube, while a set of optics is used to extract counterpart ions to the same detector, by a pulsed inhomogeneous electric field. This setup allows ion detection with high mass resolution, without impairing the high collection efficiency for electrons. The performance of the coincidence spectrometer was tested with double ionization of carbon disulfide, CS(2) → CS(2)(2+) + e(-) + e(-), in ultrashort intense laser fields (2.8 × 10(13) W/cm(2), 280 fs, 1030 nm) to clarify the electron correlation below the rescattering threshold.     

Vacuum compatible sample positioning device for matrix assisted laser desorption∕ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry imaging

The high mass accuracy and resolving power of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometers (FT-ICR MS) make them ideal mass detectors for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), promising to provide unmatched molecular resolution capabilities. The intrinsic low tolerance of FT-ICR MS to RF interference, however, along with typically vertical positioning of the sample, and MSI acquisition speed requirements present numerous engineering challenges in creating robotics capable of achieving the spatial resolution to match. This work discusses a two-dimensional positioning stage designed to address these issues. The stage is capable of operating in ～1 × 10(-8) mbar vacuum. The range of motion is set to 100 mm × 100 mm to accommodate large samples, while the positioning accuracy is demonstrated to be less than 0.4 micron in both directions under vertical load over the entire range. This device was integrated into three different matrix assisted laser desorption∕ionization (MALDI) FT-ICR instruments and showed no detectable RF noise. The "oversampling" MALDI-MSI experiments, under which the sample is completely ablated at each position, followed by the target movement of the distance smaller than the laser beam, conducted on the custom-built 7T FT-ICR MS demonstrate the stability and positional accuracy of the stage robotics which delivers high spatial resolution mass spectral images at a fraction of the laser spot diameter.     

Short pulse laser train for laser plasma interaction experiments

A multiframe, high-time resolution pump-probe diagnostic consisting of a consecutive train of ultrashort laser pulses (approximately ps) has been developed for use with a chirped pulse amplification (CPA) system. A system of high quality windows is used to create a series of 1054 nm picosecond-laser pulses which are injected into the CPA system before the pulse stretcher and amplifiers. By adding or removing windows in the pulse train forming optics, the number of pulses can be varied. By varying the distance and thickness of the respective optical elements, the time in between the pulses, i.e., the time in between frames, can be set. In our example application, the CPA pulse train is converted to 527 nm using a KDP crystal and focused into a preformed plasma and the reflected laser light due to stimulated Raman scattering is measured. Each pulse samples different plasma conditions as the plasma evolves in time, producing more data on each laser shot than with a single short pulse probe. This novel technique could potentially be implemented to obtain multiple high-time resolution measurements of the dynamics of physical processes over hundreds of picoseconds or even nanoseconds with picosecond resolution on a single shot.     

Investigation of damage generation process by stress waves during femtosecond laser drilling of SiC

Femtosecond laser processing has garnered significant attention as a method for micromachining silicon carbide (SiC), which is expected to be used in next-generation power semiconductors. However, a significant amount of damage is generated around the processing area during the femtosecond laser processing of SiC. In this study, high-speed phenomena during the femtosecond laser drilling of SiC are observed with high temporal and spatial resolutions by combining pump-probe imaging and a high-speed camera. In addition, a stress wave propagation simulation based on experimental results is conducted. Based on the experimental and simulation results, the mechanism of damage generation by the stress wave generated during material removal is elucidated. The damage generation mechanism elucidated in this study will facilitate the development of damage suppression methods and the expansion of industrial applications of SiC.     

Construction and development of a time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism-photoelectron emission microscopy system using femtosecond laser pulses at BL25SU SPring-8

A femtosecond pulsed laser system has been installed at the BL25SU soft x-ray beamline at SPring-8 for time-resolved pump-probe experiments with synchronization of the laser pulses to the circularly polarized x-ray pulses. There are four different apparatuses situated at the beamline; for photoemission spectroscopy, two-dimensional display photoelectron diffraction, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) with electromagnetic coils, and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). All four can be used for time-resolved experiments, and preliminary investigations have been carried out using the PEEM apparatus to observe magnetization dynamics in combination with XMCD. In this article, we describe the details of the stroboscopic pump-probe XMCD-PEEM experiment, and present preliminary data. The repetition rate of the laser pulses is set using a pulse selector to match the single bunches of SPring-8's hybrid filling pattern, which consists of several single bunches and a continuous bunch train. Electrons ejected during the bunch train, which do not provide time-resolved signal, are eliminated by periodically reducing the channel plate voltage using a custom-built power supply. The pulsed laser is used to create 300 ps long magnetic field pulses, which cause magnetic excitations in micron-sized magnetic elements which contain magnetic vortex structures. The observed frequency of the motion is consistent with previously reported observations and simulations.     

Time-resolved momentum imaging system for molecular dynamics studies using a tabletop ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet light source

We describe a momentum imaging setup for direct time-resolved studies of ionization-induced molecular dynamics. This system uses a tabletop ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light source based on high harmonic upconversion of a femtosecond laser. The high photon energy (around 42 eV) allows access to inner-valence states of a variety of small molecules via single photon excitation, while the sub--10-fs pulse duration makes it possible to follow the resulting dynamics in real time. To obtain a complete picture of molecular dynamics following EUV induced photofragmentation, we apply the versatile cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy reaction microscope technique, which makes use of coincident three-dimensional momentum imaging of fragments resulting from photoexcitation. This system is capable of pump-probe spectroscopy by using a combination of EUV and IR laser pulses with either beam as a pump or probe pulse. We report several experiments performed using this system.     

高测速双纵模双频激光干涉仪系统的研究

以合适频率的高稳定度电子振荡器信号分别与双纵模热稳频双频激光干涉仪输出的频率过高的测量和参考信号混频,将信号载波频率降至计数器允许频率范围内,得到全交流的高测速双纵模双频激光干涉仪系统。本文给出了高测速双纵模双频激光干涉仪系统光路框图和信号处理框图,并给出了振荡器频率选择的基本公式。所研制系统纵模间隔约728MHz,计数器选用最大允许计数频率10MHz的82c54,振荡器为频率为723MHz的JE0723型介质振荡器。在3m激光测长机上的实验证实:系统分辨率为0.32μm时,最大允许测量速度可达1300mm/s,能满足各种高速运动设备的检测及标定需求。     

用于数码三维衍射图像的激光照排系统

研制了一种新型的用于数码三维衍射图像与光学可变图像的激光照排系统,采用空间光调制器(SL M)和全息干涉成像光学头进行子图输入和干涉条纹产生,系统在6 35 dpi图像分辨率下的运行效率达2 0 0 0 dot/s以上,该系统将为高效率制作2 D,2 D/3D和3D光变图像提供一种良好的工具。     

Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with a vacuum-ultraviolet photon source based on laser high-order harmonic generation

A laser-based tabletop approach to femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy with photons in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) energy range is described. The femtosecond VUV pulses are produced by high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of an amplified femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system. Two generations of the same setup and results from photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase are discussed. In both generations, a toroidal grating monochromator was used to select one harmonic in the photon energy range of 20-30 eV. The first generation of the setup was used to perform photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase to determine the bandwidth of the source. We find that our HHG source has a bandwidth of 140 ± 40 meV. The second and current generation is optimized for femtosecond pump-probe photoelectron spectroscopy with high flux and a small spot size at the sample of the femtosecond probe pulses. The VUV radiation is focused into the interaction region with a toroidal mirror to a spot smaller than 100 × 100 μm(2) and the flux amounts to 10(10) photons/s at the sample at a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The duration of the monochromatized VUV pulses is determined to be 120 fs resulting in an overall pump-probe time resolution of 135 ± 5 fs. We show how this setup can be used to map the transient valence electronic structure in molecular dissociation.     

High temporal and spatial resolution studies of bone cells using real-time confocal reflection microscopy

Chick and rat bone-derived cells were mounted in sealed coverslip-covered chambers; individual osteoclasts (but also osteoblasts) were selected and studied at 37°C using three different types of high-speed scanning confocal microscopes: (1) A Noran Tandem Scanning Microscope (TSM) was used with a low light level, cooled CCD camera for image transfer to a Noran TN8502 frame store-based image analysing computer to make time lapse movie sequences using 0.1 s exposure periods, thus losing some of the advantage of the high frame rate of the TSM. Rapid focus adjustment using computer controlled piezo drivers permitted two or more focus planes to be imaged sequentially: thus (with additional light-source shuttering) the reflection confocal image could be alternated with the phase contrast image at a different focus. Individual cells were followed for up to 5 days, suggesting no significant irradiation problem. (2) Exceptional temporal and spatial resolution is available in video rate laser confocal scanning microscopes (VRCSLMs). We used the Noran Odyssey unitary beam VRCSLM with an argon ion laser at 488 nm and acousto-optic deflection (AOD) on the line axis: this instrument is truly and adjustably confocal in the reflection mode. (3) We also used the Lasertec 1LM11 line scan instrument, with an He-Ne laser at 633 nm, and AOD for the frame scan. We discuss the technical problems and merits of the different approaches. The VRCSLMs documented rapid, real-time oscillatory motion: all the methods used show rapid net movement of organelles within bone cells. The interference reflection mode gives particularly strong contrasts in confocal instruments. Phase contrast and other interference methods used in the microscopy of living cells can be used simultaneously in the TSM.     

SIMS instrumentation and imaging techniques

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has evolved as a technique for characterizing solids and surfaces which is distinguished by high sensitivity and its applicability to all elements. It can be used for surface research, in-depth concentration profiling, isotopic work, and the identification of compounds. Combined with imaging techniques, these applications can be made with high spatial resolution. In this respect, ion probe microanalysis complements electron probe microanalysis (XRMA and scanning AES).     

Spinning Disk Confocal Microscopy of Calcium Signalling in Blood Vessel Walls

Spinning disk confocal laser microscopy systems can be used for observing fast events occurring in a small volume when they include a sensitive electron-multiplying CCD camera. Such a confocal system was recently used to capture the first pictures of intracellular calcium signalling within the projections of endothelial cells to the adjacent smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel wall. Detection of these calcium signals required high spatial and temporal resolution. A newly developed calcium ion (Ca(2+)) biosensor was also used. This exclusively expressed in the endothelium and fluoresced when Ca(2+) concentrations increased during signalling. This work gives insights into blood vessel disease because Ca(2+) signalling is critical for blood flow and pressure regulation.     

NanoSIMS imaging of Bacillus spores sectioned by focused ion beam

Preparation and sectioning of bacterial spores by focused ion beam and subsequent high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analytical imaging is demonstrated. Scanning transmission electron microscopy mode imaging in a scanning electron microscope is used to show that the internal structure of the bacterial spore can be preserved during focused ion beam sectioning and can be imaged without contrast staining. Ion images of the sections show that the internal elemental distributions of the sectioned spores are preserved. A rapid focused ion beam top‐sectioning method is demonstrated to yield comparable ion images without the need for sample trenching and section lift‐out. The lift‐out and thinning method enable correlated transmission electron microscopy and high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. The top‐cutting method is preferable if only secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses are performed because this method is faster and yields more sample material for analysis; depth of useful sample material is ～300 nm for top‐cut sections versus ～100 nm for electron‐transparent sections.