Stray light analysis for the Thomson scattering diagnostic of the ETE Tokamak

Thomson scattering is a well-established diagnostic for measuring local electron temperature and density in fusion plasma, but this technique is particularly difficult to implement due to stray light that can easily mask the scattered signal from plasma. To mitigate this problem in the multipoint Thomson scattering system implemented at the ETE (Experimento Tokamak Esfe?rico) a detailed stray light analysis was performed. The diagnostic system was simulated in ZEMAX software and scattering profiles of the mechanical parts were measured in the laboratory in order to have near realistic results. From simulation, it was possible to identify the main points that contribute to the stray signals and changes in the dump were implemented reducing the stray light signals up to 60 times.     

Spectral analyzer for Thomson scattering

We describe here a four-channel spectral analyzer suitable for use in Thomson scattering diagnostics of plasmas, that incorporates several novel features and is inexpensive and physically compact. It is suitable for spectral analysis of light scattered from plasmas having densities down to approximately 10(14) cm(-3) and temperatures up to several hundred electron volts.     

Development of a nine spatial point, multipulse Thomson scattering diagnostic

A Thomson scattering diagnostic has been developed for the C-2 field-reversed configuration device. Based on a multipulse ruby laser, the system measures the electron temperature at nine spatial points. These points are chosen from 22 selectable positions covering r≈1-41?cm. Twin collection lenses couple the scattered photons to nine optical fiber pairs. Extra fiber lengths delay the signals from different spatial points relative to each other, allowing up to three points to be analyzed by a single polychromator. The polychromator, using compact photomultipliers as detectors, has six spectral channels covering the range of 685-725 nm and is able to estimate electron temperatures of ≈10-200?eV. The photomultiplier output signals are recorded by digital storage oscilloscopes integrated with the main MDSplus database, with temperature and error estimates generated automatically at the conclusion of each plasma discharge.     

强光辐照下主镜表面散射引起的视场内杂光分布

在强光辐照情况下,主镜表面粗糙度产生的散射是引起反射系统视场内杂散光的主要因素之一.本文针对主镜的散射,提出了一种简单的处理方法.采用双向散射分布函数(BSDF)描述散射的角分布特性,推导了平行光平行于光轴人射时主镜焦平面上的散射光强分布表达式,并将其与衍射光强分布表达式联立,得到了焦平面上以几何像点为中心,散射与衍射...     

Collection optics design for KSTAR Thomson scattering system

The collection optics designs are described for the Thomson scattering diagnostic of the Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR) device. The optical systems collecting the light emission induced through the interaction between the plasma electrons and a laser beam are key components for the Thomson scattering system. A duo-lens system was examined, and the final optical designs were derived for Thomson scattering diagnostic of KSTAR.     

Laser beam combiner for Thomson scattering core LIDAR

The light detection and ranging Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostic is advantageous since it only requires a single view port into the tokamak. This technique requires a short pulse laser at high energy, usually showing a limited repetition rate. Having multiple lasers will increase the repetition rate. This paper presents a scanning mirror as a laser beam combiner. Measurements of the position accuracy and jitter show that the pointing stability of the laser beam is within ±25?μrad for over tens of seconds. A control feedback loop is implemented to demonstrate the long term stability. Such a system could be applied for ITER and JET.     

TMA相机中抑制杂散光的结构优化分析

针对离轴三反(TMA)结构相机消杂光问题,提出结构优化设计方法,即采用三种措施对关键表面结构进行优化设计,在弱化或遮挡杂散光路的基础上开展精细化仿真,降低关键表面的双向反射分布函数(BRDF)。结果表明:在关键表面添加挡光板组的方式可以获得极佳的抑制效果,降低消光漆的使用要求,减少工艺难度。     

High sensitivity imaging Thomson scattering for low temperature plasma

A highly sensitive imaging Thomson scattering system was developed for low temperature (0.1-10 eV) plasma applications at the Pilot-PSI linear plasma generator. The essential parts of the diagnostic are a neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser operating at the second harmonic (532 nm), a laser beam line with a unique stray light suppression system and a detection branch consisting of a Littrow spectrometer equipped with an efficient detector based on a "Generation III" image intensifier combined with an intensified charged coupled device camera. The system is capable of measuring electron density and temperature profiles of a plasma column of 30 mm in diameter with a spatial resolution of 0.6 mm and an observational error of 3% in the electron density (n(e)) and 6% in the electron temperature (T(e)) at n(e) = 4 x 10(19) m(-3). This is achievable at an accumulated laser input energy of 11 J (from 30 laser pulses at 10 Hz repetition frequency). The stray light contribution is below 9 x 10(17) m(-3) in electron density equivalents by the application of a unique stray light suppression system. The amount of laser energy that is required for a n(e) and T(e) measurement is 7 x 10(20)n(e) J, which means that single shot measurements are possible for n(e)>2 x 10(21) m(-3).     

Pulse-burst laser systems for fast Thomson scattering (invited)

Two standard commercial flashlamp-pumped Nd:YAG (YAG denotes yttrium aluminum garnet) lasers have been upgraded to "pulse-burst" capability. Each laser produces a burst of up to 15 2 J Q-switched pulses (1064 nm) at repetition rates of 1-12.5 kHz. Variable pulse-width drive (0.15-0.39 ms) of the flashlamps is accomplished by insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switching of electrolytic capacitor banks. Direct control of the laser Pockels cell drive enables optimal pulse energy extraction, and up to four 2 J laser pulses during one flashlamp pulse. These lasers are used in the Thomson scattering plasma diagnostic system on the MST reversed-field pinch to record the dynamic evolution of the electron temperature profile and temperature fluctuations. To further these investigations, a custom pulse-burst laser system with a maximum pulse repetition rate of 250 kHz is now being commissioned.     

The development of Thomson scattering system on HL-2A tokamak

A new Thomson scattering diagnostic system is successfully developed to measure core plasma electron temperature (Te) and density (ne) of HL-2A tokamak (major radius R=165 cm, minor radius a=40 cm). In this system, a standard lamp-monochromator combination is utilized for the calibration of spectral responses. By sweeping in the range of 750-1200 nm with a step of 2 nm, the work can be done automatically for one-point calibration and then for other. Electronic gain calibration and gain monitoring are done by pulsed light emitting diode light. By utilizing an intense Nd:YAG laser of pulse energy up to 4 J and employing good quality interference filters in the five-channel filter polychromator to surpress greatly the stray light, the TS system can be routinely used to make measurements with good quality data. After each HL-2A plasma discharge, the measured Te and ne data are transferred to HL-2A database for lookup and analyses.     

A 130 point Nd:YAG Thomson scattering diagnostic on MAST

A Thomson scattering diagnostic designed to measure both edge and core physics has been implemented on MAST. The system uses eight Nd:YAG lasers, each with a repetition rate of 30 Hz. The relative and absolute timing of the lasers may be set arbitrarily to produce fast bursts of measurements to suit the time evolution of the physics being studied. The scattered light is collected at F/6 by a 100 kg six element lens system with an aperture stop of 290 mm. The collected light is then transferred to 130 polychromators by 130 independent fiber bundles. The data acquisition and processing are based on a distributed computer system of dual core processors embedded in 26 chassis. Each chassis is standalone and performs data acquisition and processing for five polychromators. This system allows data to be available quickly after the MAST shot and has potential for real-time operations.     

用电化学方法消除4J32镜头组件的杂散光

研究了采用电化学方法消除精密光学系统4J32合金镜头组件中杂散光的实验.利用正交实验法在重铬酸盐体系中确定了主盐浓度,并研究了电压、电解液温度、时间等因素对镜头组件的消杂散光性能和消光膜层质量的影响,确定了最佳工艺为重铬酸钾:20 g/L、硫酸锰:20 g/L、硫酸铵:20 g/L、添加剂15 g/L,温度:25～35℃,3 V/min升压速率处理20～30 min.经最佳工艺处理后,4J32合金呈黑色,反射率<1.5%、耐蚀性为240 s、膜层附着力为7.9 N、尺寸变化<0.8μm.结果表明,所得到的消光膜能够满足精密光学系统对零件尺寸精度及表面消光膜层的质量要求.     

A scalable multipass laser cavity based on injection by frequency conversion for noncollective Thomson scattering

A scalable setup using injection by frequency conversion to establish a multipassing cavity for noncollective Thomson scattering on low density plasmas is presented. The cavity is shown to support >10 passes through the target volume with a 400% increase in energy on target versus a single-pass setup. Rayleigh scattering experiments were performed and demonstrate the viability of the cell to study low density plasmas of the order of 10(12)-10(13)?cm(-3). A high-repetition, low-energy, single-pass Thomson scattering setup was also performed on the University of California, Los Angeles Large Plasma Device and shows that the multipass cavity could have a significant advantage over the high-repetition approach due to the cavity setup's inherently higher signal per shot.     

Initial operation of a pulse-burst laser system for high-repetition-rate Thomson scattering

A pulse-burst laser has been installed for Thomson scattering measurements on the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed-field pinch. The laser design is a master-oscillator power-amplifier. The master oscillator is a commercial Nd:YVO(4) laser (1064 nm) which is capable of Q-switching at frequencies between 5 and 250 kHz. Four Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) amplifier stages are in place to amplify the Nd:YVO(4) emission. Single pulses through the Nd:YAG amplifier stages gives energies up to 1.5 J and the gain for each stage has been measured. Repetitive pulsing at 10 kHz has also been performed for 2 ms bursts, giving average pulse energies of 0.53 J with ΔE/E of 4.6%, where ΔE is the standard deviation between pulses. The next step will be to add one of two Nd:glass (silicate) amplifier stages to produce final pulse energies of 1-2 J for bursts up to 250 kHz.     

Laser system for high resolution Thomson scattering diagnostics on the COMPASS tokamak

A new Thomson scattering diagnostic has been designed and is currently being installed on the COMPASS tokamak in IPP Prague in the Czech Republic. The requirements for this system are very stringent with approximately 3 mm spatial resolution at the plasma edge. A critical part of this diagnostic is the laser source. To achieve the specified parameters, a multilaser solution is utilized. Two 30 Hz 1.5 J Nd:YAG laser systems, used at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm, are located outside the tokamak area at a distance of 20 m from the tokamak. The design of the laser beam transport path is presented. The approach leading to a final choice of optimal focusing optics is given. As well as the beam path to the tokamak, a test path of the same optical length was built. Performance tests of the laser system carried out using the test path are described.     

紫外平面刻划光栅杂散光数值分析及测量方法

杂散光是光栅的重要技术指标,它直接影响光栅的信噪比,尤其紫外波段的杂散光对光谱分析更为不利。为了考察平面刻划光栅在光谱仪器中使用时产生的杂散光,采用基于传统Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射方程导出的杂散光相对强度表达式,数值分析了杂散光产生的原因。数值模拟结果表明,紫外平面刻划光栅刻槽周期随机误差以及刻槽深度随机误差是杂散光的主要来源,而光栅杂散光对光栅表面小尺度随机粗糙度并不敏感。另外,提出了平面光栅光谱仪出射狭缝相对宽度的概念,并数值分析了仪器出射狭缝高度及出射狭缝相对宽度与杂散光强度的关系。此理论分析方法分别为如何在光栅制作工艺中从根源上降低光栅杂散光以及在光栅应用过程中从使用方法上降低光栅杂散光提供了理论参考依据。最后,为了与采用滤光片法测得的光栅杂散光实验值进行比较,给出了理论求解杂散光总强度的求和公式,并对四个不同波长的杂散光进行了多次测量,使理论值和实验值的相对误差控制在13%左右。     

长焦距离轴三反光学系统杂散光的抑制

对有中间像的长焦距离轴三反系统的杂散光特性进行了模拟分析,并提出了相应的杂散光抑制方法.通过正追和倒追的分析方式,确定系统杂散光的主要来源,找到系统的重要面;根据分析结果,提出了杂散光抑制措施,用系统重要面的变化定性评价杂散光的抑制效果.分析结果表明,采用抑制措施后很好地抑制了系统的一次散射杂散光.用点源透过率(PST...     

光纤式动态光散射系统综述

动态光散射技术是探测悬浮液中亚微米颗粒动力学性质的最有效方法。光纤的使用使得小型、便携及在线式动态光散射仪器成为可能。首先指出了多模光纤动态光散射系统的缺点,然后详细分析了各种单模光纤动态光散射系统的结构特点,最后指出了目前光纤式动态光散射研究的发展动向及其面临的问题。     

面向盾构导向激光标靶的抗杂光算法研究

由于施工现场杂光的干扰,盾构导向激光光斑无法被准确识别。针对这一问题,利用导向激光的脉冲特性,提出了一种基于数字图像处理的抗杂光算法。首先,对工业相机曝光时间与激光脉冲周期之间的关系进行分析,通过调节工业相机曝光时间,可以有效地采集到导向激光产生脉冲的前后两帧图像;之后,差分两帧图像以获得目标光斑;最后,利用合适的结构元素腐蚀图像中的杂光残影,彻底地消除杂光带来的不良影响。实验结果表明：在激光标靶适用距离内,利用本文抗杂光算法,导向激光光斑的识别准确率优于93.75%;通过与其他抗杂光算法进行对比,在近中远距离下,识别准确率分别提升了21.87%、23.13%、26.87%,能够满足盾构导向施工要求,具有良好的应用前景。